Renewable Energy最新文献_第10页

An integrated control strategy of parallel-series hybrid electric powertrain systems for agricultural tractors 农用拖拉机并联串联混合动力传动系统综合控制策略

IF 9 1区工程技术

Renewable Energy Pub Date : 2025-06-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2025.123647

Qiang Ai , Hongqian Wei , Yong Zhai , Youtong Zhang

{"title":"An integrated control strategy of parallel-series hybrid electric powertrain systems for agricultural tractors","authors":"Qiang Ai , Hongqian Wei , Yong Zhai , Youtong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123647","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123647","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nowadays, the electrification trend of agricultural tractors is obvious. For high-power tractors, the hybrid electric powertrain system is a good configuration at present. Due to the demands of continuous agricultural work, high-powered hybrid tractors depend more heavily on fuel than on high-voltage power batteries. This paper introduces an integrated control strategy for a series-parallel hybrid powertrain system to minimise the usage of high-voltage batteries. To reach this end, the control objective of the minimum DC bus current is selected to reduce the bus voltage fluctuation, slow down the high-voltage battery degradation, and decrease the cost of the high-voltage battery. Firstly, the powertrain model of the parallel-series hybrid electric tractor is established, whose components mainly include an engine, a generator, a motor, a battery, two clutches, and gear boxes. Based on this model, the energy conversion and dynamic parameters of the powertrain system can be described. Secondly, considering the different time scale characteristics of engine and generator/motor torque response, the powertrain control system is divided into two distinct subsystems named the fast control subsystem and the slow control system by using singular perturbation theory. Additionally, disturbance observers are incorporated to mitigate the influence of mechanical and electrical losses on control accuracy. Compared with the traditional thermostat control method and the optimal engine fuel consumption control strategy, experiments under ploughing conditions are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed integrated control strategy. Concretely, the time-based variations in parameters including speed, torque, fuel efficiency, state of charge, and DC bus current are analyzed. The results demonstrate that the proposed control strategy for minimizing DC bus current can reduce battery usage to 6.93 % during the combined ploughing cycles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 123647"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144241521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Risk analysis of coupled PV-electrolyser systems 耦合pv -电解槽系统风险分析

IF 9 1区工程技术

Renewable Energy Pub Date : 2025-06-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2025.123539

Stefan Niederhofer , Marcus Rennhofer , René Hofmann

{"title":"Risk analysis of coupled PV-electrolyser systems","authors":"Stefan Niederhofer , Marcus Rennhofer , René Hofmann","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123539","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123539","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Renewable Hydrogen is seen as the trail blazer for reaching the decarbonisation goals in 2030, 2050 and beyond. The share of renewable hydrogen production globally is below 1% of the hydrogen produced. To guarantee large-scale implementation, reliability of coupled PV-electrolyser systems was investigated via a risk analysis. Four set-ups for coupled PV-electrolyser systems were examined by fault tree analysis. Failure probabilities ranged between 0,028 and 30.04% depending on system size, components, and topology. It was found that reliability depends significantly on the redundancy of the components. Most critical components were PV-inverter with about 20% of the risk share and air blast cooler, gas treatment and compression and water treatment which accounted on average for 75% of the risk share. The evaluation was done for failure probability as well as for hydrogen-cost weighted risks. In all systems redundant design of components as e.g. inverter increases the reliability of the overall system (approx. 10%). Using several inverters reduces the hydrogen cost weighted risk at about 60%. The electrolyser system incorporates a higher probability of total system failure compared to the photovoltaic system. Measures to decrease the rated levelized cost of hydrogen are more difficult to apply at the electrolyser, due to a more sophisticated system build up.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 123539"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144272433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comprehensive analysis and design method of ground heat exchangers under the influence of groundwater seepage 地下水渗流影响下地下换热器综合分析与设计方法

IF 9 1区工程技术

Renewable Energy Pub Date : 2025-06-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2025.123610

