Renewable EnergyPub Date : 2025-05-13DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2025.123468
Haipeng Chen , Jianzhao Song , Zhiwei Li , Siyuan Shui
{"title":"Distributionally robust electricity-carbon collaborative scheduling of integrated energy systems based on refined joint model of heating networks and buildings","authors":"Haipeng Chen , Jianzhao Song , Zhiwei Li , Siyuan Shui","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123468","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123468","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid increase in the grid integration demand of intermittent renewable energy (RE) has raised higher requirements for the flexible regulation and energy storage capacity of integrated energy systems (IES) with combined heat and power (CHP) units. To solve the issues of efficient accommodation of high proportion RE and low-carbon economic operation of the system, this study proposes an optimal scheduling method for IES based on a refined joint model of heating networks and buildings. Firstly, a refined thermal energy transmission model integrating heating networks and buildings is established to accurately depict the dynamic thermal energy transmission process within the system. Then, this paper proposes an electricity - carbon demand response considering the dynamic carbon emission factor, guiding users to use electricity in a low-carbon way. A distributionally robust optimization (DRO) scheduling model is established to quantify the impact of RE output uncertainty, which is efficiently solved using the column and constraint generation algorithm. The simulation results show that the proposed DRO model ensures the robustness of system operation while improving low-carbon economic benefits. Notably, the RE consumption rate is increased by 9.52 % compared with traditional scheduling methods, which provides an essential reference for promoting the sustainable development of IES.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":"251 ","pages":"Article 123468"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144125052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Renewable EnergyPub Date : 2025-05-13DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2025.123308
Kartik Naik , Marco Mangano , Bradford G. Knight , Sabet Seraj , Yingqian Liao , Jeongbin Park , Yulin Pan , Joaquim R.R.A. Martins , Kevin J. Maki , Jing Sun
{"title":"Experimental performance comparison of Ducted and Freestream hydrokinetic turbines","authors":"Kartik Naik , Marco Mangano , Bradford G. Knight , Sabet Seraj , Yingqian Liao , Jeongbin Park , Yulin Pan , Joaquim R.R.A. Martins , Kevin J. Maki , Jing Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123308","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123308","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrokinetic energy’s high energy density and predictable nature make it an effective and reliable renewable resource. Ducted hydrokinetic turbines (HKT) offer benefits such as improved flow conditioning and higher power efficiency for the same reference area compared to an equivalent conventional freestream turbine. We designed and constructed an HKT system to characterize the performance of freestream and ducted turbines at various speeds and blade pitch angles in a state-of-the-art tow tank. When comparing the respective optimal blade pitch settings, the ducted turbine’s power efficiency is 19% higher than that of the freestream one. Our ducted turbine measured a peak power coefficient of <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>47</mn></mrow></math></span> despite unfavorable Reynolds number effects. This system’s power and thrust characterization indicates that ducted turbines, with an improved design and more favorable operating conditions, would likely exceed the measured <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>47</mn></mrow></math></span>, laying the ground for further design optimization studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":"251 ","pages":"Article 123308"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143948534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nonlinear energy sink for vibration reduction in offshore wind turbines under rotating blade-wind-wave loads: Parameter selection and test verification","authors":"Weijie Zeng , Chuanrui Guo , Wei-Xin Ren , Yanliang Du","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123435","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123435","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As offshore wind turbines (OWTs) evolve towards larger sizes, they become more susceptible to significant vibrations under the complex load conditions such as winds, waves, currents and blade rotation, accelerating structural fatigue damage and impacting both power generation efficiency and operational safety. This paper is aimed at investigating the vibration reduction capabilities of Nonlinear Energy Sink (NES) for OWTs under rotating blade-wind-wave load conditions. A 1:80 scale model of the 5 MW monopile OWT is fabricated in the laboratory. The corresponding parameters of NES and Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) are selected by the optimization for the first order natural frequency of the tower. A free-decay test and vibration tests on the scale model integrated with NES and TMD separately under different