SRPN: Poverty (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Inventory Management for Mobile Money Agents in the Developing World","authors":"Karthik Balasubramanian, D. Drake, Douglas Fearing","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2987591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2987591","url":null,"abstract":"Mobile money systems, platforms built and managed by mobile network operators to allow money to be stored as digital currency, have burgeoned in the developing world as a mechanism to transfer money electronically. Mobile money agents exchange cash for electronic value and vice versa, forming the backbone of an emerging electronic currency ecosystem that has potential to connect millions of poor and “unbanked” people to the formal financial system. Unfortunately, low service levels due to agent inventory management are a major impediment to the further development of these ecosystems. This paper describes models for the agent’s inventory problem, unique in that sales of electronic value (cash) correspond to an equivalent increase in inventory of cash (electronic value). This paper presents a base inventory model and an analytical heuristic that are used to determine optimal stocking levels for cash and electronic value given an agent’s historical demand. When tested with a large sample of transaction-level data provided by an East African mobile operator, both the base model and the heuristic improved agent profitability by reducing inventory costs (defined here as the sum of stockout losses and cost of capital associated with holding inventory). The heuristic increased estimated agent profits by 15% relative to profits realized through agents actual decisions, while also offering substantial computational advantages relative to the base model.","PeriodicalId":415707,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Poverty (Topic)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133014557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tropical Oil Crops and Rural Poverty","authors":"Ryan W. J. Edwards","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3040400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3040400","url":null,"abstract":"I study the poverty impacts of the largest modern plantation-based agricultural expansion, Indonesian palm oil over the 2000s. Causal effects are identified by instrumenting the decadal expansion in the area planted with oil palm in each district with its agro-climatically attainable yield. Of the more than 10 million Indonesians lifted from poverty over the 2000s, my most conservative estimate suggests at least 1.3 million rural people have escaped poverty due to growth in the palm oil sector. The areal expansion increased expenditure for low income households and expanded rural public services, specifically road networks and households’ access to electricity.","PeriodicalId":415707,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Poverty (Topic)","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131492445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Financial Inclusion of the Poor and Money Laundering Indicators: Empirical Evidence for Colombia","authors":"Hernando Bayona-Rodríguez, C. Rodríguez, J. Sebastian Melo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2973506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2973506","url":null,"abstract":"Taking advantage of the largest financial inclusion program in Colombia, we estimate how increasing the access to such services for the poor impacts money laundering indicators in the country. We find that eventhough, on average, government’s indicators of money laundering activities in Colombia decreased, complex and heterogeneous impacts across the country and in time are observed. While money laundering indicators decreased in areas with high historic values of this crime, indicators in areas with medium historic levels increased. The evidence suggests that after the bancarization process a fragmentation and expansion of money laundering indicators across municipalities in Colombia took place, diminishing the accuracy of the alerts that the financial institutions provide to the government in order to fight this crime.","PeriodicalId":415707,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Poverty (Topic)","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133816330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discerning ‘Functional and Absolute Zero’: Defining and Measuring an End to Homelessness in Canada","authors":"A. Turner, Tom Albanese, Kyle Pakeman","doi":"10.11575/SPPP.V10I0.42616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11575/SPPP.V10I0.42616","url":null,"abstract":"Several cities and regions have announced that they have “ended homelessness,” as this goal has become a major part of policy and community-based responses to homelessness. Yet, there are different ways to define what “ending homelessness” actually means. It is almost never meant in its most literal form, which would mean having every resident in a community sleeping in his or her own, secure home, on any given night. While that is certainly the ideal, and the goal we can work towards, it is simply not realistic in practice. People may find themselves homeless, at least temporarily. We need a meaningful and useful definition of “ending homelessness” that recognizes that reality, while pushing us towards an ideal situation. This is the difference between a Functional Zero end to homelessness and an Absolute Zero end to homelessness. To the public, the words “ending homelessness” likely bring to mind a vision of someday when no person will ever experience homelessness, which is the ideal Absolute Zero concept, that is arguably unlikely to fully achieve. The goal of a Functional Zero end to homelessness, simplified, is to achieve a point where there are enough services, housing and shelter beds for everyone who needs them, and anyone who experiences homelessness does so only briefly, is rehoused successfully, and is unlikely to return to homelessness again.  