SRPN: Poverty (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Need of Financial Inclusion for Poverty Alleviation and GDP Growth","authors":"Rajesh Sharma, Manish Didwania, Puneet Kumar","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2434473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2434473","url":null,"abstract":"Since last three decades the major objective of policy makers is to remove poverty from India. Many programmes and policies were started at the grass root level. But results were not very encouraging. After liberalization India's GDP growth witnessed an encouraging change. It was hoped that it will be a solution for the problem. But due to some basic reasons at grass root level, results were not very overwhelming. It has also been realized by the policymakers that increase in GDP alone is not the solution of the deep rooted problem of poverty. Growth is necessary but not sufficient for the poverty eradication. Inclusive growth can be a solution for poverty removal. In the1990s government of India started many programmes which were specially made for enhancing the income level of the poor masses. Consequently, all the major initiatives of government – in agricultural and rural development, in industry and urban development, in infrastructure and services, in education and health care – sought to promote \"inclusive growth\". It is apparent from the study that Inclusive growth is necessary for sustainable development and equitable distribution of wealth and prosperity. The success of poverty alleviation programmes can be achieved in real sense, when common man is also a part of growth.","PeriodicalId":415707,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Poverty (Topic)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130954013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Incorporation of Sharia in North America: Enforcing the Mahr to Combat Women's Poverty Post-Relationship Dissolution","authors":"Natasha Bakht","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2428209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2428209","url":null,"abstract":"The mahr, a contract negotiated upon an Islamic marriage payable to the wife, has the potential to help alleviate the “feminization of poverty” attendant upon marriage dissolution. In North America, courts have sometimes given legal force to the mahr through the contexts of marriage contracts/prenuptial agreements, or under rules of contract. Some courts have refused to enforce “religious” obligations or found “public policy” reasons for denying this aid to former wives. This article analyzes recent American and Canadian jurisprudence and argues that such non-enforcement is characteristic of a discursive legal and cultural fear towards and bias against religious Islam (especially an incorrect conception of “sharia law”), and serves to further disempower women. Legal enforcement of mahr payments as an ordinary contract is recommended.","PeriodicalId":415707,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Poverty (Topic)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114441250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amidst Poverty and Prejudice: Black and Irish Civil War Veterans","authors":"Hoyt Bleakley, L. Cain, J. Ferrie","doi":"10.3386/W19605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W19605","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines a wide range of health and economic outcomes in a sample of Irish- and African-American Civil War veterans during the postbellum period. The information in our data is from a variety of circumstances across an individual's life span, and we use that to attempt to explain whether the disparities in mortality are related to disparities in life experiences. We find evidence of disparities between Irish and blacks and others in such variables as occupation and wealth, morbidity, and mortality. The data do not reveal disparate outcomes for all blacks and Irish; they only reveal inferior outcomes for slave-born blacks and foreign-born Irish. For the freeborn blacks and native-born Irish, for whom the historical tradition suggests discrimination and prejudice, the data only hint at such problems.","PeriodicalId":415707,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Poverty (Topic)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124630282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Income Inequality and Income Taxation in Canada: Trends in the Census 1980-2005","authors":"Kevin S. Milligan","doi":"10.11575/SPPP.V6I0.42436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11575/SPPP.V6I0.42436","url":null,"abstract":"Faced with rising fiscal pressures and discontent over income inequality, many countries, Canada among them, are searching for remedies. Income tax systems offer an effective way of changing economic destinies, so it’s only natural for governments to regard tax policy as a panacea. The first step to a solution is to understand how income tax influences existing inequality. This paper provides an overview of trends in pre- and post-tax income distribution in Canada from 1980-2005, by drawing on a more comprehensive data source than those found in many existing studies — Canadian census data. The results are in broad agreement: money has been steadily accumulating in the top half of the income distribution since 1980, with the trend quickening after 1995. This is just as true for family after-tax incomes as it is for individual market incomes even after the impact of the income tax system is taken into account. Over the 25-year period studied, the Gini coefficient rose from 0.352 to 0.404 for pre-tax income, and from 0.312 to 0.349 for after-tax income, while the proportion of the increase undone by taxation fell to a low of 2 per cent after 1995, as the Canadian tax system became less redistributive. However, some progressive aspects remain. Improvements to refundable tax credits in the late 1990s led to a 20 per cent decline in the number of families falling under the Low-Income Cut-Off. Canada’s income tax system hasn’t