Xueping Zhang , Zongwei Han , Weiqiang Bi , Xiuming Li , Chunming Shen

{"title":"Comprehensive analysis and design method of ground heat exchangers under the influence of groundwater seepage","authors":"Xueping Zhang , Zongwei Han , Weiqiang Bi , Xiuming Li , Chunming Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123610","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123610","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional semi-empirical methods are difficult to accurately determine the length of ground heat exchangers (GHEs) in ground source heat pump system, particularly under seepage conditions, which predominantly employ equivalent thermal conduction to approximate the convective heat transfer. This work develops a dynamic model integrating building loads, heat pump units, and pipe groups to simulate annual system operation considering the coupled effects between heat conduction and groundwater advection, and innovatively introduces data-driven modeling to propose an intelligent design method. The optimal length of GHEs under underground parameters is first explored, the sensitivity analysis results indicate that soil thermal conductivity has greatest impact, followed by seepage velocity and then aquifer height. The load characteristic parameters are followed discussed, finding that unlike accumulation parameters and standard deviation, the influence of intensity parameters enhances with increase of seepage strength. When the maximum cooling load increased by 51.26 %, the length increased by 25.93 % and 42.86 % at seepage velocities of 0.05 m/d and 0.50 m/d, respectively. Finally, a database is established by extracting the numerical results, and the length design model is developed using deep neural network to learn from the database. The results show that the design deviation ranged from −6.88 % to 5.76 % across multiple samples. This work can provide a new way for the design method of GHEs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 123610"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144241308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A multi-scale model for renewable portfolio standard-driven provincial energy planning in China 中国可再生能源投资组合标准驱动的省级能源规划多尺度模型

IF 9 1区工程技术

Renewable Energy Pub Date : 2025-06-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2025.123654

Fengjie Liao, Ying Liang, Chenxi Zhou, Bi Fan, Quande Qin

{"title":"A multi-scale model for renewable portfolio standard-driven provincial energy planning in China","authors":"Fengjie Liao, Ying Liang, Chenxi Zhou, Bi Fan, Quande Qin","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123654","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123654","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Given the significant mismatch between renewable resource endowments and power demand among provinces, coordinated planning of renewable energy development become crucial. This study develops a multi-scale optimization model to investigate provincial renewable energy planning strategies under Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) targets during 2020–2040. The model uniquely integrates three spatial scales: individual provincial power systems, inter-provincial transmission networks, and national renewable energy deployment targets. This model simultaneously optimizes: (1) provincial generation mix considering local resource availability and demand patterns, (2) inter-provincial power exchange capabilities based on existing and planned transmission infrastructure, and (3) energy storage deployment to enhance system flexibility. Key findings reveal that: (1) meeting provincial RPS targets requires wind and solar power to constitute 59 % of national installed capacity by 2040; (2) strengthening power exchange capacity between Central China provinces is crucial, particularly for alleviating Hubei's power export pressure; (3) energy storage systems show increasing effectiveness in promoting renewable integration under higher RPS targets, but advancements in cost-effective storage technologies are needed to improve overall economics; (4) coordinating total RPS targets with non-hydro RPS targets is essential to avoid cost increases and resource waste resulting from frequent RE power exchanges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 123654"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144253481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Levelized cost of green hydrogen in Canada: Wind energy-driven water electrolysis 加拿大绿色氢的平等化成本：风能驱动的水电解

IF 9 1区工程技术

Renewable Energy Pub Date : 2025-06-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2025.123633

Maxime Pinchart-Deny , Ashkan Makhsoos , Erman Eloge Nzaba Madila , Mikaa Blugeon-Mered , Bruno G. Pollet

{"title":"Levelized cost of green hydrogen in Canada: Wind energy-driven water electrolysis","authors":"Maxime Pinchart-Deny , Ashkan Makhsoos , Erman Eloge Nzaba Madila , Mikaa Blugeon-Mered , Bruno G. Pollet","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123633","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123633","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the economic feasibility of green hydrogen production in Canada using a wind-powered Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyser (PEMWE). Using the analytical tool H<sub>2</sub>A-Lite and the European Hydrogen Observatory (EHO) calculator, this investigation evaluates the Levelized Cost Of Hydrogen (LCOH). Three scenarios with varying energy integration strategies and capacity utilization rates between 45 % and 90 % were studied. These scenarios use fixed rates for electricity pricing between CAD 50 and CAD 100 per MWh. The findings reveal electricity costs as the dominant cost factor, comprising between 57 % and 87 % of the total LCOH. Scenario analyses demonstrate a potential LCOH from CAD 6.30/kg to CAD 4.83/kg, highlighting cost optimization opportunities. Sensitivity analyses within a ±10 % uncertainty window identify electricity prices as key cost influencers, with a sensitivity up to ±8.8 % on LCOH. Other main contributors are Cpital Expenditure (CAPEX), utilization rate and capacity factor. To improve the viability of Renewable Hydrogen (RH<sub>2</sub>), the study emphasizes the importance of government subsidies, technological advancements, and strategic integration. The insights provided here contribute to the progress of Canada toward a sustainable hydrogen economy and the achievement of ambitious global climate targets and goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 123633"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144229804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Investigation of the dynamic behaviour of the vertical rotor of a refrigeration compressor supported by foil bearings 箔轴承支撑制冷压缩机垂直转子的动力特性研究

