Renewable Energy最新文献

{"title":"Research on real-time coordinated optimization scheduling control strategy with supply-side flexibility in multi-microgrid energy systems","authors":"Nan Wu ,&nbsp;Zhipeng Wang ,&nbsp;Xinyan Li ,&nbsp;Lin Lei ,&nbsp;Yupeng Qiao ,&nbsp;Jinqing Linghu ,&nbsp;Jie Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2024.121976","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2024.121976","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the increasing interconnection of regional microgrid (MG), the full utilization of energy and stable operation of the system have become the current research hotspots. Meanwhile, the optimal coordination of energy in multiple MGs under stable operation has become a highly challenging problem. Taking into account the diversity and complementarity of energy sources within the system, this paper proposes a multi-microgrid (MMG) energy complementation model by fully considering the flexibility characteristics of the supply side, and puts forward a real-time optimization dispatch control strategy based on the model. This strategy takes a completely new approach, based on the characteristics of different types of energy, dividing the dispatch process into two parts to coordinate the energy interactions among multiple MGs, and then determining the optimal dispatching scheme for each part to ensure the autonomous stable operation of individual MG while maximizing the self-sufficiency of the MMG system. At the same time, a case study was conducted on the IEEE 33 node model. Simulation results show that the proposed control strategy achieves the full integration of renewable energy in the MMG system, reduces system operating costs, and achieves the optimal coordination of energy in MMG systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 121976"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142722338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pyrolysis characteristics of Camellia oleifera seeds residue in different heating regimes: Products, kinetics, and mechanism","authors":"Baihui Cui ,&nbsp;Hongwei Rong ,&nbsp;Shiyi Luo ,&nbsp;Zhihua Chen ,&nbsp;Mian Hu ,&nbsp;Wangwang Yan ,&nbsp;Penghong He ,&nbsp;Dabin Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2024.121972","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2024.121972","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mechanisms, kinetics, and product evaluations of <em>Camellia oleifera</em> seeds residue (COSR) pyrolysis were studied using TGA-FTIR-MS, Py-GC/MS, and a fixed-bed reactor. The pyrolysis process could be divided into primary devolatilization (PDVL) and biochar refractory (BCRF) stages with low and high activation energies, respectively. The gases of CO₂, H₂, CH₄, and H₂O(g) were generated in the overall process of pyrolysis. The increase in pyrolysis temperature led to cracking of bio-oil components, especially the fatty acids (FA) and reduced bio-oil yield. The highest bio-oil yield (47.81 wt%) was obtained at 773 K. The biochar refractory stage was characterized by slow depolymerization, dehydrogenation, and deoxygenation reactions to generate more aromatic, alkynes containing compounds, and groups of -CH₃, -CH₂-, and -CH-. Due to the low reactivity in the biochar refractory stage, the reaction-order of pyrolysis was high (<em>n</em> = 5.2) when kinetic was studied by single-step reaction. In the independent pyrolysis of components model, decompositions of the 1st and 2nd components occurred in the primary devolatilization stage. Whereas, the decomposition of 3rd component corresponded to BCRF stage with similar reaction-order (<em>n</em> = 4.74–5.83) of model-free procedure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 121972"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142722236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance and optimal design parameters of tunnel lining CHEs under typical design conditions","authors":"Yongming Ji ,&nbsp;Chengfan Ji ,&nbsp;Shouheng Shen ,&nbsp;Jun Zhang ,&nbsp;Songtao Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2024.121962","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2024.121962","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The subway source heat pump system (SSHPS) incorporating a tunnel lining capillary heat exchanger (CHE) is an efficient technology for mitigating thermal degradation in subway tunnels while fully harnessing geothermal energy for heating and cooling purposes. Although extensive research has been conducted on the performance of tunnel lining heat exchangers, a practical engineering design method is still lacking. The objective of this study is to analyze the heat transfer characteristics of tunnel lining CHEs under typical design conditions and subsequently determine the optimal design conditions based on the analysis results. A numerical model of tunnel lining CHEs was developed using ANSYS, based on a demonstration project of SSHPS in Qingdao. Subsequently, the heat transfer performance of CHEs under various design parameters was simulated and analyzed. Finally, a statistical analysis was conducted to examine the impact of different factors on the heat transfer performance of CHEs. The analysis results indicate that the tunnel air temperature has the most significant influence, followed by the CHE inlet temperature parameter and the length of CHE laying pipe. The impact of the CHE inlet flow velocity is minimal. It is recommended