rotating blade-wind-wave loadings. The results have shown that NES exhibits superior robustness to variations in damper stiffness compared to TMD. NES can also reduce other vibrational frequency components induced by wave excitation and blade flapwise due to the nonlinear and broadband vibration frequency characteristics of NES. It is demonstrated that NES provides overall better vibration reduction capabilities than TMD in multi-modal vibration structures. This research offers valuable insights into the vibration reduction of OWTs under complex operational conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":"251 ","pages":"Article 123435"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144083949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Renewable EnergyPub Date : 2025-05-13DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2025.123444
Lingwei Zhu , Bin Xu , Xinrong Wang , Hao Yue , Ran Mo , Sen Wang , Zenghai Zhao , Peng Lu
{"title":"Stochastic simulation framework for renewable power output: Integrating hybrid discrete-continuous distributions with vine copula function","authors":"Lingwei Zhu , Bin Xu , Xinrong Wang , Hao Yue , Ran Mo , Sen Wang , Zenghai Zhao , Peng Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123444","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123444","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The stochastic simulation of wind and photovoltaic power output is an effective approach for supporting the efficient utilization of renewable energy. Existing methods are facing difficulty in simultaneously capturing the stochasticity, intermittency, and multi-order temporal dependencies in renewable energy power output. This study introduces a novel hybrid method that integrates discrete-continuous distribution function with high-dimensional vine copula function to simulate intermittent hourly renewable energy power output sequences. Applied to the Qingshui River hydro-wind-solar hybrid energy system, our methodology demonstrates superior performance over Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networks (DCGAN). The conclusions are as follows: (1) The vine copula model based on the hybrid discrete-continuous distribution function (improved vine copula model) can accurately capture the intermittency of power output, and provides better simulation results in deviation and frequencies; (2) Evaluation metrics reveal significant improvements, with wind power simulation errors reduced from 2.93 % to 1.66 %, and photovoltaic power simulation errors decreasing from 19.56 % to 5.25 %. (3) The improved vine copula model preserves multi-order temporal dependencies of wind and photovoltaic power output within 10-h time horizons; (4) The improved vine copula model significantly reduces computational complexity. The study contributes to the development of refined stochastic simulation methods for renewable energy power output.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":"251 ","pages":"Article 123444"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144124502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Renewable EnergyPub Date : 2025-05-12DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2025.123446
Yuanzhuo Dong , Yanlong Kong , Yaqian Ren , Yonghui Huang , Zhonghe Pang
{"title":"Effect of fracture geometry characteristics on thermal convection of basin-scale groundwater","authors":"Yuanzhuo Dong , Yanlong Kong , Yaqian Ren , Yonghui Huang , Zhonghe Pang","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123446","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123446","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates fracture geometry impacts on basin-scale groundwater thermal convection, focusing on aperture, length, inclination, and density. A two-dimensional numerical model evaluates interactions between forced and free thermal convection using temperature fields and Rayleigh numbers. In our scenario, larger fracture apertures tend to enhance forced thermal convection, while fractures whose apertures larger than 0.08 m will promote free thermal convection to some extent. Increased length and density expand heat transfer areas, yet rapid fluid flow through preferential pathways may reduce efficiency. Equilibrium occurs at 300 m length and 50 fractures, beyond which forced convection raises the critical Rayleigh number threshold by 2–4 times. Fractures at 45° inhibit free convection by forming \"V\"-shaped channels that enhance forced convection, increasing thresholds by 1.5–3.2 times. Through sensitivity analysis, fracture length and density were identified as the most influential factors among geometric characteristics. Additionally, we defined the heat extraction rate of geothermal systems and found that optimal geothermal targets in fractured karst reservoirs require larger apertures, moderate lengths (300 m), 45° intersections, and moderate densities (50 fractures). These findings provide valuable insights into optimizing geothermal resource exploitation, highlighting the role of fracture networks in shaping groundwater heat transfer dynamics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":"251 ","pages":"Article 123446"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144072091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Renewable EnergyPub Date : 2025-05-12DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2025.123457
