Renewable Energy最新文献

{"title":"Thermomechanical analysis of dissimilar energy pile groups using a load transfer method","authors":"Huaibo Song ,&nbsp;Lining Zheng ,&nbsp;Zi-Jun Cao ,&nbsp;Kai Cui ,&nbsp;Huafu Pei ,&nbsp;Weiling Liu ,&nbsp;Shixing Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123708","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123708","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Engineering practice has shown that dissimilar pile groups, consisting of piles with varying diameters or lengths, are more effective in mitigating differential settlement compared to homogeneous configurations. However, the thermomechanical behavior of dissimilar pile groups remains poorly understood, primarily due to the complex interplay of pile‒pile interactions and thermal operations. Existing analytical methods for energy pile groups mainly focus on homogeneous piles, presenting a critical research gap. This study introduces a load transfer method to analyze the thermomechanical performance of the dissimilar energy pile group. The proposed method derives expressions for interaction parameters that characterize the sheltering‒reinforcing effect between dissimilar piles based on the elastic theory, considering pile‒soil, pile‒slab, and pile‒pile interactions. The proposed method is validated against experimental data and finite-element simulations, showing strong agreement with prediction errors consistently within 5 %. Additionally, the effects of pile length, diameter, and spacing on the behavior of the dissimilar energy pile group are examined using a basic two-pile unit. The results demonstrate that the proposed method effectively captures key metrics, such as axial stress distribution and displacement profiles, providing an accurate assessment of dissimilar energy pile group behavior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 123708"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144272239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance of a portable indirect solar dryer for drying various fruits: Drying characteristics and quality assessment","authors":"P. Tsopbou Ngueagni ,&nbsp;Ashmore Mawire ,&nbsp;Katlego Diratsagae ,&nbsp;Maarten Vanierschot","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123625","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123625","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, the performance of an indirect solar dryer (ISD) for multiple fruits and vegetables, including apples, tomatoes, oranges, and bananas, was investigated experimentally using two consecutive 8-h tests (16 h) and continuous overnight 32-h tests. The air blowing inside the drying chamber on four trays to continuously eliminate moisture from fresh fruits was supplied by 2 DC fans powered by 12V batteries charged by a 50W PV panel. The designed solar dryer is lightweight, made with low-cost materials, portable, and adaptable for different fruits and vegetables, and it is suitable for farmers in remote areas. The quality assessment of dried fruits was evaluated using pH, colour, and mineral composition measurements. The average solar radiation was comparable, and it ranged from 708 to 762Wm^-2 throughout the 8-h experiment tests, affecting the drying chamber and thermal profiles. Maximum temperatures of 63.5, 62.7. 61.5 and 66.5 °C were recorded in the first tray during day 2 of the 8-h test for apples, tomatoes, oranges, and bananas, respectively. During the 32-h continuous tests, the maximum temperatures were 66.5, 53.5, 60.2, and 62.9 °C on the top tray. Final moisture content on the first tray was achieved at 11 h for apples (15.42 %), 10 h for tomatoes (5.14 %), 13 h for bananas (29.14 %), and 16 h for oranges (33.44 %) in the 16-h tests. On day 1, the average drying efficiencies were 12.03, 12.84, 8.50, and 6.70 %, whereas the values of 0.44, 0.53, 1.75, and 2.23 % were obtained in day 2 for apples, tomatoes, bananas, and oranges, respectively. The experimental data were fitted to five drying kinetics models. Continuous drying in 32-h tests for the four fruits showed a decrease in moisture content of 16, 1,37, and 18 %, for apples, tomatoes, oranges, and bananas, respectively. However, the oranges did not completely dry up during the 32-h tests. The drying efficiencies were 6.36, 4.50, 2.82, and 3.25 %. A noticeable change in colour between the fresh and dried fruit slices was observed, whereas a pH &lt; 6.0 suggested the preservation of nutrients and inhibition of the proliferation of microorganisms. Mineral composition showed that K, Ca, P, and Mg were the most abundant elements in dried samples. Overall, this study demonstrates the effectiveness of indirect solar drying to preserve the quality of fruits and vegetables while promoting sustainable development goals by reducing post-harvest losses and promoting eco-friendly practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 123625"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144298413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the influence of feedstock feeding frequency and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio on anaerobic digestion of food waste in lab-scale mesophilic reactors","authors":"Mingjie Yi ,&nbsp;Edgar Blanco ,&nbsp;Aiduan Borrion","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123731","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123731","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There is no consensus regarding the influence of feedstock