that, during the design stage of a CHE heat exchanger, priority should be given to controlling the tunnel air temperature, optimizing the CHE inlet temperature and pipe length, and setting a minimum possible CHE inlet flow velocity. The optimal combination of design parameters for the tunnel lining CHEs were determined as follows: under the cooling mode, a tunnel air temperature of 23 °C, a CHE design inlet temperature of 39 °C, a laying pipe length of 6 m, and an inlet flow velocity of 0.08 m/s; under the heating mode, a tunnel air temperature of 20 °C, a design inlet temperature of 4 °C, a laying pipe length of 6 m, and an identical flow velocity of 0.08 m/s. This study can serve as a valuable reference for tunnel lining CHE design in practical engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 121962"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142699097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal performance optimization of a novel integrated photovoltaic thermal collector system","authors":"Yuling Xiao ,&nbsp;Fan Fei ,&nbsp;Junlong Zou ,&nbsp;Lei Tian ,&nbsp;Qian Liang ,&nbsp;Qingsong Ma ,&nbsp;Hiroatsu Fukuda ,&nbsp;Weijun Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2024.121978","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2024.121978","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The construction industry is actively seeking energy-efficient solutions to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Building-integrated photovoltaic thermal (PV-T) systems, combining electricity generation with solar heat utilization, have emerged as a promising technology. However, conventional PV-T systems often face limitations in achieving optimal PV panel angles for maximum solar gain while maintaining architectural aesthetics, especially when integrated into building facades. This study investigates the thermal performance of a novel photovoltaic thermal collector (PV-TC) system specifically designed to address these challenges. This system, intended for installation on south-facing building facades, allows for flexible PV panel angling design to optimize solar energy capture without compromising the building's aesthetic appeal. We employ a simulation-based optimization approach using EnergyPlus, Radiance, and a genetic algorithm to determine the optimal design parameters for minimizing annual energy use intensity (EUI) in Nanjing, China's climate. Our results demonstrate that a fan rate of 288 m³/h, a winter fan setpoint of 21 °C, a summer fan setpoint of 25 °C, and a PV panel angle of 41° achieve the lowest EUI of 92.33 kWh/m². This optimized configuration effectively balances electricity generation with solar heat utilization, minimizing reliance on conventional HVAC systems. We further analyzed individual parameter influences, demonstrating that increasing fan rate consistently improves heat transfer efficiency, while optimal PV angle and fan setpoint temperature are crucial for maximizing solar heat utilization and nighttime cooling, respectively. By comparison it was found that the installation of the PV-TC system reduces the annual EUI by 22.7 %. These findings provide valuable insights for designing and operating high-performance PV-TC systems that address both energy efficiency and architectural integration concerns in buildings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 121978"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A high-altitude wind resource assessment method for decentralized wind power based on improved linear regression","authors":"Lei Zhang ,&nbsp;Wenbin Song ,&nbsp;Enhui Sun ,&nbsp;Qiukai Zhang ,&nbsp;Di Wu ,&nbsp;Feng Chen ,&nbsp;Yanfeng Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2024.121968","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2024.121968","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As centralized wind power construction approaches saturation, the demand for decentralized wind power in cities, enterprises, and village is gradually increasing. Unlike the construction period of traditional large centralized wind farms, rapid, flexible, and low-cost wind resource assessment is key to the application of decentralized wind power. This paper proposes a method for assessing high-altitude wind resources, which can support the construction of decentralized wind power. The method includes unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and wind measuring points on the ground. The correlation is established between the intermittent short-term and high-altitude wind speed measured by UAV and the continuous long-term ground wind speed, obtaining the high-altitude and long-term wind resource situation. We build upon the original linear regression method to improve the correlation coefficient. Through gradual calculation, the correlation coefficient between the wind speed measured by UAV at and the wind speed measured by ground measuring points is increased from 0.5 to 0.7. The correlation of 5m can reach 0.85, 10m can reach 0.741 and 40m can reach 0.625. The strong correlation proves the effectiveness of this method, which can successfully use ground wind measuring point to restore wind speed at different heights in a wind field, effectively supporting the construction of decentralized wind power.