Afriques-Debats Methodes et Terrains d Histoire最新文献

{"title":"Calebasses anthropophages et dévoreurs africains","authors":"J. L. Quellec","doi":"10.4000/afriques.2288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/afriques.2288","url":null,"abstract":"Le corpus des mythes de la « Calebasse devorante » est ici enrichi et complete, de meme que celui des mythes diluviens, non rares en Afrique contrairement a une opinion repandue. Les methodes phylomemetiques montrent que la repartition des mythes africains du Devoreur s’explique au mieux en supposant l’existence de deux groupes. Leur areologie suggere qu’une version eurasiatique aurait ete introduite en Afrique de l’Est et qu’elle s’y serait alors propagee en s’enrichissant du developpement strictement africain selon lequel un Devoreur anthropomorphe, une fois tue, est brule, mais renait sous la forme d’une calebasse monstrueuse poussant sur ses cendres ; alors ce fruit se met lui aussi a devorer tout le monde, et il faut donc vaincre une seconde fois le Devoreur ainsi « reincarne ». Cette nouvelle variante se serait diffusee vers l’ouest et le sud en donnant naissance aux recits dans lesquels ne figure plus que la calebasse, et ces nouvelles versions se seraient plus particulierement implantees a l’ouest du continent en s’enrichissant d’un nouveau motif : celui selon lequel le vainqueur de ce Devoreur vegetal n’est plus un humain, mais un animal, et plus particulierement un belier.","PeriodicalId":41436,"journal":{"name":"Afriques-Debats Methodes et Terrains d Histoire","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47409015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reflections on plague in African history (14th–19th c.)","authors":"Gérard L. Chouin","doi":"10.4000/AFRIQUES.2228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/AFRIQUES.2228","url":null,"abstract":"In 1347, the western and Mediterranean parts of the Old World recorded the first outbreaks of a returning mortal disease that would make its presence felt over several centuries. Known today as the Second Plague Pandemic—a zoonosis due to the bacterium Yersinia pestis—it scythed between a third and half of the population without regard for wealth or status. It deeply transformed all facets of societies, ignited fears, violence, and pogroms, tested the flexibility of religions, hierarchies, and traditions, and excited ambitions. Although the plague is commonly described as a pandemic, historical knowledge about the initial Black Death and the many recurrent waves of the disease is largely restricted to Western Europe and the Mediterranean world, where the literate elite left an impressive documentary record that served as resource to the long-lasting and flourishing heuristic tradition of Plague Studies. If, as suggested by Monica Green, the concept of ‘pandemic’ is to be taken seriously, we must consider the many excluded parts of the Old World, and especially Africa, in our plague narratives. We must recognize that these societies that did not practise ‘the reduction of speech to graphic forms’—to use the expression coined by Jack Goody—also could have experienced the brutal mortality of the plague and its radical transformative power, while producing no organized and specific, long-lasting traces. By extension, we must also recognize that all literate societies that had in common the art of writing did not practise this art in the same way and may not have produced identical categories of documentary records. Cultural differences affect the nature of the documentary archive, as illustrated by literate practices in medieval Nubia and Ethiopia. The invisibility or limited visibility of the plague in the documentary record is, therefore, a challenge for historians and a disguised invitation to accept the absence of evidence as evidence of absence. This paper is my attempt to resist this temptation, to challenge the quasi-absence of interest in the plague problem in the historiography of Sub-Saharan Africa, and to lay out the foundation of a research strategy that will be multi-disciplinary and comparative. The plague problem is not a footnote to African history. If the plague impacted African societies as it did in documented parts of the Old World, we must have missed or misread fundamental processes of change it entailed. Would we understand and interpret the history of Western Europe or the Mediterranean as we do if we ignored that the plague had occurred? Here, I do not solve the plague conundrum in Sub-Saharan Africa; rather, I build on the persuasive arguments made by other contributors to this special issue about the presence of plague in different parts of Africa before the 19th century. My purpose is to propose multiple, critical, and cumulative—but far from exhaustive—pathways to reading and rereading the traditional and less traditional","PeriodicalId":41436,"journal":{"name":"Afriques-Debats Methodes et Terrains d Histoire","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44099356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recognizing plague epidemics in the archaeological record of West Africa","authors":"Daphne E. Gallagher, Stephen A. Dueppen","doi":"10.4000/AFRIQUES.2198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/AFRIQUES.2198","url":null,"abstract":"Many archaeological sites in the central West African savanna were either abandoned or reduced in size between the 14th and 15th centuries CE. Explanations have tended to invoke the effects of climate change (increasing aridity), political transformations, and religious conversion. However, more recently scholars have increasingly suggested that this regional pattern could be in part the result of plague epidemics. In this paper we explore the methodological challenges inherent in linking abandonments with the effects of epidemics in the archaeological record