feeding frequencies (FF) on anaerobic digestion (AD) of food waste (FW) and lack of study on the long-term effects of extreme carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratios. This study addresses these gaps by isolating FF or C:N ratio as the sole variable in separate reactors and employing long-term operation to capture acclimatisation dynamics. While methane yield were similar at both FFs, daily-fed reactors at organic loading rate (OLR) of 4 g VS/L <span><math><mrow><mo>·</mo></mrow></math></span> day exhibited instability and inconsistency in methane production rate, pH levels, and concentrations of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Hourly-feeding improved process stability by mitigating parameter fluctuations. FW with a C:N ratio of 20–30 achieved the highest methane conversion efficiencies (90.1–94.7 % of batch reactor yield in 21 days) at OLR 3–4, and the highest methane yield (567.4 mL/gVS) was recorded in C:N = 25 reactor at OLR 4. At OLR 5, methane yield dropped, and increased ammonia-nitrogen stress (C:N = 10 reactor) and microbial shifts due to nitrogen deficiency (C:N = 35 reactor) were observed. The findings highlight FF's significant role in data consistency and process stability and the importance of acclimatisation for extreme C:N ratios. They provide insights for optimising AD operations in both research and industrial applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 123731"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144261873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying floating offshore wind farm designs which minimize Levelized Cost of Energy considering intra-array wake effect in Atlantic Europe","authors":"B. Thomas,&nbsp;X. Costoya,&nbsp;M. deCastro,&nbsp;M. Gómez-Gesteira","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123730","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123730","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As global energy demands rise, floating offshore wind farms are expanding in turbine rated power and number, amplifying electricity production losses due to inter-turbine wake effects and leading to higher Levelized Cost of Energy. Therefore, accurately estimating this metric across various farm configurations is essential to pinpoint affordable solutions and locations. Such analysis is conducted in Atlantic Europe using high-resolution wind data from a Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 multi-model ensemble, dynamically downscaled to 10-km horizontal resolution using the Weather Research and Forecasting model, and assessed under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 2–4.5 for the near future (2030–2059). Electricity production losses from wake effect were estimated using the Frandsen model with wind direction discretized in 8 bins, yielding results similar to more sophisticated but computationally expensive methods. The lowest Levelized Cost of Energy are identified around the United Kingdom and Ireland (∼100 €/MWh), northwestern Spain and French Brittany (110–120 €/MWh). These regions support installed capacity between 400 and 600 MW per square 100 km² areas, with potential for a 50 % capacity increase if accepting a maximum 3 % rise in cost. Optimal solutions involve 15 MW wind turbines and semi-submersible concrete platforms, utilizing wind farm layouts covering the entire allocated area.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 123730"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144253483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biodiesel production from waste frying oil via NiFe2O4/SiO2 magnetic nanocomposites: Evaluation of diesel engine parameters and statistical optimization","authors":"Mohammadreza Saberi ,&nbsp;S. Siamak Ashraf Talesh ,&nbsp;Basir Maleki","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123727","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123727","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Magnetic nanocatalysts NiFe₂O₄/SiO₂ and NiFe₂O₄ were synthesized using the sol-gel technique. It's used to generate biodiesel from waste frying oil (WFO) through transesterification. Multiple methods were used to characterize the nanocatalysts, including XRD, BET-BJH, SEM, EDX, VSM, FTIR, and TEM. The spherical shape of the magnetic NiFe₂O₄/SiO₂ nanocatalyst was evident, with an average nanoparticle diameter of 51.6. The impact of different characteristics was explored using response surface methodology and Box-Behnken design (RSM-BBD). The optimal parameters for biodiesel production were achieved with reaction times of 204 min for NiFe₂O₄ and 228 min for NiFe₂O₄/SiO₂, catalyst concentrations of 2.07 and 2.04 %, and methanol/WFO ratios of 11.5 and 11.58, respectively. Under optimal conditions, the maximum biodiesel production for NiFe₂O₄ and NiFe₂O₄/SiO₂ nanocatalysts was 95.16 and 97.23 %, respectively. The catalyst's reusability over seven cycles showed an 88.56 % decrease in biodiesel production, indicating the NiFe2O4/SiO2 nanocatalyst's stability. Additionally, the kinetics and thermodynamics of the transesterification process revealed that the reaction is characterized as endothermic and non-spontaneous. 