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 121968"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142699096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance investigation of linear Fresnel concentrating photovoltaic systems with mini-channel heat sink using R141b/R245fa mixture enhanced by electric field","authors":"Yacheng Wang,&nbsp;Guodong Xia,&nbsp;Wenbin Zhou,&nbsp;Ce An","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2024.121952","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2024.121952","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reinforcement of heat transfer efficiency by electrohydrodynamics is a low-energy, high-efficiency technology. In this paper, we utilize the property of electrohydrodynamics to enhance heat transfer within a linear Fresnel concentrator photovoltaic (PV) system, with the anticipation of boosting the overall performance of the PV system in the process. The cooling fluid used in this work is R141b/R245fa mixture. In this paper, the output voltage, output current and inlet and outlet temperatures of the cooling fluid are tested in an outdoor environment. This paper analyzes the output power, system energy and environmental impact of a linear Fresnel PV system. The results show that the output power of the linear Fresnel PV system under the action of electric field (Applied voltage = 200 V) can reach a maximum of 11.45W and the surface average temperature of the solar cell can be maintained between 31 °C and 34 °C. When the applied voltage is 0 V, the average surface temperature of the solar cell fluctuates between 30 °C and 50 °C. Through the aforementioned study, it has been observed that the incorporation of the electric field effect can facilitate stable and efficient operation of the linear Fresnel photovoltaic system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 121952"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DSTF-Net: A novel framework for intelligent diagnosis of insulated bearings in wind turbines with multi-source data and its interpretability","authors":"Tongguang Yang ,&nbsp;Mingzhe Xu ,&nbsp;Caipeng Chen ,&nbsp;Junyi Wen ,&nbsp;Jinglan Li ,&nbsp;Qingkai Han","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2024.121965","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2024.121965","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deep Learning has gained widespread attention in the field of mechanical equipment fault diagnosis. However, the structural complexity of insulated bearings in high-power variable-frequency wind turbines, coupled with random load variations and time-varying operating conditions, introduces nonlinear signals with weakly coupled features that are easily disrupted by noise. Relying on single-source data is insufficient for extracting comprehensive fault characteristics. Additionally, insulated bearings are subjected to long-term metaphysical coupling effects, including thermal, electrical, fluid, and mechanical interactions, resulting in highly complex fault information. Current models struggle to accurately extract the temporal features of these faults. Moreover, the internal operational mechanisms and potential behaviors of insulated bearing fault recognition remain poorly understood, limiting the ability to explain the causal relationships behind electrical pitting fault diagnosis results. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a novel framework, DSTF-Net, aimed at dynamic spatial-temporal feature fusion using multi-source data. The framework is specifically designed to address the real-world engineering problem of identifying insulation bearing faults in high-power inverter wind turbines, and significant progress has been made in fault diagnosis. Specifically, the key contributions of this study include the following. Firstly, a new temporal information feature fusion unit, which is Weight Reduction Recurrent Unit (WDRU), was introduced, accompanied by an updated backpropagation formula. Second, a novel dynamic spatial-temporal residual structure module was designed, incorporating the WDRU method to enhance the DSTF-Net framework's ability to fuse fault features of insulated bearings. Third, t-SNE was integrated to provide a visual explanation of the fault feature extraction process, significantly improving the interpretability and trustworthiness of the DSTF-Net. Last, the proposed framework was validated against eight existing methods using real-world insulated bearing datasets. Results demonstrated that DSTF-Net achieved fault identification accuracy improvements of 4.2 %, 7.5 %, 15.2 %, 20.3 %, 22.9 %, 26.7 %, and 29.7 %, respectively. This highlights the superior accuracy and generalization ability of DSTF-Net. In conclusion, the proposed framework significantly expands the application of DL in fault diagnosis tasks, offering notable engineering value for practical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 121965"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive analysis and experimental study on the novel intermittent solar-electric onion drying technology","authors":"Tarik Hadibi ,&nbsp;Song Mengjie ,&nbsp;Rong Jiangtao ,&nbsp;Yunfeng Wang ,&nbsp;Abdelouahab Benseddik ,&nbsp;Li Ming ,&nbsp;Reda Hassanien Emam Hassanien ,&nbsp;Tarek Kh Abdelkader","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2024.121949","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2024.121949","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The thermal performances and quality attributes of dried onion using stationary solar-electric drying (SED), intermittent solar-electric drying (ISED), and intermittent solar-electric