Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics最新文献

{"title":"Solar neutrino physics","authors":"Xun-Jie Xu ,&nbsp;Zhe Wang ,&nbsp;Shaomin Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104043","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As a free, intensive, rarely interactive, and well directional messenger, solar neutrinos<span> have been driving both solar physics and neutrino physics developments for more than half a century. Since more extensive and advanced neutrino experiments are under construction, being planned or proposed, we are striving toward an era of precise and comprehensive measurement of solar neutrinos in the next decades. In this article, we review recent theoretical and experimental progress achieved in solar neutrino physics. We present not only an introduction to neutrinos from the standard solar model and the standard flavor evolution, but also a compilation of a variety of new physics that could affect and hence be probed by solar neutrinos. After reviewing the latest techniques and issues involved in the measurement of solar neutrino spectra and background reduction, we provide our anticipation on the physics gains from the new generation of neutrino experiments.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3451552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Primordial black hole constraints with Hawking radiation—A review","authors":"Jérémy Auffinger","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104040","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Primordial black holes<span> are under intense scrutiny since the detection of gravitational waves from mergers of Solar-mass black holes in 2015. More recently, the development of numerical tools and the precision observational data have rekindled the effort to constrain the black hole abundance in the lower mass range, that is </span></span><span><math><mrow><mi>M</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>23</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>g. In particular, primordial black holes of asteroid mass <span><math><mrow><mi>M</mi><mo>∼</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>17</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>–<span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>23</mn></mrow></msup><mspace></mspace></mrow></math></span><span><span><span><span>g may represent 100% of dark matter. While the microlensing and stellar disruption constraints on their abundance are weaker than originally proposed, </span>Hawking radiation<span> of these black holes seems to be the primary method for detecting or constraining such black holes. Hawking radiation constraints on primordial black holes date back to the first papers by Hawking. Black holes evaporating in the early universe may have generated the </span></span>baryon asymmetry, modified </span>Big Bang nucleosynthesis<span><span>, distorted the cosmic microwave background and/or produced cosmological backgrounds of stable particles such as photons and neutrinos. At the end of their lifetime, exploding primordial black holes would produce </span>high energy cosmic rays<span><span><span> that would provide invaluable access to the physics at energies up to the Planck scale. In this review, we describe the main principles of Hawking radiation, which lie at the intersection of </span>general relativity, </span>quantum mechanics<span> and statistical physics/thermodynamics. We then present an up-to-date status of the different constraints on primordial black holes that rely on the evaporation phenomenon, and give, where relevant, prospects for future work. In particular, we also discuss non-standard black holes and the emission of Beyond the Standard Model degrees of freedom.</span></span></span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3452580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The lowest order constrained variational (LOCV) method for the many-body problems and its applications","authors":"Majid Modarres ,&nbsp;Azar Tafrihi","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104047","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>One always looks for a simplified technique and desirable formalism, to solve the Hamiltonian, and to find the wave function, energy, etc, of a many-body system. The lowest order constrained variational (<span><math><mrow><mi>L</mi><mi>O</mi><mi>C</mi><mi>V</mi></mrow></math></span>) method is designed such that, to fulfill the above requirements. The <span><math><mrow><mi>L</mi><mi>O</mi><mi>C</mi><mi>V</mi></mrow></math></span> formalism is based on the first two, i.e., <strong>lowest order</strong>, terms of the cluster expansion theory with the <span><math><mrow><mi>J</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>w</mi></mrow></math></span> correlation functions as its inputs. A <strong>constraint</strong> is imposed for the normalization of the total correlated two-body wave functions, which also forces the cluster expansion series to converge very rapidly. The <strong>variation</strong> of <span><math><mrow><mi>J</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>w</mi></mrow></math></span> correlation functions subjected to the above normalization constraint, leads to the sets of Euler–Lagrange equations, which generates the required correlation functions. In order to satisfy the normalization constraint exactly, one has to define the long-range behaviors, for the two-body correlation functions, i.e., the Pauli function. The primary developments of <span><math><mrow><mi>L</mi><mi>O</mi><mi>C</mi><mi>V</mi></mrow></math></span> formalism, and some of its applications were reviewed in