1H NMR and FT-IR spectra confirmed the transesterification process that converts WFO into biodiesel. Incorporating Waste Frying Oil Methyl Ester (WFOME) and NiFe₂O₄/SiO₂ into diesel at various engine loads generated significant improvements in engine performance and reductions in emissions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 123727"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144313771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced hydrogen production from sucrose-derived carbon quantum dots-supported Ru catalysts: A comparative study of KBH4 and NaBH4 hydrolysis","authors":"Erhan Onat ,&nbsp;Mehmet Sait İzgi ,&nbsp;Ömer Şahin ,&nbsp;Selma Ekinci","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123692","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123692","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite increasing interest in borohydride hydrolysis for hydrogen generation, limited studies have explored carbon quantum dots (CQDs) derived from low-cost, renewable sources such as sucrose as catalyst supports. In this study, sucrose-derived CQDs were synthesized via a green hydrothermal method and employed as a support material for Ru catalysts. A novel hydrogen potential catalytic activity (HPCA) metric was introduced to compare the performance of Ru@CQDs in the hydrolysis of sodium borohydride (SBH) and potassium borohydride (PBH), addressing the lack of normalized efficiency metrics across different hydrogen sources. The ideal conditions for each hydrolysis reaction were established based on the hydrogen generation rate (HGR) after studying various catalyst characteristics using UV–Vis, UV-PL, TEM, and FT-IR analyses. The HGR values using 4 % NaBH₄ and 4 % KBH₄ were 167,588 and 122,527 mL g⁻¹ min⁻¹, respectively. However, the hydrogen potential catalytic activity metrics (HPCA), calculated based on the hydrogen content of the sources, were 1.551,741 mL g⁻¹ min⁻¹ and 1.655,770 mL g⁻¹ min⁻¹ for NaBH₄ and KBH₄ hydrolysis, respectively. This indicates that the rate of hydrogen production during KBH₄ hydrolysis is higher than that during NaBH₄ hydrolysis. For each hydrolysis reaction, the catalyst's turnover frequency (TOF) was also determined to assess its effectiveness: 924.8 mol H₂.mol. Ru⁻¹.min⁻¹ for NaBH₄ hydrolysis and 573.3 mol H₂.mol Ru⁻¹.min⁻¹ for KBH₄ hydrolysis. Additionally, the experimental data on the kinetics and activation energy of the hydrolysis processes, as well as the catalyst's reusability, were analyzed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 123692"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144253292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-objective optimization of multiphase pump by using computational fluid dynamics and nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II","authors":"Jiaqiong Wang ,&nbsp;Chen Hu ,&nbsp;Danyang Du ,&nbsp;Ramesh Agarwal ,&nbsp;Ling Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123717","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123717","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multiphase pumps are a cost-effective technology for the transportation of gas-liquid mixture, which is widely used in the geothermal systems. To improve the energy performance of multiphase pump, we proposed an integrated approach within a multi-objective optimization framework by using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II). In this paper, 10 structural parameters are selected for sensitivity analysis of the multiphase pump, four main structural parameters affecting the performance are screened out. The efficiency and pressurisation are taken as the optimization objectives, and the efficiency extreme point model, the pressurisation extreme point model and the multi-objective optimization model are obtained. The results show that the hydraulic efficiency and pressurisation capacity of the optimized models are significantly improved compared with the original model under pure water and different inlet gas volume fractions (IGVFs) at the design flow rate. At IGVF = 50 %, the efficiency of each model after optimization is improved by 10.1 %, 9.68 % and 8.92 % compared with the original model; the pressurisation capacity is improved by 9.01 kPa, 6.68 kPa and 5.17 kPa, and the optimized internal flow field is also significantly improved. It is shown that this optimization method has great advantages for improving the performance of the multiphase pump at low cost and low energy consumption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 123717"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144272333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An oxygen-vacancy-rich BiVO4/TiO2/Co2P2O7 heterojunction photoanode with Ti3C2Tx-derived TiO2 for enhanced photoelectrochemical water oxidation","authors":"Yong Hu,&nbsp;Pingguang Chen,&nbsp;Yuzhuo Zhou,&nbsp;Guyu Zhou,&nbsp;Jikai Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123702","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123702","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Constructing BiVO₄<strong>/</strong>TiO₂ heterojunction and introducing oxygen vacancies (O_V) are effective strategies to increase the photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance of BiVO₄. In this work, an oxygen-vacancy-rich BiVO₄/TiO₂ heterojunction is synthesized through a simple hydrothermal method using Ti₃C₂T_x MXene as the precursor for TiO₂. During the reaction, Ti₃C₂T_x MXene is oxidized to TiO₂ by water and surface chemisorbed oxygen of BiVO₄ to form a heterojunction with BiVO₄. Meanwhile, BiVO₄ is reduced by Ti₃C₂T_x MXene to produce O_V. The as-synthesized BiVO₄/TiO₂ heterojunction delivers a high photocurrent density of 2.73 mA cm⁻² at 1.23 V_RHE, which is 2-fold higher than the BiVO₄ (1.36 mA cm⁻²). In addition, the carrier transfer in the BiVO₄/TiO₂ heterojunction is investigated through density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The photogenerated electrons will transfer to the BiVO₄, while the photogenerated holes will migrate to the TiO₂. The BiVO₄ and TiO₂ form a type II heterojunction, leading to efficient separation of electron-hole pairs. After loading Co₂P₂O₇ nanosheets as an oxygen evolution cocatalyst, a considerable photocurrent density of 4.57 mA/cm² at 1.23 V_RHE can be achieved. This work presents a novel strategy of constructing BiVO₄/TiO₂ heterojunctions and introducing O_V, which may be used to fabricate other TiO₂-constituted heterojunctions and synchronously introduce O_V.