drying with sensible storage medium (ISEDS) were compared. The tempering in processing time by 60 min elevated the drying time and reduced the diffusivity from 3.67 × 10⁻⁶ m²/s using SED to 2.06 × 10⁻⁶ and 2.11 × 10⁻⁶ m²/s using the ISED and ISEDS, respectively. The obtained drying efficiency was 21.05 %, 35.69 %, and 35.39 %, respectively, for the SED, ISED, and ISEDS. The average <em>SEC</em> values were found at 0.76 and 0.66 kWh/kg using ISED and ISEDS, respectively. The sustainability index (<em>S</em>_<em>i</em>) and waste exergy ratio (<em>WER</em>) values were <em>S</em>_<em>i</em> = 1.99, 1.45, and 1.51 and <em>WER</em> = 0.49, 0.63, and 0.61, respectively for SED, ISED, and ISEDS. The improvement potential (<em>IP</em>) of 1.69, 1.84, and 1.74 W were obtained using SED, ISED, and ISEDS, respectively. For SED, ISED, and ISEDS, the payback period (<em>P</em>_<em>b</em>) values were estimated at 1.08, 0.75, and 0.70 years, with the highest annual savings (<em>S</em>_<em>j</em>) obtained using the ISEDS at 16203.3 CNY. Better visual quality was observed for ISEDS. Compared to stationary drying processes using high-extensive energy dryers, intermittent solar drying is a promising technique for preserving agri-food products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 121949"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142746105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study of a novel design bi-fluid based photovoltaic thermal (PVT)-assisted heat pump dryer","authors":"Burak Aktekeli ,&nbsp;Mustafa Aktaş ,&nbsp;Meltem Koşan ,&nbsp;Erhan Arslan ,&nbsp;Seyfi Şevik","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2024.121971","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2024.121971","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluated the performance of a novel design bi-fluid (air and refrigerant)-based photovoltaic thermal assisted heat pump dryer (BfPVTA-HPD), combining a compact bi-fluid PVT using curved directional fins that direct air at different points to the evaporator/waste aluminum material and HP system with a PVT air outlet mounted micro-channel condenser. BfPVTA-HPD was analyzed regarding energy, exergy, and drying characteristics at two different times, in clear and partially cloudy weather conditions. Mint leaves (Mentha piperita L.) were dried to evaluate BfPVTA-HPD's drying capabilities. The average electrical, thermal, and exergy efficiencies of PV and PVT for Exp-1 and Exp-2 varied to 15.97, 16.54 %, 18.21, 18.23 %, 55.36 %, 42.04 %, 30.95 %, and 25.08 %, respectively. In Exp-1 and Exp-2, respectively, while an increase of 12.32 % and 9.29 % in the average electrical efficiency was achieved by using PVT, an average of 3.15 and 2.86 were reached in the coefficient of performance (COP) of the heat pump. The exergy indicators (the improvement potential, sustainable index, and waste exergy ratio) for the Exp-1 are 839.52, 1.39, and 0.82. The exergy indicators for the Exp-2 are 1166.14, 1.30, and 0.84, respectively. The experiment's average mass transfer coefficients were obtained as 1.17 × 10⁻⁸ and 7.75 × 10⁻⁹ m/s respectively. The experiment's average effective diffusivity coefficients were obtained as 2.90 × 10⁻¹¹ and 2.04 × 10⁻¹¹ m²/s, respectively. The recommended BfPVTA-HPD can be used as a new model to improve the ecological footprint and green manufacturing. Furthermore, the electricity and heat production required for the sustainability of the drying system in spring and winter can be realized.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 121971"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142722233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dispatch optimization study of hybrid pumped storage-wind-photovoltaic system considering seasonal factors","authors":"Tingyi Yue ,&nbsp;Chengjiang Li ,&nbsp;Yu-jie Hu ,&nbsp;Honglei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2024.121969","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2024.121969","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid growth and variability of wind and photovoltaic power generation have increased the reliance on hydroelectricity for regulation. A hybrid pumped storage hydropower-wind-photovoltaic system can help manage these fluctuations, but seasonal water flow changes at hydropower plants pose challenges. This study proposes a model for scheduling the hybrid system across seasons, optimizing capacity, water pumping, and power generation to reduce costs. The Wujiang River Hydropower Station in Guizhou, China, serves as the case study. The Results shows that: (1) 35 % increase in water storage at the second-stage hydropower station during the high-water period enables an additional 300 million kWh of power generation. (2)Water resource interaction between high-water and low-water periods reduces the likelihood of power supply loss by 10 %, while adding pumping stations cuts costs by <span><math><mrow><mn>9.3</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>5</mn></msup></mrow></math></span> CNY. (3) A 10 % increase in feed-in tariffs raises costs by 9 %, and energy storage reduces waste by 155.6 MW during High-water periods. During peak hours (11:00–13:00, 6:00–10:00), both dry and abundant water storage devices must operate at full capacity, with surplus energy sold to the grid at other times.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 121969"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}