Science of the Total Environment最新文献

{"title":"Integrating machine learning and metabolomics to uncover new biomarkers for predicting pesticide exposure among patients with kidney function decline","authors":"Junne-Ming Sung ,&nbsp;Yu-Chi Hung ,&nbsp;Wan-Ru Wang ,&nbsp;Chiau-Jun Chu ,&nbsp;Yen-Ping Lin ,&nbsp;Kuan-Hung Liu ,&nbsp;Trias Mahmudiono ,&nbsp;Hsiu-Ling Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180066","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180066","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although pesticide application is indispensable for agricultural productivity, improper use can pose significant health risks, particularly for vulnerable populations. This study investigated the effects of pesticide exposure on metabolic pathways and disease progression among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). This longitudinal study enrolled 89 CKD patients. A total of 71 pesticides, including 9 carbamate pesticides, were detected in the urine samples. Our findings indicated that higher concentrations of carbamates, possibly from the diet, may significant be associated with oxidative stress, amino acid metabolism, and mitochondrial energy metabolism in CKD patients. Integrating machine learning approach identified <span>l</span>-glutamine (L-Glu), 3-chlorotyrosine, and N2,N2-dimethylguanosine as potential biomarkers of pesticide exposure, with an area under the curve of &gt;0.903 based on machine learning- a receiver operating characteristic analysis. Both CKD and pesticide exposure were associated with abnormalities in amino acid and energy metabolism. Key metabolites such as L-cysteine, Acetyl-CoA, L-Glu, and L-histidine were identified as endogenous markers capable of predicting changes in both renal dysfunction and pesticide exposure among CKD patients. Detecting exposure-related metabolic alterations through metabolomics enables early identification and aids in the understanding and potential prevention of kidney disease progression. This study further can explore the clinical applicability and improve predictive value of these biomarkers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":422,"journal":{"name":"Science of the Total Environment","volume":"995 ","pages":"Article 180066"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144686344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selectivity characteristics of immobilization effects of sulfhydryl grafted palygorskite on heavy metals in soils","authors":"Xilin Chen,&nbsp;Xusheng Gao,&nbsp;Yifei Shu,&nbsp;Xiaomin Liu,&nbsp;Qingqing Huang,&nbsp;Lin Wang,&nbsp;Yuebing Sun,&nbsp;Yujie Zhao,&nbsp;Xuefeng Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180081","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180081","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sulfhydryl-based amendments are emerging immobilization agents for heavy metal contaminated soils, though their immobilization selectivity remains incompletely understood. To elucidate the sorption preferences and immobilization selectivity of sulfhydryl grafted palygorskite (SGP), series of experiments including solution sorption, spectroscopic characterization, density functional theory (DFT) calculation, soil incubation, and plant pot cultivation were conducted. Sulfhydryl grafting significantly enhanced SGP's sorption capacities for Cu²⁺, Hg²⁺ and Cd²⁺. The selectivity coefficients determined by the competitive sorption highlighted the sorption preference of SGP towards Fe³⁺, Hg²⁺ and Cu²⁺, but Fe³⁺ was attributable to the palygorskite substrate itself. The sorption selectivity was confirmed by the sorption energies calculated by the DFT. In six model soils, SGP consistently reduced available Cd and Cu contents with the minimum reductions of 35.74 % and 20.93 % respectively, regardless of acid or alkaline soils, while showing no consistent effect on other cations. Correspondingly, SGP decreased Cd and Cu accumulation in pakchoi leaves with the minimum reductions of 40.51 % and 29.67 %, demonstrating selective immobilization. The maximal immobilization efficiency for Cd (5.66 mmol/kg) and Cu (5.37 mmol/kg) quantitatively characterized SGP's preferential selectivity of the immobilization effect in acid and alkaline soils. This study advances the theoretical framework for selective immobilization and provides a scientific foundation for the remediation of Cd contaminated soils.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":422,"journal":{"name":"Science of the Total Environment","volume":"995 ","pages":"Article 180081"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144686231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution, trade-offs and optimization of the environmental impact of school meal dietary recommendations","authors":"Júlia Benito-Cobeña ,&nbsp;Laura Batlle-Bayer ,&nbsp;Anna Bach-Faig ,&nbsp;Maria Pilar Giner ,&nbsp;Gemma Salvador ,&nbsp;Maria Manera ,&nbsp;Maria Blanquer ,&nbsp;Laura Vila ,&nbsp;Mercè Roca ,&nbsp;Ujué Fresán","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180102","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180102","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transitioning to healthy diets with low environmental impact is crucial for achieving sustainable food systems and reducing health issues. Promoting healthy dietary habits and raising awareness are key actions in this shift, with governments playing a significant role through public procurement and food-based dietary guidelines. Specifically, school dietary guidelines can foster sustainable eating behaviors among children. This article examines Catalonia, a North-East Spanish region, where the Public Health Agency (ASPCAT) has issued school dietary guidelines since 2005, updated in 2012, 2017, and 2020. The goal of this study was to assess the progressive changes in the environmental impacts of school menus for children aged 7–12 years following the four versions of ASPCAT guidelines. Additionally, it aimed to identify trade-offs among various environmental metrics, pinpoint food groups contributing most to environmental impacts, and propose strategies to further reduce the environmental impact of school meals. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology was applied. Inventories were obtained from Agribalyse v3.2 database, and characterized through sixteen individual environmental indicators and the composite one from the Product Environmental Footprint v3.1 methodology. Results showed a decrease in environmental impacts with each guideline update. Menus aligned with the 2020 guidelines had 23 % lower environmental impacts compared to those based on the 2017 guidelines, and 40 % lower than those based on the 2005 guidelines. All individual environmental indicators showed reductions in 2020 compared to 2005, ranging from 5 % to 52 %. Second dishes, mainly meat and fish, contributed most to environmental impacts. Replacing meat and fish with plant-based proteins, combined with a more diversified cereal intake, could reduce dietary environmental impacts by approximately 50 %. By identifying major contributors and suggesting potential improvements, our findings can contribute to the revision of the guidelines of Spain for healthy and sustainable school meals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":422,"journal":{"name":"Science of the Total Environment","volume":"995 ","pages":"Article 180102"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144679655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the impact of real-world environmental factors on low-cost PM2.5 monitor performance by comparing calibration before and after deployment","authors":"Runcheng Fang ,&nbsp;Yue Zhang ,&nbsp;Scott Collingwood ,&nbsp;Joseph B. Stanford ,&nbsp;Christina Porucznik ,&nbsp;Darrah Sleeth","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180106","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180106","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding and mitigating health risks from poor indoor air quality, particularly fine particulate matter (PM2.5), is critical, yet conventional monitoring methods are costly and require skilled operators. Low-cost sensors (LCS) offer an accessible alternative; however, their accuracy under varying environmental conditions remains uncertain. This study evaluates how humidity, temperature, deployment duration, and concentration levels affect the calibration accuracy of low-cost PM2.5 monitors. Nineteen Plantower PMS 3003 sensors deployed in 11 Salt Lake County homes participating in the Green &amp; Healthy Homes Initiative were calibrated before and after residential deployment using a TSI DustTrak aerosol monitor. Linear and Lasso regression analyses were performed to evaluate the influence of environmental factors on calibration parameters. Significant variability was observed in environmental conditions. Higher humidity (<em>p</em> = 0.0197) and longer deployment durations (<em>p</em> = 0.0178) significantly altered calibration slopes, while mean PM2.5 exposure (<em>p</em> = 0.0040) was strongly associated with intercept adjustments. These findings emphasize the need to account for environmental factors in calibration models to improve LCS accuracy and reliability. Environmental conditions significantly impact the performance of low-cost PM2.5 sensors. Modeling these impacts can streamline the calibration process, making it more efficient and cost-effective. Future research should focus on refining calibration models and exploring additional environmental factors to optimize LCS performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":422,"journal":{"name":"Science of the Total Environment","volume":"995 ","pages":"Article 180106"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144679602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of agricultural management practices on water cycle, soil erosion and crop yields in a Mediterranean agroecosystem","authors":"Giuseppe Pulighe ,&nbsp;Andreina Belocchi ,&nbsp;Alice Carlotta Tani ,&nbsp;Flavio Lupia","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sustainable land management in Mediterranean agroecosystems is crucial for preserving soil health, optimizing water use efficiency, and ensuring crop productivity under increasing climate extremes and prolonged drought periods. This study evaluates the effectiveness of agricultural management practices (AMPs) in mitigating soil erosion and improving water dynamics in the Cervaro river basin, a key grain-producing region in southern Italy. The Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT+) was applied to assess the impacts of four AMPs — including no-till farming, filter strips, crop rotation, and grassed waterways — on soil conservation and hydrological processes. This study utilizes high-resolution Integrated Administration and Control System (IACS) to align AMPs with key objectives of the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) instruments, particularly in promoting sustainable farming practices and soil conservation measures.</div><div>Model validation was conducted using streamflow, remote sensing-based actual evapotranspiration, and field-scale winter durum wheat yield data.