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 123702"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144261748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Directional focused wave group response of a floating wind turbine: Harmonic separation in experiments and CFD","authors":"Sithik Aliyar ,&nbsp;Henrik Bredmose ,&nbsp;Johan Roenby ,&nbsp;Pietro Danilo Tomaselli ,&nbsp;Hamid Sarlak","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123516","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123516","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The offshore wind sector relies on floating foundations for deeper waters. However, these face challenges from harsh conditions, nonlinear dynamics, and low-frequency resonant motions caused by second-order difference-frequency hydrodynamic loads. We analyze these dynamics and extract such higher harmonic motions for a semisubmersible floating foundation under extreme wave conditions using experimental and numerical approaches. Two distinct, focused wave groups, with and without wave spreading, are considered, and experimental data is obtained from scaled physical model tests using phase-shifted input signals to provide the harmonic decomposition of the floating foundation wave responses. The measured responses are reproduced numerically using a novel Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) based rigid body solver called FloatStepper, achieving generally good agreement. The study quantifies the effects of wave severity, spreading, and steepness on odd and even harmonics of the surge and pitch responses of the floating foundation and mooring line tensions. The focused wave groups of a stronger sea state showed a notable increase in the amplitudes of odd harmonics for surge and pitch. In addition, the pitch subharmonic response, less noticeable in the milder sea states, became more apparent. Wave spreading primarily influenced the overall response of the spreading case, with a more pronounced effect observed on odd and even superharmonic responses. The results also reveal a front–back asymmetry in the tensions of the mooring lines, with the back lines experiencing greater tension than the front. Similarly to the effect of wave severity, a strict increase in wave group amplitude led to pronounced shifts in both subharmonic and superharmonic responses, transitioning from predominantly low-frequency surge-dominated behavior to a coupled surge-pitch interaction. The underlying cause of this pitch dominance is identified and discussed through CFD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 123516"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144298416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exergy analysis and structural optimization improving efficiency in automotive proton exchange membrane fuel cell system","authors":"Leyuan Chen ,&nbsp;Yanzhou Qin ,&nbsp;Caizhi Zhang ,&nbsp;Christoph Hametner ,&nbsp;Xinfa Sheng ,&nbsp;Xingchen Nan ,&nbsp;Junhua Wang ,&nbsp;Živojin Stamenkovic","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123699","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123699","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the core power device in the transition of renewable energy, the efficient operation of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) relies heavily on the coordination of numerous auxiliary components, which consume significant amounts of energy during operation. This study established and validated thermodynamic models of system components from the energy and exergy perspective based on an actual stack operation data. In this model, the thermodynamic performance of the system under different stack operating conditions (current density, temperature, and pressure) is clearly defined and water transport within the stack is also considered. The results reveal that higher operating temperature can enhance the system's energy and exergy efficiency, while higher current density and operating pressure can lead to a decrease in system performance. The exergy destruction of system components is quantified, with the stack exergy destruction being the largest proportion. Auxiliary components of the air system exhibit significant exergy destruction across the entire range of operating current densities, particularly the air compressor (AC). Therefore, optimization efforts should prioritize the AC. Furthermore, based on the exergy destruction of system auxiliary components, the system is optimized and integrated, resulting in an exergy efficiency improvement of approximately 4 % or more.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 123699"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144306263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}