The two definitions do not stand in opposition to each other. Rather, communities should use the Functional Zero definition to get ever closer to the Absolute Zero definition, even if they can never fully reach it. It is critical, however, to clarify the differences between them and have clear definitions of each in order to provide communities with a framework to both achieve Functional Zero and aspire to Absolute Zero. However, even within the concept of Functional Zero, there is much room for different visions. What constitutes a “brief” experience with homelessness, what constitutes “successful” rehousing, and the acceptable rate of unlikelihood for a return to homelessness will all be seen differently by different people, including those who have lived experience with homelessness. In order for us to properly set out to achieve Functional Zero (and aspire to Absolute Zero), it is crucial to specify what we mean and make it measurable, and consistent, so we can assess our progress. Doing that will require the input of people who have lived experience with homelessness, who are often not consulted on strategy development. Their sense of what constitutes an “end to homelessness” might not quite be what academics, community workers and policy-makers expect, and it might also evolve over time. We can, and should, agree on specific and measurable definitions for a Functional Zero and an Absolute Zero end to homelessness, but we should not consider that the end of it. We must continue to develop and refine those definitions as we continue to consult with those who have lived experience with homele","PeriodicalId":415707,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Poverty (Topic)","volume":"234-235 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134166672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Assessment of Women's Accessibility to Poverty Alleviation Programmes in Kano State, Nigeria","authors":"A. O. Bello","doi":"10.18052/WWW.SCIPRESS.COM/ILSHS.73.54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18052/WWW.SCIPRESS.COM/ILSHS.73.54","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the accessibility of women to Poverty Alleviation Programmes (PAP) in Kano State, Nigeria. The aim of the study was to identify the poverty alleviation programmes and assess the difference that exists between rural and urban women’s access to them. The results revealed that there was no significant difference between the accessibility of rural and urban women to PAP in the study area (Chi-square value = 9.196 (df) 1, p = 0.002). Consequently, it is recommended that the government should ensure proper periodical assessment and review of the administration and implementation of PAP in the study area. This will make the accessibility of women to the programmes result oriented. This will enhance the achievement of proper awareness among women and increase their accessibility to Poverty Alleviation Programmes in Kano State, Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":415707,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Poverty (Topic)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129875907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are Income Poverty and Perceptions of Financial Difficulties Dynamically Interrelated?","authors":"S. Ayllón, Alessio Fusco","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2791405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2791405","url":null,"abstract":"An individual's economic ill fare can be assessed both objectively, looking at one's income with reference to a poverty line, or subjectively on the basis of the individual's perceived experience of financial difficulties. Although these are distinct perspectives, income poverty and perceptions of financial difficulties are likely to be interrelated: low income (especially if it persists) is likely to negatively affect perceptions of financial difficulties and, as recently suggested by the behavioral economics literature, (past) subjective sentiment may in return influence individual's income generating ability and poverty status. The aim of this paper is to determine the extent of these dynamic cross-effects between both processes. Using Luxembourg survey data, our main result highlights the existence of a feedback effect from past perceived financial difficulties on current income poverty suggesting that subjective perceptions can have objective effects on an individual's behaviour and outcomes.","PeriodicalId":415707,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Poverty (Topic)","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116542115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urban Migration and Social Exclusion: Study from Indore Slums and Informal Settlements","authors":"S. Agarwal","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2771383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2771383","url":null,"abstract":"India’s urban population is expected to grow from 377 million to 590 million by 2030. Much of this growth will be the result of migration from rural areas and small cities and towns. But despite the significance of migration to India’s urban future, migrants remain largely invisible, voiceless and powerless, especially in the larger cities. Without official recognition or support, urban migrants are increasingly living and working in extremely poor and precarious conditions in the informal sector. This working paper seeks to better understand the different forms of exclusion and deprivation experienced by migrants in Indore, the economic centre and largest city of Madhya Pradesh. Four different groups of migrants were targeted: two groups of recent migrants (those less than one year in the city and those over one but less than two); seasonal migrants temporarily in the city; and older migrants settled in the city. These reflect different stages and forms of the migration process and the associated exclusions and challenges that migrants and their families face in terms of