through a contextualized examination of settlement pattern data from recent archaeological research at sites in Burkina Faso and Mali. While plague cannot be definitively identified based on settlement pattern data alone, current evidence supports the possibility that plague affected populations in this area of West Africa. A broader view of sites throughout West Africa indicates that the possible effects of plague were widespread.","PeriodicalId":41436,"journal":{"name":"Afriques-Debats Methodes et Terrains d Histoire","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45490790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Putting Africa on the Black Death map: Narratives from genetics and history","authors":"Monica H. Green","doi":"10.4000/AFRIQUES.2125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/AFRIQUES.2125","url":null,"abstract":"Did the Black Death, the famous, devastating plague pandemic that struck the Mediterranean and Western Europe in the mid-14th century and seeded new strains of the pathogen, Yersinia pestis, in new locales, also reach Sub-Saharan Africa? That it reached the Islamic North African littoral has never been in question: there is ample testimony from Arabic documentary sources for its devastating effects from Egypt to the Maghreb. But did it stop there? Archaeologists now have reason to believe that there was widespread abandonment of urban communities in West Africa in the 14th or 15th centuries. Focusing on the other side of the continent, the present essay argues that previously unutilized evidence—a “living archive” of genetic data combined with a new reading of linguistic and documentary evidence from the 14th through 20th centuries—suggests that plague did have a significant impact on pre-modern East Africa. The strains of Y. pestis currently found in East and Central Africa derive from one of the lineages involved in late medieval outbreaks in Central Eurasia. This post-Black Death strain, it is argued here, entered the continent most likely in the late 15th or early 16th century. This coincides with hitherto unexplained population migrations and other cultural signs of reactions to a deadly emerging disease. Although no aDNA (historical genetic material) for Y. pestis has yet been recovered from late medieval or early modern Africa, the present essay suggests that evidence for Y. pestis’s evolution and transcontinental movements, even those outside of Africa, can help archaeologists and historians draw Africa more centrally into the narratives of global history.","PeriodicalId":41436,"journal":{"name":"Afriques-Debats Methodes et Terrains d Histoire","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48746629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Un Américain à Saint-Denis","authors":"R. Gagnon","doi":"10.7202/1051326AR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1051326AR","url":null,"abstract":"Quelles traces laisse le passage d’un anthropologue ou d’un ethnologue dans une communauté ? De quelle façon la population sous observation reste-t-elle marquée ? Et l’observateur, lui, garde-t-il des marques ? L’article suivant et son annexe proposent bien modestement quelques réponses à ces questions. Revenant sur le passage d’Horace Miner à Saint-Denis-De La Bouteillerie, un village rural du Bas-Saint-Laurent, en 1936-1937, le descendant d’une des familles sous observation remonte le fil du temps à partir de l’album photographique de ses grands-parents. Puis, en annexe, Agnès Miner, l’épouse de l’anthropologue, revient sur le séjour du couple dans une communauté paysanne du Canada français des années 1930.","PeriodicalId":41436,"journal":{"name":"Afriques-Debats Methodes et Terrains d Histoire","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87625379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tailleurs de pierre : entre l’art et la matière","authors":"C. Charron","doi":"10.7202/1051328AR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1051328AR","url":null,"abstract":"Les métiers traditionnels liés à l’architecture gagnent à être mis en valeur et à être reconnus pour leurs apports inégalés dans la protection et la conservation du patrimoine bâti. Parmi ces métiers, celui de tailleur de pierre fait écho à des techniques, des savoir-faire, une histoire ancestrale et une longue évolution dans le temps, qui méritent d’être mis à l’avant-scène. Dans cet article, on propose un retour critique sur un projet de collaboration entre une équipe d’étudiants en études patrimoniales (Université Laval) et le tailleur de pierre Adrien Bobin qui a mené aux développements de plusieurs stratégies de promotion du métier traditionnel et de transmission des connaissances à son sujet. En passant par la cocréation, la médiation culturelle, les technologies numériques et la mise en exposition muséale, on verra qu’une collaboration entre de jeunes chercheurs en patrimoine et des artisans du patrimoine bâti constitue une voie remplie de potentiel pour faire connaître ces métiers sans les dénaturer.","PeriodicalId":41436,"journal":{"name":"Afriques-Debats Methodes et Terrains d Histoire","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73633402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Veillée chez Antoinette Bourgeois","authors":"Robert B. Perreault","doi":"10.7202/1051325AR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1051325AR","url":null,"abstract":"Antoinette Bourgeois (1902-1991), fille du photographe franco-américain Ulric Bourgeois (1874-1963) de Manchester au New-Hampshire, et la dernière survivante de sa famille, raconte ses souvenirs en 1978. Elle parle de son père, reconnu pour ses photos du Québec rural et de Manchester. Grâce à celui-ci, elle a pu rencontrer Charlie Lambert, surnommé l’ermite du Mosquito Pond dans les bois près de Manchester, ainsi que le prêtre-écrivain Henri