kept pace with climbing pre-tax inequality, but it continues to be a useful aftertax equalizer for low-income families.","PeriodicalId":415707,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Poverty (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130472651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Housing and Housing Finance - A Review of the Links to Economic Development and Poverty Reduction","authors":"J. Doling, P. Vandenberg, J. Tolentino","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2309099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2309099","url":null,"abstract":"The paper provides a review of the literature that links housing, housing finance, and economic development. The housing sector may support poverty reduction and inclusive growth in two general ways. First, housing construction contributes to economic output, creates employment, and generates a demand for materials and related services. Second, improved housing raises the standard of living of occupants. At the same time, housing purchases are costly for individuals, constituting the most valuable asset owned by most households and often requiring housing finance (mortgages) to allow for purchase. These links—between housing and the economy and between housing and housing finance—are explored in this review paper. It finds that the benefits of housing for individuals accrue in large part indirectly through better health, based on improved water and sanitation. Housing also generates large multiplier effects in terms of employment and output. Employment is created for both skilled and poorer, unskilled workers. The evidence also suggests that there is a symbiotic relationship between housing finance and financial sector development. Housing finance helps to develop the financial sector (contributing to economic growth) and is also helped by financial sector development.","PeriodicalId":415707,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Poverty (Topic)","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129578653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food Price Spikes, Price Insulation and Poverty","authors":"K. Anderson, M. Ivanic, W. Martin","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-6535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-6535","url":null,"abstract":"This paper has two purposes. It first considers the impact on world food prices of the changes in restrictions on trade in staple foods during the 2008 world food price crisis. Those changes -- reductions in import protection or increases in export restraints -- were meant to partially insulate domestic markets from the spike in international prices. The authors find that this insulation added substantially to the spike in international prices for rice, wheat, maize, and oilseeds. As a result, although domestic prices rose less than they would have without insulation in some developing countries, in many other countries they rose more than they would have in the absence of such insulation. The paper's second purpose it to estimate the combined impact of such insulating behavior on poverty in various developing countries and globally. The analysis finds that the actual poverty-reducing impact of insulation is much less than its apparent impact, and that its net effect was to increase global poverty in 2008 by 8 million people, although this increase was not significantly different from zero. Since there are domestic policy instruments, such as conditional cash transfers, that could now provide social protection for the poor far more efficiently and equitably than variations in border restrictions, the authors suggest it is time to seek a multilateral agreement to desist from changing restrictions on trade when international food prices spike.","PeriodicalId":415707,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Poverty (Topic)","volume":"359 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122765678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does Coordination of Welfare Services’ Delivery Make a Difference for Extremely Disadvantaged Jobseekers? Evidence from the 'YP4' Trial","authors":"J. Borland, Y. Tseng, R. Wilkins","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2245320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2245320","url":null,"abstract":"Fragmented welfare service delivery has been identified as a significant barrier to improving outcomes for highly disadvantaged individuals. The ‘YP4’ trial, conducted from 2005 to 2009, sought to evaluate, by randomised control method, an approach proposed by Campbell et al. (2003) for integrating delivery of employment, housing, health and other services for young homeless jobseekers. Rather than providing extra access to services or utilisation of different services, the YP4 trial involved assignment of a case manager to help tailor and coordinate available services to reflect the specific circumstances of young homeless jobseekers. We find that the YP4 program did not have a significant effect on economic or psychological wellbeing, a finding that is robust to application of experimental and quasi-experimental methods. It is argued that our study contributes to knowledge on program design, particularly in relation to the importance of the scale of intervention and program administration.","PeriodicalId":415707,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Poverty (Topic)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133725607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Admission is Free Only If Your Dad is Rich! Distributional Effects of Corruption in Schools in Developing Countries","authors":"M. Emran, A. Islam, Forhad Shilpi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2214550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2214550","url":null,"abstract":"In the standard model of corruption, the rich are more likely to pay bribes for their children's education, reflecting higher ability to pay. This prediction is, however, driven by the assumption that the probability of punishment for bribe-taking