access to housing, basic services, social benefits and entitlements, and government identification. The study collected quantitative and qualitative data using questionnaires, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Since migrants commonly live in informal settlements (bastis) throughout the city, members of women’s slum groups were trained by the Urban Health Resource Centre (UHRC) to help locate and purposively sample appropriate respondents for the survey. In total, 640 respondents were surveyed across the four migrant groups.A number of common disparities faced by the migrant groups were identified: • Low levels of basic service provision (e.g. piped water connections, sanitation, drainage, etc.) and high reliance on private healthcare • 80 per cent of all migrants who had access to any type of toilet had to share it with other families/persons • Poor housing often made of temporary or semipermanent materials • High reliance on rental housing in the informal sector • Difficulties in claiming rights to basic services and social welfare schemes in the absence of government identification cards for Indore • Access to the government’s universal ID and proof of address for the city was lowest among seasonal migrants, with Seasonal migrants experienced some of the most significant disparities: • 69 per cent lacked access to any sanitation facility and thus practiced open defecation • 68 per cent lived in temporary housing conditions or were squatting • 73 per cent lived in housing made from temporary materials • Many lacked washing facilities, forcing women to either bathe before dawn, or erect makeshift baths • Many lived and worked in brick kilns and construction sites, while others wandered the city as vendors and hawkers • 5 per cent had government ID cards and proof of address • 49 per cent were illiterate • 55 per cent registered their pregnancies Older settler","PeriodicalId":415707,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Poverty (Topic)","volume":"162 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124549456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Tests for Poorness, Richness, and Middle Class Welfare: Stochastic Dominance Analysis for Different Types of Social Welfare Functions","authors":"Z. Bai, M. Valenzuela, W. Wong, Zhenzhen Zhu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2742024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2742024","url":null,"abstract":"Chow, et al. (2016) use the theory of ascending stochastic dominance (ASD), descending stochastic dominance (DSD) to develop stochastic dominance (SD) tests for richness and poorness. In this paper, we extend their work by applying Markowitz stochastic dominance (MSD) and prospect stochastic dominance (PSD) to develop SD tests for the poor (test for poorness), the rich (test for richness), and for the middle class (we call it test for middle class) to achieve a more robust analysis of relative welfare levels in the study of income distributions. The findings of these tests can be used to draw preference for different types of increasing social welfare functions; namely, concave social welfare functions, convex social welfare functions, and S-shaped and reverse S-shaped social welfare functions. The feasibility of the proposed approach and the new tests of richness, poorness, AND the middle class developed for it are demonstrated using distributions of incomes in Hong Kong.","PeriodicalId":415707,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Poverty (Topic)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131499935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strategies for Attaining the Sustainable Development Goals","authors":"S. Reddy","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3208250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3208250","url":null,"abstract":"Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals will require resources on a very large scale, as well as a holistic, flexible, and learning-oriented approach to development.","PeriodicalId":415707,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Poverty (Topic)","volume":"5 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115906170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Akaki Small-Scale Irrigation Scheme on Household Food Security","authors":"Molla Deribie Negash","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2624598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2624598","url":null,"abstract":"The study aims to evaluate the impact of Akaki small scale irrigation scheme on Household food security of smallholder farmers. Out of 700 farming households with systematically stratified random sampling technique, this causal type of study analyzed 246 household surveys based primary data (personal interview questionnaire) with inferential statistics (Heck man two stages). It shows that food security is not as such observed in the study area. At 0.05 probability level; sex, land size (ls), educational level (ed), off farm income (offarmi), irrigation experience (exep) and distance from home to water source (dhomeland ) are significant correlates of food security with respect to the three food security indicators (food consumption expenditure score, copying strategy index and dietary diversity score). At 0.05 probability level; sex, off farm income (offarmi), irrigation experience (exep) and distance from home to water source (dhomeland) are statistically significant determinants of the joint indicators and they reliably predict participation in small scale irrigation scheme, citrus paribus. Collective action among governments, NGOs and farming households on flood control and market linkage (perfect information on price of their product) should be taken to let farming households harvest two times per year and prosper.","PeriodicalId":415707,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Poverty (Topic)","volume":"81 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126886916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}