IF 9 1区工程技术

Renewable Energy Pub Date : 2025-06-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2025.123505

Paweł Bagiński , Artur Andrearczyk , Paweł Ziółkowski

{"title":"Investigation of the dynamic behaviour of the vertical rotor of a refrigeration compressor supported by foil bearings","authors":"Paweł Bagiński , Artur Andrearczyk , Paweł Ziółkowski","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123505","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123505","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This experimental study examines the dynamic behaviour of an innovative refrigeration compressor, whose rotor, operating in a vertical position, is supported by foil bearings. The bearing system eliminates the need for external lubrication and demonstrates a high load capacity and rotational speeds of up to 120,000 rpm. The novelty of this solution lies in the rotor’s vertical orientation, which introduces unique dynamic challenges. Numerical analyses, including modal and forced vibration studies, identified critical frequencies at 181 Hz, 204 Hz, and 283 Hz, closely matching the experimental results, with differences not exceeding 10%. Experimental tests confirmed stable rotor operation within the range of 60,000–120,000 rpm, with vibration amplitudes of the rotor journals not exceeding 0.028 mm in the critical operating range. Furthermore, misalignments in the bearing journals were observed and attributed to variations in lubrication clearance and foil deflections. The findings demonstrate the feasibility of foil bearings in vertically oriented high-speed compressors and provide novel insights into their dynamic behaviour. During the experimental study, irregular multi-loop vibration trajectories of the bearing journals were observed, necessitating the use of the differential method to determine their direction. This study advances oil-free compressor technology and offers guidance for future design and optimisation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 123505"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144241524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Order spectrum-assisted sparse learning classification approach for wind turbine drivetrain fault diagnostics under variable operating conditions 变工况下风电传动系统故障诊断的阶谱辅助稀疏学习分类方法

IF 9 1区工程技术

Renewable Energy Pub Date : 2025-06-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2025.123659

Junhui Qi , Yun Kong , Yufan Lv , Cuiying Lin , Qinkai Han , Xiantao Zhang , Meng Rao , Mingming Dong , Ming J. Zuo , Fulei Chu

{"title":"Order spectrum-assisted sparse learning classification approach for wind turbine drivetrain fault diagnostics under variable operating conditions","authors":"Junhui Qi , Yun Kong , Yufan Lv , Cuiying Lin , Qinkai Han , Xiantao Zhang , Meng Rao , Mingming Dong , Ming J. Zuo , Fulei Chu","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123659","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123659","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the crucial equipment for renewable energy power generation, wind turbines always work under variable operating conditions, making it difficult to identify potential failures promptly. Drivetrain system is the guarantee for reliable and safe operations of wind turbines, but drivetrain fault diagnostics under variable operating conditions remains a challenging problem for diagnostics and maintenance of wind turbines. This paper proposes a novel order spectrum-assisted sparse learning classification (OS-SLC) approach for wind turbine drivetrain fault diagnostics under variable operating conditions. First, order tracking is incorporated into signal feature pre-extraction for order spectrum dictionary design initialization. Then, dictionary learning is developed to excavate latent features within order spectra, facilitating effective sparse representations of various health status. Subsequently, the order spectral sparse representation classification strategy based on minimum sparse approximation error is developed, which enables robust fault diagnosis without any discriminative classifier models. Experiment results from transfer diagnosis tasks of wind turbine drivetrain datasets under variable operating conditions verify that the proposed OS-SLC approach shows remarkable diagnostic accuracy comparable to mainstream domain adaptation methods, whilst demonstrating the diagnostic robustness against noises and hyper-parameters. By integrating order tracking with sparse representation learning, our proposed approach demonstrates the potential for fault diagnosis under nonstationary conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 123659"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144241286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The synergy between the backward bent duct buoy and the floating platform 后弯管浮筒与浮平台的协同作用

IF 9 1区工程技术

Renewable Energy Pub Date : 2025-06-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2025.123637