</div><div>Results indicate that integrating no-till farming with filter strips and crop rotation can reduce soil loss by 81 %, enhance topsoil water retention, and increase deep aquifer recharge due to improved percolation. While AMPs led to a slight increase in surface runoff, crop yields remained stable, demonstrating their potential to support agricultural productivity while improving environmental sustainability. These findings highlight the role of targeted AMPs in mitigating soil loss, improving water management, and enhancing agroecosystem resilience in Mediterranean and other semi-arid agricultural regions worldwide.</div><div>The results also offer science-based guidance for agri-environmental policies, particularly within the framework of CAP greening interventions and broader global sustainability initiatives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":422,"journal":{"name":"Science of the Total Environment","volume":"995 ","pages":"Article 180111"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144679601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Road salt reduces plant cover in bioretention systems within road rights-of-way","authors":"Bhabishya Khaniya ,&nbsp;Christopher Szota ,&nbsp;Tim D. Fletcher ,&nbsp;Jennifer Drake","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180082","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180082","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bioretention systems for managing urban runoff rely on healthy plants to reduce runoff and nutrient pollution via evapotranspiration and uptake. However, loss of plant cover is common and, in cold climates, potentially caused by the application of road salt. To investigate the impact of road salt on bioretention systems, we measured salt concentrations in the media and plant tissues and assessed plant cover at 19 sites in Toronto, Canada, in the field. Winter road salt was identified as the primary driver of plant cover loss: low-tolerance species accumulated excessive sodium and chloride, resulting in chlorotic and necrotic damage even under moderate salinity (median electrical conductivity (EC), 0.31–0.35 mS/cm, as measured in soil–water suspensions). Continuous EC monitoring showed no net salt buildup in any season, although salinity peaked in winter and was lower in summer. Low-tolerance species exhibited high salt ion uptake and substantial damage from legacy salt retained in the media. Although species-specific ion accumulation patterns were observed, they did not always align with species salt tolerance as described in the literature. Among the 14 species studied, <em>Hemerocallis ‘Happy Returns’</em> (low tolerance) and <em>Panicum virgatum</em> (medium tolerance) significantly accumulated sodium, up to 2126 and 586 mg/kg, respectively, whereas <em>Salvia officinalis</em> (medium tolerance) significantly accumulated chloride (up to 20 mg/g); yet only <em>Panicum virgatum</em> displayed minimal damage (&lt;5 %), while <em>Hemerocallis ‘Happy Returns’</em> and <em>Salvia officinalis</em> displayed &gt;50 % damage. These findings underscore the importance of selecting salt-tolerant species to ensure long-term bioretention performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":422,"journal":{"name":"Science of the Total Environment","volume":"995 ","pages":"Article 180082"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144672438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methylparaben as an environmental contaminant modulating virulence traits in waterborne bacteria","authors":"Ana Rita Pereira ,&nbsp;Liliana Grenho ,&nbsp;Inês B. Gomes ,&nbsp;Maria Helena Fernandes ,&nbsp;Manuel Simões","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180076","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180076","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Methylparaben (MP), a preservative found in daily-use products, can reach drinking water (DW) due to its incomplete removal in water treatment plants. Although parabens are related to endocrine disruption, their effects on bacterial virulence as environmental contaminants remain to be understood. This study investigates the effect of MP at environmental concentrations (15 μg/L) on the virulence of planktonic and biofilm cells of <em>Acinetobacter calcoaceticus</em> and <em>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</em> isolated from a drinking water distribution system. The impact of MP on bacterial growth and outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) release was assessed, including the size of OMVs and lipid and protein content. The ability of MP-exposed and non-exposed bacterial cells to form biofilms and the potential to invade human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) were also studied. The exposure to MP causes more changes in <em>S. maltophilia</em> OMVs than in <em>A. calcoaceticus</em>. Increased lipid content in MP-exposed <em>S. maltophilia</em> biofilm-derived OMVs was observed. However, a lower concentration of OMVs and lipid content was found in <em>S. maltophilia</em> planktonic cells. The OMVs produced by MP-exposed biofilm-derived cells of <em>A. calcoaceticus</em> had a larger hydrodynamic diameter (Dₕ), whereas those from planktonic cells had a smaller Dₕ compared to the controls. Enhanced biofilm formation was found for both MP-exposed bacteria, and MP-exposed <em>A. calcoaceticus</em> planktonic cells showed a heightened ability to invade HGF, resulting in higher intracellular bacterial counts and increased replication. The overall findings underscore the impact of MP on DW bacteria, suggesting that MP can amplify interconnected bacterial virulence mechanisms, raising potential public health concerns.