d’Arles, un client de son père. Lorsque la soeur cadette d’Antoinette, Irène Bourgeois, tomba victime de la polio, c’est au frère André qu’elle a eu recours pour sa guérison. Par la suite, Antoinette entra la vie religieuse chez les Soeurs de Sainte Jeanne d’Arc de Sillery, Québec, sous le nom de soeur Céline. Par conséquent, elle a pu connaître des membres du clergé franco-américain du Rhode-Island, partisans d’un côté ou de l’autre du mouvement Sentinelliste. Elle rencontra également Marie-Rose Ferron, surnommée la Petite Rose, stigmatisée de Woonsocket au Rhode-Island. Enfin, après vingt ans de vie religieuse, Antoinette retourna dans sa famille pour s’occuper de ses parents jusqu’à leur décès.","PeriodicalId":41436,"journal":{"name":"Afriques-Debats Methodes et Terrains d Histoire","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73726432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"De l’origine d’une collection, Wilfrid Richard et les siens, sculpteurs animaliers","authors":"B. Genest","doi":"10.7202/1051327AR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1051327AR","url":null,"abstract":"En 2014, Bernard Genest cédait au Musée de la civilisation du Québec une collection de sculptures animalières provenant pour une bonne part de Wilfrid Richard (1894-1994), l’un des maîtres de l’art populaire au Québec. Dans son article, l’auteur fait un retour sur les circonstances de sa rencontre avec l’artiste et sur ce qui l’a amené à entreprendre sa démarche de collectionnement. Persuadé qu’il était en présence d’artefacts qui allaient échapper au patrimoine québécois, il entama au début des années 1970 un long processus d’enquête. Au fil du temps, il allait réaliser que Wilfrid Richard était le maillon d’une chaîne de transmission d’une tradition s’étalant sur quatre générations. L’auteur dresse un portrait sommaire des membres de la famille qui, à travers une production distinctive mais dont la filiation est évidente, ont contribué à la construction d’un corpus reconnu par la Commission canadienne d’examen des exportations des biens culturels comme d’intérêt exceptionnel et d’importance nationale. Aux yeux du collectionneur, les oeuvres ainsi rassemblées devaient revenir à la population plutôt que d’être dispersées à travers le Québec, le Canada ou les États-Unis.","PeriodicalId":41436,"journal":{"name":"Afriques-Debats Methodes et Terrains d Histoire","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82736020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Le site funéraire d’Antsiraka Boira (Acoua, Grande Terre) : Islamisation et syncrétisme culturel à Mayotte au XIIe siècle","authors":"Martial Pauly, M. Ferrandis","doi":"10.4000/afriques.2064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/afriques.2064","url":null,"abstract":"Cet article presente un bilan des six campagnes de fouilles effectuees entre 2012 et 2017 sur le site archeologique d’Antsiraka Boira, a Acoua (nord-ouest de Mayotte, Grande Terre). Il s’agit d’un ensemble funeraire date du xiie siecle. L’echantillonnage de cette etude se compose de 29 sepultures fouillees sur un ensemble de 69 tombes reperees dans la zone de fouilles.Nos recherches a Antsiraka Boira documentent les pratiques funeraires d’une population de pecheurs/agriculteurs/eleveurs representative de la population mahoraise du debut du IIe millenaire. Les sepultures etudiees attestent de l’islamisation de cette population durant le xiie siecle mais egalement de la permanence de gestes funeraires etrangers a l’Islam (mobilier funeraire, cercueil en bois), temoignant, pour la premiere fois a Mayotte, d’une phase de syncretisme islamique. La recherche des filiations culturelles de ces pratiques funeraires, encore conservees en filigrane malgre l’islamisation, apporte une contribution permettant d’apprehender les multiples influences culturelles presentes a Mayotte, et interroge sur les connexions entretenues par l’archipel des Comores avec l’ensemble regional proche (Afrique, Madagascar) et en particulier sur la question de l’existence d’une aire culturelle proto-malgache encore decelable au debut du IIe millenaire.","PeriodicalId":41436,"journal":{"name":"Afriques-Debats Methodes et Terrains d Histoire","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46767927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Un manuscrit éthiopien chrétien sur papier (ca. 1755) : une singularité royale","authors":"A. Wion","doi":"10.4000/afriques.2037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4000/afriques.2037","url":null,"abstract":"Au milieu du xviiie siecle, a la cour royale de Gondar, le scriptorium du roi Iyo’ās (1755-1769) importa des feuilles de papier afin de confectionner un lectionnaire (senkesar) en trois volumes. Il en reste aujourd’hui un volume conserve a Addis Abeba, a l’Ethiopian National Archives and Library Agency, au departement des manuscrits, sous la cote 197. C’est le seul manuscrit chretien ethiopien sur papier connu. En effet, en Ethiopie, les chretiens copiaient leurs manuscrits exclusivement sur du parchemin. Novateur et ambitieux, ce manuscrit repondait aux standards ethiopiens les plus sophistiques, tout en adaptant les normes codicologiques en vigueur aux exigences de ce nouveau medium qu’etait le papier. Il fut fabrique par des artisans connaissant le travail sur papier, qu’ils soient des etrangers ou des Ethiopiens formes par des etrangers. Le statut de ce manuscrit fut suffisamment eleve pour qu’il fasse partie de la bibliotheque imperiale au tournant du xxe siecle, puis qu’il soit verse dans la collection patrimoniale nationale.","PeriodicalId":41436,"journal":{"name":"Afriques-Debats Methodes et Terrains d Histoire","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2017-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43027919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}