Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics最新文献

{"title":"Reactor antineutrino flux and anomaly","authors":"Chao Zhang ,&nbsp;Xin Qian ,&nbsp;Muriel Fallot","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2024.104106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2024.104106","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Reactor antineutrinos have played a significant role in establishing the standard model of particle physics and the theory of neutrino oscillations. In this article, we review the reactor antineutrino flux and in particular the reactor antineutrino anomaly (RAA) coined over a decade ago. RAA refers to a deficit of the measured antineutrino inverse beta decay rates at very short-baseline reactor experiments compared to the theoretically improved predictions (i.e. the Huber–Mueller model). Since the resolution of several previous experimental anomalies have led to the discovery of non-zero neutrino mass and mixing, many efforts have been invested to study the origin of RAA both experimentally and theoretically. The progress includes the observation of discrepancies in antineutrino energy spectrum between data and the Huber–Mueller model, the re-evaluation of the Huber–Mueller model uncertainties, the potential isotope-dependent rate deficits, and the better agreement between data and new model predictions using the improved summation method. These developments disfavor the hypothesis of a light sterile neutrino as the explanation of RAA and supports the deficiencies of Huber–Mueller model as the origin. Looking forward, more effort from both the theoretical and experimental sides is needed to fully understand the root of RAA and to make accurate predictions of reactor antineutrino flux and energy spectrum for future discoveries.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 104106"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139944977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cosmological phase transitions: From perturbative particle physics to gravitational waves","authors":"Peter Athron ,&nbsp;Csaba Balázs ,&nbsp;Andrew Fowlie ,&nbsp;Lachlan Morris ,&nbsp;Lei Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104094","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104094","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Gravitational waves (GWs) were recently detected for the first time. This revolutionary discovery opens a new way of learning about </span>particle physics<span><span> through GWs from first-order phase transitions (FOPTs) in the early Universe. FOPTs could occur when new fundamental symmetries are spontaneously broken down to the </span>Standard Model and are a vital ingredient in solutions of the matter anti-matter asymmetry problem. The purpose of our work is to review the path from a particle physics model to GWs, which contains many specialized parts, so here we provide a timely review of all the required steps, including: </span></span><em>(i)</em> building a finite-temperature effective potential in a particle physics model and checking for FOPTs; <em>(ii)</em> computing transition rates; <em>(iii)</em><span> analyzing the dynamics of bubbles of true vacuum expanding in a thermal plasma; </span><em>(iv)</em> characterizing a transition using thermal parameters; and, finally, <em>(v)</em><span> making predictions for GW spectra using the latest simulations and theoretical results and considering the detectability of predicted spectra at future GW detectors. For each step we emphasize the subtleties, advantages and drawbacks of different methods, discuss open questions and review the state-of-art approaches available in the literature. This provides everything a particle physicist needs to begin exploring GW phenomenology.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":"135 ","pages":"Article 104094"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138469422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hot QCD phase diagram from holographic Einstein–Maxwell–Dilaton models","authors":"Romulo Rougemont ,&nbsp;Joaquin Grefa ,&nbsp;Mauricio Hippert ,&nbsp;Jorge Noronha ,&nbsp;Jacquelyn Noronha-Hostler ,&nbsp;Israel Portillo ,&nbsp;Claudia Ratti","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104093","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104093","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>In this review, we provide an up-to-date account of quantitative bottom-up holographic descriptions of the strongly coupled quark–gluon plasma (QGP) produced in relativistic heavy-ion collisions, based on the class of gauge-gravity Einstein–Maxwell–Dilaton (EMD) effective models. The holographic approach is employed to tentatively map the QCD<span> phase diagram at finite temperature onto a dual theory of charged, asymptotically Anti-de Sitter (AdS) black holes living in five dimensions. With a quantitative focus on the hot QCD phase diagram, the nonconformal holographic EMD models reviewed here are adjusted to describe first-principles lattice results for the finite-temperature QCD </span></span>equation of state, with </span><span><math><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math></span><span> flavors and physical quark masses, at zero chemical potential and vanishing electromagnetic fields<span>. We review the evolution of such effective models and the corresponding improvements produced in quantitative holographic descriptions of the deconfined hot QGP phase of QCD. The predictive power of holographic EMD models is tested by quantitatively comparing their predictions for the hot QCD equation of state at nonzero baryon density and the corresponding state-of-the-art lattice QCD results. Hydrodynamic transport coefficients such as the shear and bulk viscosities predicted by these EMD constructions are also compared to the corresponding profiles favored by the latest phenomenological multistage models simultaneously describing different types of heavy-ion data. We briefly report preliminary results from a Bayesian analysis using EMD models, which provide systematic evidence that lattice QCD results at finite temperature and </span></span><em>zero</em> baryon density strongly constrains the free parameters of such bottom-up holographic constructions. Remarkably, the set of parameters constrained by lattice results at vanishing chemical potential turns out to produce EMD models in quantitative agreement with lattice QCD results also at finite baryon density. We also review results for equilibrium and transport properties from magnetic EMD models, which effectively describe the hot and magnetized QGP at finite temperatures and magnetic fields with zero chemical