is invariant across households. In many developing countries lacking in rule of law, this assumption is untenable, because the enforcement of law is not impersonal or unbiased and the poor have little bargaining power. In a more realistic model where the probability of punishment depends on the household's economic status, bribes are likely to be regressive, both at the extensive and intensive margins. Using rainfall variations as an instrument for household income in rural Bangladesh, this paper finds strong evidence that corruption in schools is doubly regressive: (i) the poor are more likely to pay bribes, and (ii) among the bribe payers, the poor pay a higher share of their income. The results indicate that progressivity in bribes reported in the earlier literature may be due to identification challenges. The Ordinary Least Squares regressions show that bribes increase with household income, but the Instrumental Variables estimates suggest that the Ordinary Least Squares results are spurious, driven by selection on ability and preference. The evidence reported in this paper implies that\"free schooling\"is free only for the rich and corruption makes the playing field skewed against the poor. This may provide a partial explanation for the observed educational immobility in developing countries.","PeriodicalId":415707,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Poverty (Topic)","volume":"58 10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126078762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Competition and Poverty Reduction","authors":"J. West, Zsofia Tari","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2220733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2220733","url":null,"abstract":"Do competitive markets reduce poverty or not? This paper explores competition and poverty reduction in theory and in practice, looking at the poor both as consumers and as small entrepreneurs or wage earners, and considering poverty in both OECD and non-OECD countries. We find that, while there are plenty of theoretical reasons why competition is pro-poor, and there are many examples of it having that effect, competition's ability to reduce poverty is dependent on a multitude of other policies and conditions, such as tax, trade, and transparency, to name a few. We also conclude that although competition can contribute to macroeconomic growth, and macro-level growth can certainly benefit the poor, it does not automatically do so. Income distribution is just as important as GDP growth is, and in most OECD countries, income inequality has been rising, not falling. To have the greatest impact on poverty, competition authorities need to focus on problems in essential goods and services markets (where the poor spend most of their money) and in sectors where the poor tend to earn, or could potentially earn, their livings, as well as sectors that facilitate small entrepreneurial activity, particularly banking services and mobile telecommunications.","PeriodicalId":415707,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Poverty (Topic)","volume":"432 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123146389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Overview of Agricultural Credit and Crop Insurance in Bihar","authors":"R. Singh, Krishna M. Singh","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2254524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2254524","url":null,"abstract":"Bihar has a large agrarian economy of over Rs 250 billion with more than 80 percent of rural population subsisting on farming. Agricultural work force increased more than two-fold from 126 lakh in 1981 to 265 lakh in 2006 whereas net sown area declined by about one lakh hectares and gross cropped area has been stagnating at 80 lakh hectares during the period. Due to increase in number of agricultural labour force in Bihar, per agricultural worker annual real productivity (at 1980 prices) has declined from Rs 1977.00 in 1980-81 to Rs 1278.00 in 2005-06. Among the major states in India, Bihar is at the lowest ladder in terms of proportion of institutional loan to total loan disbursement to farmers. The high indebtedness to money lenders may be an important reason for indifferent attitude of farmers towards lending institutions, resulting in low investment and low productivity in Bihar. An assessment of the situation at ground level indicates that recourse to non-institutional credit continues to dominate as far as rural areas and agriculture sector are concerned. The study recommends interest rate on co-operative agricultural loans be reduced to 3 per cent in Bihar for benefit of farmers. It will motivate farmers to approach cooperatives for agricultural loans who are still not inclined to contact commercial bank branches. Agricultural insurance offers protection against losses caused by fluctuations in the output of a crop from one year to another or from one crop season to another. Its objective is to stimulate and support the production of principal crops in the country. Providing financial support to farmers in the event of crop failure, it makes farmers credit-worthy for the next crop season. It has been observed that the majority of small and marginal farmers, as well as tenant farmers and farm laborers bear the brunt of crop failure. However, the performance of National Agricultural Insurance Scheme has also been unsatisfactory in Bihar. Despite change in form of crop insurance scheme and establishment of Agricultural Insurance Company Ltd. the regional disparities in crop insurance still persist. It is accordingly recommended that a campaign be launched in rural areas to create awareness among farmers about crop insurance involving, inter alia, non-loan taking farmers because a large number of farmers are still not in a position to avail crop loan facility from institutional agencies in Bihar.","PeriodicalId":415707,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Poverty (Topic)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128081122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}