this journal by Max Irvine in 1981. Since then (1981–2022), the various extensions and applications of the <span><math><mrow><mi>L</mi><mi>O</mi><mi>C</mi><mi>V</mi></mrow></math></span> method are reported through the several published articles (nearly 180 items), which are the subjects of this review. (i) It is shown that the <span><math><mrow><mi>L</mi><mi>O</mi><mi>C</mi><mi>V</mi></mrow></math></span> results can be, as good as, the various more complicated and computer time-consuming techniques, such as the Fermi <span><math><mrow><mi>h</mi><mi>y</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>d</mi></mrow></math></span> chain (<span><math><mrow><mi>F</mi><mi>H</mi><mi>N</mi><mi>C</mi></mrow></math></span>), Monte Carlo (<span><math><mrow><mi>M</mi><mi>C</mi></mrow></math></span>), G-matrix, etc, calculations. (ii) Moreover, the <span><math><mrow><mi>L</mi><mi>O</mi><mi>C</mi><mi>V</mi></mrow></math></span> method is further developed to deal with the more sophisticated interactions, such as the <span><math><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>V</mi><mn>18</mn></mrow></math></span>, <span><math><mrow><mi>U</mi><mi>V</mi><mn>14</mn></mrow></math></span>, etc, nucleon–nucleon potentials, using the state-dependent correlation functions, and applicable to perform the finite temperature calculations. The extended <span><math><mrow><mi>L</mi><mi>O</mi><mi>C</mi><mi>V</mi></mrow></math></span>\u0000(<span><math><mrow>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"1869833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Production of bottomonia states in proton+proton and heavy-ion collisions","authors":"Vineet Kumar ,&nbsp;Prashant Shukla ,&nbsp;Abhijit Bhattacharyya","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104044","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>In this work, we review the experimental and theoretical developments of bottomonia production in proton+proton and heavy-ion collisions. The bottomonia production process is proving to be one of the most robust processes to investigate the fundamental aspects of Quantum Chromodynamics at both low and high temperatures. The </span>LHC experiments in the last decade have produced large statistics of bottomonia states in wide kinematic ranges in various collision systems. The bottomonia have three </span><span><math><mi>Υ</mi></math></span> S-states which are reconstructed in dilepton invariant mass channel with high mass resolution by LHC detectors and P-states are measured via their decay to S-states. We start with the details of measurements in proton+proton collisions and their understanding in terms of various effective theoretical models. Here we cover both the Tevatron and LHC measurements with <span><math><msqrt><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow></msqrt></math></span> spanning from 1.8 TeV to 13 TeV. The bottomonia states have particularly been very good probes to understand strongly interacting matter produced in heavy-ion collisions. The Pb+Pb collisions have been performed at <span><math><msqrt><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>N</mi><mi>N</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></msqrt></math></span><span> = 2.76 TeV and 5.02 TeV at LHC. This led to the detailed study of the modification of bottomonia yields as a function of various observables and collision energy. At the same time, the improved results of bottomonia production became available from RHIC experiments which have proven to be useful for a quantitative comparison. A systematic study of bottomonia production in p+p, p+Pb and Pb+Pb has been very useful to understand the medium effects in these collision systems. We review some of the (if not all the) models of bottomonia evolution due to various processes in a large dynamically evolving medium and discuss these in comparison with the measurements.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"1635562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"d∗(2380) in a chiral constituent quark model","authors":"Yubing Dong ,&nbsp;Pengnian Shen ,&nbsp;Zongye Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104045","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>After a brief review of the experimental findings of <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∗</mo></mrow></msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>2380</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> and several theoretical efforts to interpret its structure, the study of <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∗</mo></mrow></msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>2380</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> on the quark–gluon degrees of freedom is presented in detail. On the basis of the <span><math><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>U</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span><span> chiral constituent quark model and Resonating Group Method, the mass, width, wave function, and partial widths of almost all possible strong decays of the </span><span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∗</mo></mrow></msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>2380</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> state with the <span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><mi>Δ</mi><mo>+</mo><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>8</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>8</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> structure are evaluated. The obtained results agree with the data quite well, which implies that <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∗</mo></mrow></msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>2380</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span><span> could be assigned as a compact hexaquark system with the hidden-color component being dominant. The electromagnetic characteristics of </span><span><math><msup><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∗</mo></mrow></msup></math></span><span>, such as the charge distribution, charge radius, multipole moment, and etc. are further calculated. Because of the sensitivity of these physical quantities to different interpretations of </span><span><math><msup><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∗</mo></mrow></msup></math></span>, they can be used as additional physical quantities to distinguish the structures of <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∗</mo></mrow></msup></math></span>. Moreover, the production of <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∗</mo></mrow></msup></math></span> from the <span><math><mrow><mi>γ</mi><mi>d</mi></mrow></math></span> reaction, from the <span><math><mrow><mi>Υ</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>n</mi><mi>S</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> decays in the <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup><msup><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> annihilations, and from the <span><math><mrow><mi>p</mi><mover><mrow><mi>p</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>̄</mo></mrow></mover></mrow></math></span> annihilation at forthcoming <span><math><mover><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>̄</mo></mrow></mover></math></span>anda are also predicted and calculated. According to these predictions, experiments on Belle II, <span><math><mover><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>̄</mo></mrow></mover></math></span>anda, BEPC, and other lar","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"1750375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Precision studies of QCD in the low energy domain of the EIC","authors":"V.D. Burkert ,&nbsp;L. Elouadrhiri ,&nbsp;A. Afanasev ,&nbsp;J. Arrington ,&nbsp;M. Contalbrigo ,&nbsp;W. Cosyn ,&nbsp;A. Deshpande ,&nbsp;D.I. Glazier ,&nbsp;X. Ji ,&nbsp;S. Liuti ,&nbsp;Y. Oh ,&nbsp;D. Richards ,&nbsp;T. Satogata ,&nbsp;A. Vossen ,&nbsp;H. Abdolmaleki ,&nbsp;A. Albataineh ,&nbsp;C.A. Aidala ,&nbsp;C. Alexandrou ,&nbsp;H. Avagyan ,&nbsp;A. Bacchetta ,&nbsp;J. Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This White Paper aims at highlighting the important benefits in the science reach of the EIC. High luminosity operation is generally desirable, as it enables producing and harvesting scientific results in a shorter time period. It becomes crucial for programs that would require many months or even years of operation at lower luminosity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"1635561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chiral spin symmetry and hot/dense QCD","authors":"L.Ya. Glozman","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104049","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Above the chiral symmetry restoration crossover around <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>h</mi></mrow></msub><mspace></mspace><mo>∼</mo><mspace></mspace><mn>155</mn></mrow></math></span> MeV a new regime arises in QCD, a stringy fluid, which is characterized by an approximate chiral spin symmetry of the thermal partition function. This symmetry is not a symmetry of the Dirac Lagrangian and is a symmetry of the electric part of the QCD Lagrangian. In this regime the medium consists of the chirally symmetric and approximately chiral spin symmetric hadrons that are made of the chirally symmetric quarks connected into the color singlet compounds by a confining chromoelectric field. This regime is evidenced by the approximate chiral spin symmetry of the spatial and temporal correlators and by the breakdown of the thermal perturbation theory at the crossover between the partonic (the quark–gluon plasma) and the stringy fluid regimes at <span><math><mrow><mo>∼</mo><mn>3</mn><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>h</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>. The chiral spin symmetry smoothly disappears above <span><math><mrow><mo>∼</mo><mn>3</mn><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>h</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> which means that the chromoelectric confining interaction gets screened. A direct evidence that the stringy fluid medium consists of densely packed hadrons is the pion spectral function that shows a distinct pion state and its first radial excitation above <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>h</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>. Another direct evidence of the hadron degrees of freedom in the stringy fluid is the bottomonium spectrum with the 1S, 2S, 3S and 1P, 2P radial and orbital excitations that become broad with temperature. The hadrons between <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>h</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mo>∼</mo><mn>3</mn><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>h</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> in the stringy fluid interact strongly which makes the stringy fluid more a liquid rather than a gas. We discuss how this chiral spin symmetric regime extends into the finite chemical potentials domain and present a qualitative sketch of the QCD phase diagram.