potentials. Finally, we provide a critical assessment of the main limitations and drawbacks of the holographic models reviewed in the present work, and point out some perspectives we believe are of fundamental importance for future developments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":"135 ","pages":"Article 104093"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138481482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High precision tests of QCD without scale or scheme ambiguities","authors":"Leonardo Di Giustino ,&nbsp;Stanley J. Brodsky ,&nbsp;Philip G. Ratcliffe ,&nbsp;Xing-Gang Wu ,&nbsp;Sheng-Quan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104092","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104092","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;A key issue in making precise predictions in QCD is the uncertainty in setting the renormalization scale &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;μ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;r&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and thus determining the correct values of the QCD running coupling &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;α&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;s&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;μ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;r&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; at each order in the perturbative expansion of a QCD observable. It has often been conventional to simply set the renormalization scale to the typical scale of the process &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mi&gt;Q&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and vary it in the range &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;μ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;r&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;∈&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;[&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;Q&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;/&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mi&gt;Q&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;]&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; in order to estimate the theoretical error. This is the practice of Conventional Scale Setting (CSS). The resulting CSS prediction will however depend on the theorist’s choice of renormalization scheme and the resulting pQCD series will diverge factorially. It will also disagree with renormalization scale setting used in QED and electroweak theory thus precluding grand unification. A solution to the renormalization scale-setting problem is offered by the Principle of Maximum Conformality (PMC), which provides a systematic way to eliminate the renormalization scale-and-scheme dependence in perturbative calculations. The PMC method has rigorous theoretical foundations, it satisfies Renormalization Group Invariance (RGI) and preserves all self-consistency conditions derived from the renormalization group. The PMC cancels the renormalon growth, reduces to the Gell-Mann–Low scheme in the &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;c&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;→&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Abelian limit and leads to scale- and scheme-invariant results. The PMC has now been successfully applied to many high-energy processes. In this article we summarize recent developments and results in solving the renormalization scale and scheme ambiguities in perturbative QCD. In particular, we present a recently developed method the PMC&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;∞&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and its applications, comparing the results with CSS. The method preserves the property of renormalizable SU(N)/U(1) gauge theories defined as &lt;em&gt;Intrinsic Conformality&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;iCF&lt;/em&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This property underlies the scale invariance of physical observables and leads to a remarkably efficient method to solve the conventional renormalization scale ambiguity at every order in pQCD.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This new method reflects the underlying conformal properties displayed by pQCD at NNLO, eliminates the scheme dependence of pQCD predictions and is consistent with the general properties of the PMC. A new method to identify conformal and &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mi&gt;β&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mat","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":"135 ","pages":"Article 104092"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138438416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring QCD matter in extreme conditions with Machine Learning","authors":"Kai Zhou ,&nbsp;Lingxiao Wang ,&nbsp;Long-Gang Pang ,&nbsp;Shuzhe Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104084","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104084","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In recent years, machine learning has emerged as a powerful computational tool and novel problem-solving perspective for physics, offering new avenues for studying strongly interacting QCD matter properties under extreme conditions. This review article aims to provide an overview of the current state of this intersection of fields, focusing on the application of machine learning to theoretical studies in high energy nuclear physics. It covers diverse aspects, including heavy ion collisions, lattice field theory, and neutron stars, and discuss how machine learning can be used to explore and facilitate the physics goals of understanding QCD matter. The review also provides a commonality overview from a methodology perspective, from data-driven perspective to physics-driven perspective. We conclude by discussing the challenges and future prospects of machine learning applications in high energy nuclear physics, also underscoring the importance of incorporating physics priors into the purely data-driven learning toolbox. This review highlights the critical role of machine learning as a valuable computational paradigm for advancing physics exploration in high energy nuclear physics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":"135 ","pages":"Article 104084"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138293236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Binary stars in the new millennium","authors":"Xuefei Chen,&nbsp;Zhengwei Liu,&nbsp;Zhanwen