Yikuan He , Yongliang Zhang

{"title":"The synergy between the backward bent duct buoy and the floating platform","authors":"Yikuan He , Yongliang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123637","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123637","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The backward bent duct buoy (BBDB) oscillating water column (OWC) wave energy conversion (WEC) is proposed to be co-deployed with the floating platform (FP) to enhance wave energy absorption efficiency and improve FP stability. A coupled analytical model of the freely moving BBDB and FP is established, and the motion response, wave run-up, and energy absorption efficiency are obtained using the structural motion equation and the OWC device characteristic equation. After that, the effects of the BBDB dimensions and the distance between the BBDB and the FP on the energy absorption efficiency and the response amplitude operators (RAOs) of the FP are analyzed. The results demonstrate that the presence of the FP significantly enhances the energy absorption efficiency of the BBDB. Moreover, deploying the BBDB upstream effectively mitigates the motion response of the FP. There are two prominent energy capture intervals, and the energy absorption efficiency can exceed 0.6 at 3.4–5.4 s and 5.8–8.3 s when the distance is 0.35 times the BBDB length. Meanwhile, this distance can also broaden the valley between 4 s and 5.5 s and reduce the wave run-up and RAOs of the FP after the period exceeds 8 s.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 123637"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144241522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

End-to-end wind turbine damage detection model based on multi-branch feature sensing and contextual information reuse in harsh environments 恶劣环境下基于多分支特征感知和上下文信息重用的端到端风力发电机损伤检测模型

IF 9 1区工程技术

Renewable Energy Pub Date : 2025-06-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2025.123489

Bo Zhao, Xingyu Li, Gong Wang, Han Gao, Changqi Lv, Shengxian Cao

{"title":"End-to-end wind turbine damage detection model based on multi-branch feature sensing and contextual information reuse in harsh environments","authors":"Bo Zhao, Xingyu Li, Gong Wang, Han Gao, Changqi Lv, Shengxian Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123489","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123489","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Large wind turbines work in harsh environments for long periods of time, and blade damage is a frequent problem. Accurate detection of blade damage is particularly important for the safe and economic operation of wind turbines. Traditional target detection algorithms are unable to integrate global features and form a long-term memory of features when facing large-scale multi-category datasets such as wind turbine damage, and are prone to feature loss problems as the depth of the network increases. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end lightweight damage detection model to solve the above problem. Efficient feature encoders and decoders are first used to enhance the model’s ability to memorize features over time. Subsequently, a multi-branch reparameterized feature extraction network is designed in reducing the computational complexity of the model and improving the dynamic splicing and cross-layer fusion ability of the model. To enhance the ability of multi-scale feature perception and contextual information utilization, sparse parallel feature pyramid networks are designed to improve the enhancement of deep and shallow features in terms of coarse- and fine-grained aspects and to reduce the inter-channel dependency of features. The proposed detection model has the best detection performance in the designed wind turbine dataset.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":"253 ","pages":"Article 123489"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144222601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Conversion of ethyl levulinate in high concentration to γ-valerolactone over hydrothermally synthesized Mg-Sn-β with high Sn content 高锡含量Mg-Sn-β水热合成高浓度乙酰丙酸乙酯转化为γ-戊内酯

IF 9 1区工程技术

Renewable Energy Pub Date : 2025-06-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2025.123663

Yingfu Tian , Tianliang Lu , Hongjin Qu , Xiaomei Yang , Lipeng Zhou

{"title":"Conversion of ethyl levulinate in high concentration to γ-valerolactone over hydrothermally synthesized Mg-Sn-β with high Sn content","authors":"Yingfu Tian , Tianliang Lu , Hongjin Qu , Xiaomei Yang , Lipeng Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123663","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123663","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Efficient conversion of ethyl levulinate (EL) in high concentration to γ-valerolactone (GVL) at moderate temperature via catalytic transfer hydrogenation strategy is highly desirable. In this work, hydrothermally synthesized Sn-β zeolite with high Sn content was employed as a catalyst to realize this aim. Fully crystallized Sn-β zeolite with high Sn content (<em>n</em><sub>Si</sub>/<em>n</em><sub>Sn</sub> = 60) was successfully synthesized within 12 days using MgCl<sub>2</sub> as a promoter. The synthesized zeolites were characterized by XRD, SEM, UV–vis spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy and XPS. The L acid density of Mg-Sn-β-60-12d increased to 90 μmol g<sup>−1</sup> compared to Mg-Sn-β-100-7d (56 μmol g<sup>−1</sup>). 92 % yield of GVL was achieved on Mg-Sn-β-60-12d using high concentration of EL (1.2 mol L<sup>−1</sup>) as reactant at 130 °C for 8 h. The performance of Mg-Sn-β is better than that of Sn-β with same <em>n</em><sub>Si</sub>/<em>n</em><sub>Sn</sub>. The reaction mechanism over Mg-Sn-β was discussed. In addition, Mg-Sn-β-60-12d showed excellent stability and reusability during five runs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 123663"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144261876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0