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3451551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heavy baryons in compact stars","authors":"Armen Sedrakian ,&nbsp;Jia Jie Li ,&nbsp;Fridolin Weber","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104041","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>We review the physics of </span>hyperons and </span><span><math><mi>Δ</mi></math></span><span><span>-resonances in dense matter in compact stars. The covariant density functional approach to the </span>equation of state and composition of dense nuclear matter in the mean-field Hartree and Hartree–Fock approximation is presented, with regimes covering cold </span><span><math><mi>β</mi></math></span><span><span>-equilibrated matter, hot and dense matter with and without neutrinos relevant for the description of supernovas<span> and binary neutron star mergers, as well as dilute expanding nuclear matter in collision experiments. We discuss the </span></span>static properties of compact stars with hyperons and </span><span><math><mi>Δ</mi></math></span><span>-resonances in light of constraints placed in recent years by the multimessenger astrophysics of compact stars on the compact stars’ masses, radii, and tidal deformabilities. The effects of kaon condensation<span> and strong magnetic fields on the composition of hypernuclear stars are also discussed. The properties of rapidly rotating compact hypernuclear stars are discussed and confronted with the observations of 2.5-2.8 solar mass<span> compact objects in gravitational wave events. We further discuss the cooling of hypernuclear stars, the neutrino emission reactions, hyperonic pairing, and the mass hierarchy in the cooling curves that arises due to the onset of hyperons. The effects of hyperons and </span></span></span><span><math><mi>Δ</mi></math></span>-resonances on the equation of state of hot nuclear matter in the dense regime, relevant for the transient astrophysical event and in the dilute regime relevant to the collider physics is discussed. The review closes with a discussion of universal relations among the integral parameters of hot and cold hypernuclear stars and their implications for the analysis of binary neutron star merger events.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3451550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging technologies for cancer therapy using accelerated particles","authors":"Christian Graeff ,&nbsp;Lennart Volz ,&nbsp;Marco Durante","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104046","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span><span>Cancer therapy with accelerated charged particles is one of the most valuable biomedical applications of nuclear physics. The technology has vastly evolved in the past 50 years, the number of clinical centers is exponentially growing, and recent clinical results support the physics and </span>radiobiology rationale that particles should be less toxic and more effective than conventional X-rays for many cancer patients. Charged particles are also the most mature technology for clinical translation of ultra-high dose rate (FLASH) </span>radiotherapy. However, the fraction of patients treated with accelerated particles is still very small and the therapy is only applied to a few solid cancer indications. The growth of particle therapy strongly depends on technological innovations aiming to make the therapy </span><em>cheaper, more conformal</em> and <em>faster</em>. The most promising solutions to reach these goals are superconductive magnets to build compact accelerators; gantryless beam delivery; online image-guidance and adaptive therapy with the support of machine learning algorithms; and high-intensity accelerators coupled to online imaging. Large international collaborations are needed to hasten the clinical translation of the research results.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7614547/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"1635563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strong-field physics in QED and QCD: From fundamentals to applications","authors":"Koichi Hattori ,&nbsp;Kazunori Itakura ,&nbsp;Sho Ozaki","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2023.104068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>We provide a pedagogical review article on fundamentals and applications of the quantum dynamics in strong electromagnetic fields<span> in QED and QCD<span>. The fundamentals include the basic picture of the Landau quantization and the resummation techniques applied to the class of higher-order diagrams that are enhanced by large magnitudes of the external fields. We then discuss observable effects of the vacuum fluctuations in the presence of the strong fields, which consist of the interdisciplinary research field of nonlinear QED. We also discuss extensions of the Heisenberg–Euler effective theory to finite temperature/density and to non-Abelian theories with some applications. Next, we proceed to the paradigm of the dimensional reduction emerging in the low-energy dynamics in the strong magnetic fields. The mechanisms of superconductivity, the magnetic catalysis of the chiral </span></span></span>symmetry breaking<span>, and the Kondo effect are addressed from a unified point of view in terms of the renormalization-group method. We provide an up-to-date summary of the lattice QCD simulations in magnetic fields for the chiral symmetry breaking and the related topics as of the end of 2022. Finally, we discuss novel transport phenomena induced by chiral anomaly and the axial-charge dynamics. Those discussions are supported by a number of appendices.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3406269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}