Nurfarhana Nabila Mohd Noor, Kyunghoi Kim
{"title":"Boosting bioelectricity performance in sediment microbial fuel cells with raw bamboo biochar as a sustainable energy source","authors":"Nurfarhana Nabila Mohd Noor, Kyunghoi Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123457","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123457","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sediment microbial fuel cell (SMFC) is a sustainable technology to generate bioelectricity for bioenergy production. In this study, bamboo biochar is mixed with coastal benthic sediment from oyster farm as conductive aid to optimize SMFC capacity for bioelectricity production. Laboratory-scale SMFCs are constructed with different biochar dosages, including control (SMFC-P0) and biochar cases (SMFC-P5, SMFC-P10 and SMFC-P20), to confirm the effect of biochar on bioelectricity generation and carbon sequestration. Operating SMFCs with a moderate dosage of bamboo biochar in SMFC-P5 (5g biochar) and SMFC-P10 (10g biochar) reduces internal resistance by 29.8 % and 57.5 %, resulting in high output voltage for SMFC-P5 (23 mV) and SMFC-P10 (68 mV), with a 1.3 and 3.2-fold increase, respectively. SMFC-P10 achieves maximum power density of 19.7 mW/m<sup>2</sup> with optimal biochar addition in anodic region, enhancing overall SMFC performance due to reduction in ohmic resistance. SMFC-P10 exhibits the highest redox activity, resulting in the highest current response during initial (10.4 mA) and final (8.22 mA) cyclic voltammetry. High electrode capacitance due to biochar addition minimizes charge transfer resistance, improving electron transfer. Anodic biofilm thrives under moderate biochar dosages below 2 %. Biochar addition reduces sediment CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, indicating that it improves soil quality and effectively sequesters soil carbon.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":"251 ","pages":"Article 123457"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143948536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Renewable EnergyPub Date : 2025-05-12DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2025.123436
Ravi Saravanan , Alagu Karthikeyan , Prajith Prabhakar , N. Poyyamozhi
{"title":"Experimental analysis of thermal energy variations in parabolic dish solar collector with hybrid heat storage medium","authors":"Ravi Saravanan , Alagu Karthikeyan , Prajith Prabhakar , N. Poyyamozhi","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123436","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123436","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study tests a solar thermal system for household hot water, combining a parabolic dish collector with a dual-purpose heat storage medium. It examines how factors like heating fluid flow rate, storage material composition, and cold-water flow rate impact heat transfer efficiency. Distilled water was used as the heat transfer fluid, while a mixture of Erythritol and 1.5 wt % Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles served as the heat storage medium, capturing solar energy during the day and releasing it at night. The system performed best when the solar receiver absorbed 77.5 W of heat at a flow rate of 0.5 l/min. Heat transfer efficiency improved as the flow rate increased to 2 l/min but declined beyond this point. The maximum storage capacity was 220 W using only Erythritol, but adding Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles enhanced efficiency by boosting thermal conductivity. Cold-water flow rates between 0.5 l/min and 2 l/min affected convective heat transfer, with lower rates reducing efficiency. The system's peak performance occurred between 06:00 and 14:00 due to direct solar radiation. While individual components had lower exergy values, the overall system demonstrated a high sustainability index, effectively storing and delivering solar energy for continuous water heating.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":"251 ","pages":"Article 123436"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143948533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Renewable EnergyPub Date : 2025-05-12DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2025.123458
Lin Wu , Zhengmeng Hou , Zhifeng Luo
{"title":"Impacts of microbial competition on underground bio-methanation of hydrogen and carbon dioxide: Insights from biogeochemical simulations","authors":"Lin Wu , Zhengmeng Hou , Zhifeng Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123458","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123458","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The emerging technology of underground bio-methanation (UBM) from hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>) and carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) enables renewable natural gas production, large-scale renewable energy storage, and carbon utilization and sequestration. However, during the UBM process, acetogens and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) may compete with methanogens for H<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub>, affecting methane production. This competition has been relatively less explored. To address this, a microbial kinetic model incorporating environmental effects and spatial constraints was developed to investigate microbial competition in UBM. The