Han","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104083","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104083","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Binary stars are as common as single stars. Binary stars are of immense importance to astrophysicists because that they allow us to determine the masses of the stars independent of their distances. They are the cornerstone of the understanding of stellar evolutionary theory and play an essential role in cosmic distance measurement, galactic evolution, nucleosynthesis and the formation of important objects such as cataclysmic variable stars, X-ray binaries, Type Ia supernovae, and gravitational wave-producing double compact objects. In this article, we review the significant theoretical and observational progresses in addressing binary stars in the new millennium. Increasing large survey projects have led to the discovery of enormous numbers of binary stars, which enables us to conduct statistical studies of binary populations, and therefore provide unprecedented insight into the stellar and binary evolution physics. Meanwhile, the rapid development of theoretical concepts and numerical approaches for binary evolution have made a substantial progress on the alleviation of some long-standing binary-related problems such as the stability of mass transfer and common envelope evolution. Nevertheless, it remains a challenge to have a full understanding of fundamental problems of stellar and binary astrophysics. The upcoming massive survey projects and increasingly sophisticated computational methods will lead to future progress.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":"134 ","pages":"Article 104083"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146641023000649/pdfft?md5=aff98a5df6b4d91a26d359a2563e7dba&pid=1-s2.0-S0146641023000649-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71506513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The gallium anomaly","authors":"S.R. Elliott ,&nbsp;V.N. Gavrin ,&nbsp;W.C. Haxton","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104082","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104082","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;In order to test the end-to-end operations of gallium solar neutrino experiments, intense electron-capture sources were fabricated to measure the responses of the radiochemical SAGE and GALLEX/GNO detectors to known fluxes of low-energy neutrinos. Such tests were viewed at the time as a cross-check, given the many tests of &lt;sup&gt;71&lt;/sup&gt;Ge recovery and counting that had been routinely performed, with excellent results. However, the four &lt;sup&gt;51&lt;/sup&gt;Cr and &lt;sup&gt;37&lt;/sup&gt;Ar source experiments yielded rates below expectations, a result commonly known as the Ga anomaly. As the intensity of the electron-capture sources can be measured to high precision, the neutrino lines they produce are fixed by known atomic and nuclear rates, and the neutrino absorption cross section on &lt;sup&gt;71&lt;/sup&gt;Ga is tightly constrained by the lifetime of &lt;sup&gt;71&lt;/sup&gt;Ge, no simple explanation for the anomaly has been found. To check these calibration experiments, a dedicated experiment BEST was performed, utilizing a neutrino source of unprecedented intensity and a detector optimized to increase statistics while providing some information on counting rate as a function of distance from the source. The results BEST obtained are consistent with the earlier solar neutrino calibration experiments, and when combined with those measurements, yield a Ga anomaly with a significance of approximately 4&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mi&gt;σ&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, under conservative assumptions. But BEST found no evidence of distance dependence and thus no explicit indication of new physics. In this review we describe the extensive campaigns carried out by SAGE, GALLEX/GNO, and BEST to demonstrate the reliability and precision of their experimental procedures, including &lt;sup&gt;71&lt;/sup&gt;Ge recovery, counting, and analysis. We also describe efforts to define uncertainties in the neutrino capture cross section, which now include estimates of effects at the &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;≲&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;% level such as radiative corrections and weak magnetism. With the results from BEST, an anomaly remains even if one retains only the transition to the &lt;sup&gt;71&lt;/sup&gt;Ge ground state, whose strength is fixed by the known lifetime of &lt;sup&gt;71&lt;/sup&gt;Ge. We then consider the new-physics solution most commonly suggested to resolve the Ga anomaly, oscillations into a sterile fourth neutrino, &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;ν&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;e&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;→&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;ν&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;s&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. We find such a solution generates substantial tension with several null experiments, owing to the large mixing angle required. While this does not exclude such solutions – the sterile sector might include multiple neutrinos as well as new interactions – it shows the need for more experimental constraints, if we are to make progress in resolving the Ga and other low-energy neutrino anomalies. We conclude by consider the role future low-e","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":"134 ","pages":"Article 104082"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146641023000637/pdfft?md5=6095ff5f92e1bbbd29a5ca4f20f766c0&pid=1-s2.0-S0146641023000637-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71506507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"QCD running couplings and effective charges","authors":"Alexandre Deur ,&nbsp;Stanley J. Brodsky ,&nbsp;Craig D. Roberts","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104081","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104081","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We discuss our present knowledge of <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub></math></span><span>, the fundamental running coupling or effective charge of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). A precise understanding of the running of </span><span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><msup><mrow><mi>Q</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> at high momentum transfer, <span><math><mi>Q</mi></math></span>, is necessary for any perturbative QCD calculation. Equally important, the behavior of <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> at low <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>Q</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> in the nonperturbative QCD domain is critical for understanding strong interaction phenomena, including the emergence of mass and quark confinement. The behavior of <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><msup><mrow><mi>Q</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span><span> at all momentum transfers also provides a connection between perturbative and nonperturbative QCD phenomena, such as hadron spectroscopy and dynamics. We first sketch the origin of the QCD coupling, the reason why its magnitude depends on the scale at which hadronic phenomena are probed, and the resulting consequences for QCD phenomenology. We then summarize latest measurements in both the perturbative and nonperturbative domains. New theory developments include the derivation of the universal nonperturbative behavior of </span><span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><msup><mrow><mi>Q</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span><span> from both the Dyson–Schwinger equations and light-front holography<span>. We also describe theory advances for the calculation of gluon and quark Schwinger functions in the nonperturbative domain and the relation of these quantities to </span></span><span><math><msub><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>. We conclude by highlighting how the nonperturbative knowledge of <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> is now providing a parameter-free determination of hadron spectroscopy and structure, a central and long-sought goal of QCD studies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":"134 ","pages":"Article 104081"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71506528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dense nuclear matter equation of state from heavy-ion collisions","authors":"Agnieszka Sorensen ,&nbsp;Kshitij Agarwal ,&nbsp;Kyle W. Brown ,&nbsp;Zbigniew Chajęcki ,&nbsp;Paweł Danielewicz ,&nbsp;Christian Drischler ,&nbsp;Stefano Gandolfi ,&nbsp;Jeremy W. Holt ,&nbsp;Matthias Kaminski ,&nbsp;Che-Ming Ko ,&nbsp;Rohit Kumar ,&nbsp;Bao-An Li ,&nbsp;William G. Lynch ,&nbsp;Alan B. McIntosh ,&nbsp;William G. Newton ,&nbsp;Scott Pratt ,&nbsp;Oleh Savchuk ,&nbsp;Maria Stefaniak ,&nbsp;Ingo Tews ,&nbsp;ManYee Betty Tsang ,&nbsp;Yi Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104080","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104080","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The nuclear equation of state<span><span> (EOS) is at the center of numerous theoretical and experimental efforts in nuclear physics. With advances in microscopic theories for nuclear interactions, the availability of experiments probing nuclear matter under conditions not reached before, endeavors to develop sophisticated and reliable transport simulations to interpret these experiments, and the advent of multi-messenger astronomy, the next decade will bring new opportunities for determining the nuclear matter EOS, elucidating its dependence on density, temperature, and isospin asymmetry. Among controlled terrestrial experiments, collisions of heavy nuclei at intermediate beam energies (from a few tens of MeV/nucleon to about 25 GeV/nucleon in the fixed-target frame) probe the widest ranges of </span>baryon density and temperature, enabling studies of nuclear matter from a few tenths to about 5 times the nuclear saturation density and for temperatures from a few to well above a hundred MeV, respectively. Collisions of neutron-rich isotopes further bring the opportunity to probe effects due to the isospin asymmetry. However, capitalizing on the enormous scientific effort aimed at uncovering the dense nuclear matter EOS, both at </span></span>RHIC<span> and at FRIB as well as at other international facilities, depends on the continued development of state-of-the-art hadronic transport simulations. This white paper highlights the essential role that heavy-ion collision experiments and hadronic transport simulations play in understanding strong interactions in dense nuclear matter, with an emphasis on how these efforts can be used together with microscopic approaches and neutron star studies to uncover the nuclear EOS.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":"134 ","pages":"Article 104080"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135388007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of three-nucleon potentials within the shell model: Past and present","authors":"L. Coraggio ,&nbsp;G. De Gregorio ,&nbsp;T. Fukui ,&nbsp;A. Gargano ,&nbsp;Y.Z. Ma ,&nbsp;Z.H. Cheng ,&nbsp;F.R. Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104079","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104079","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We survey the impact of nuclear three-body forces on structure properties of nuclei within the shell model. It has long been acknowledged, since the seminal works of Zuker and coworkers, that three-body forces play a fundamental role in making the monopole component of shell-model Hamiltonians, derived from realistic nucleon–nucleon potentials, able to reproduce the observed evolution of the shell structure. In the vast majority of calculations, however, their effects have been taken into account by shell-model practitioners by introducing <em>ad hoc</em><span><span> modifications of the monopole matrix elements. During last twenty years, a new theoretical approach, framed within the chiral perturbation theory, has progressed in developing nuclear potentials, where two- and many-body components are naturally and consistently built in. This new class of nuclear forces allows to carry out </span>nuclear structure<span> studies that are improving our ability to understand nuclear phenomena in a microscopic approach. We provide in this work an update on the status of the nuclear shell model based on realistic Hamiltonians that are derived from two- and three-nucleon chiral potentials, focusing on the role of the three-body component to provide the observed shell evolution and closure properties, as well as the location of driplines. To this end, we present the results of shell-model calculations and their comparison with recent experimental measurements, which enlighten the relevance of the inclusion of three-nucleon forces to master our knowledge of the physics of atomic nuclei.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":"134 ","pages":"Article 104079"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135200836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}