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":422,"journal":{"name":"Science of the Total Environment","volume":"995 ","pages":"Article 180076"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144679746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to \"Exposure to perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) but not perflurorooctanoic acid (PFOA) at ppb concentration induces chronic toxicity in Daphnia carinata\" [Sci. Total Environ. 769 (2021) 144577].","authors":"Panneerselvan Logeshwaran, Anithadevi Kenday Sivaram, Aravind Surapaneni, Kurunthachalam Kannan, Ravi Naidu, Mallavarapu Megharaj","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180094","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":422,"journal":{"name":"Science of the Total Environment","volume":" ","pages":"180094"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144688503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementing a life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate organic farming weed control and fertilizers environmental implications","authors":"Itai Shulner ,&nbsp;Ran Nisim Lati ,&nbsp;Hanan Eizenberg ,&nbsp;Evyatar Asaf ,&nbsp;Ibrahim Saadi ,&nbsp;Yael Laor ,&nbsp;Asher Bar-Tal ,&nbsp;Meidad Kissinger","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Organic farming is expanding globally in response to the growing need for more sustainable food production. However, assessing both direct and indirect environmental effects is essential for identifying effective practices. This paper employs a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) using a cradle-to-farm gate framework to evaluate the environmental effects of non-chemical weed control methods (row-cultivator, finger-weeding, flaming, and hand-weeding) in combination with four fertilization treatments (compost at 10, 30, and 60 m³ ha⁻¹, and chemical fertilizer) in the production of four organic field crops grown under irrigated conditions in a Mediterranean climate. The analysis shows that producing 1 kg of crop results in emissions of 0.5–1.6 kg CO₂ eq., 0.002–0.009 kg SO₂, and energy use of 9–37 MJ. Over 95 % of these impacts are driven by irrigation, fertilizers, and weed and pest management. Significant differences between treatments underscore the role of crop-specific farming practices. Finger-weeding consistently lowered environmental impact across most conditions, whereas cultivation and flaming generally resulted in moderate to high impacts regardless of fertilizer level. Hand-weeding had the lowest environmental impact but was the most labor-intensive approach. The untreated control consistently led to the highest environmental burdens, reinforcing the necessity of effective weed management. By identifying key environmental hotspots, this study provides a foundation for optimizing weed control and fertilization strategies, integrating best farming practices, and informing policies to improve the sustainability and resilience of organic cropping systems in Mediterranean agriculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":422,"journal":{"name":"Science of the Total Environment","volume":"995 ","pages":"Article 180114"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144672437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of winter climate change on northern forest understory carbon dioxide exchange determined by reindeer grazing","authors":"Noora Kantola ,&nbsp;Jeffrey M. Welker ,&nbsp;A. Joshua Leffler ,&nbsp;Juho Lämsä ,&nbsp;Riku Paavola ,&nbsp;Otso Suominen ,&nbsp;Maria Väisänen","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180089","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180089","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In northern regions, the ongoing climate change is altering snow depth with complex consequences for carbon dioxide (CO₂) exchange and thus, global carbon (C) balance. In addition, ungulate grazers such as reindeer and caribou often alter plant and soil properties that may lead to modifications in the magnitudes and patterns of CO₂ exchange. To understand how reindeer grazing, coupled with changes in snow depth affects CO₂ exchange, we used recent snow treatments (ambient, reduced, and increased snow depth) combined with 25- and 55-year-old reindeer exclusions and the adjacent grazed areas in boreal and subarctic Scots pine forests that are main winter pastures for reindeer/caribou and cover a significant portion of boreal and subarctic landscapes. At both study sites, we measured understory net ecosystem exchange (i.e., NEE), ecosystem respiration (i.e., ER), and gross ecosystem production (i.e., GEP) over two snow-free seasons. We found that 55 years of reindeer exclusion increased C source strength by 136 % under ambient snow depth and 205 % under reduced snow depth in comparison to the grazed area with respective snow conditions. On the contrary, increased snow depth decreased C source strength inside the exclusion offsetting the difference between reindeer grazing treatments. Our results show that grazing may enhance ecosystem stability to winter climate change in comparison to long-term absence of grazing. This highlights the complexity of climate-grazer interactions in functioning of northern ecosystems which are experiencing variations in snow depth.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":422,"journal":{"name":"Science of the Total Environment","volume":"995 ","pages":"Article 180089"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144672489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}