study revealed that SRB's H<sub>2</sub> consumption is primarily limited by sulfate availability in formation water, whereas acetogen metabolism can significantly affect conversion efficiency. In the absence of carbonate minerals, pH reduction from acetogen metabolism may even halt the conversion process. Furthermore, increased salinity, particularly above 90 g/L, along with a higher CO<sub>2</sub>/H<sub>2</sub> ratio, can inhibit methanogen activity, potentially leading to more substrate being converted into acetate. The injection ratio for fully consuming both CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>, accounting for C/H needs in biomass synthesis, is 1:3.78. Additionally, a larger maximum biomass capacity enables methanogens to quickly consume all CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>, reducing competition from other microbes. The study's findings provide valuable insights for site selection and optimal design in the implementation of UBM.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":"251 ","pages":"Article 123458"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143941735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Renewable EnergyPub Date : 2025-05-12DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2025.123462
Hongxiang Zheng , Wenchun Jiang , Yun Luo , Ming Song , Xiucheng Zhang , Shan-Tung Tu
{"title":"Electrochemical and mechanical performance degradation mechanisms of solid oxide fuel cell stacks under long-term operation","authors":"Hongxiang Zheng , Wenchun Jiang , Yun Luo , Ming Song , Xiucheng Zhang , Shan-Tung Tu","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123462","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123462","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) are an efficient energy conversion technology that directly convert chemical energy in fuel into electricity. However, the instability of the electrochemical and mechanical performance of SOFC during long-term operation presents a significant challenge to their commercialization. To address this issue, we employ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, small punching tests and nanoindentation techniques to investigate the evolution of voltage and mechanical performance of SOFC stacks over 5000 h. Our findings indicate an average cell voltage degradation rate of 6.23 %/kh at 300 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> after 5000 h. The contribution of each factor causing voltage degradation is quantitatively evaluated, revealing that ohmic resistance degradation predominates, followed by cathodic-side O<sub>2</sub> surface exchange kinetic and O<sup>2−</sup> diffusion. Furthermore, the high-temperature flexural strength, elastic modulus, and hardness of the single cell exhibit noticeable declines within the initial 10 h, with a 67.72 % reduction in flexural strength after 5000 h. Severe deterioration of nickel particles is observed in the anode, while strontium segregation, chromium poisoning and silver contamination are identified in the cathode. Overall, the quantitative analysis of changes in the performance of the stack is crucial for enhancing the long-term durability of SOFCs and their commercial applications in renewable energy systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":"251 ","pages":"Article 123462"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143941745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Renewable EnergyPub Date : 2025-05-12DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2025.123464
Yonglin Ye , Yuting Lu , Shuqi Wang , Wei Guo , Kai Wang
{"title":"Speed control and hydrodynamic performance analysis of vertical axis tidal turbine under surge motion","authors":"Yonglin Ye , Yuting Lu , Shuqi Wang , Wei Guo , Kai Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123464","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2025.123464","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the actual operation of a floating vertical axis tidal turbine (VATT), the VATT undergoes wave-induced motion with the floating carrier, resulting in a constantly changing relative inflow velocity of the VATT. With the VATT rotating at a fixed speed, the tip speed ratio would vary over time, leading to a lower average energy utilization rate. Therefore, a variable speed control model based on surge velocity is proposed, and a CFD numerical method is presented for a VATT rotating at variable speed under surge motion. The proposed variable speed control model is effective in improving the average energy utilization rate, e.g., by 36.09 % at a surge period of 2.9 s and a surge amplitude of 0.1 m, as compared to fixed speed rotation. Based on this, a rapid forecast method for hydrodynamic loads of the VATT during variable speed rotation and surge motion is established, considering the variation of the damping coefficient during fixed speed rotation and surge motion. Compared with the CFD results, the proposed method can quickly and effectively forecast the VATT's hydrodynamic loads. The findings can provide a reference for the speed control of floating VATT in actual operation and the rapid prediction of the VATT's hydrodynamic load.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":"251 ","pages":"Article 123464"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144068254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}