Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics最新文献

{"title":"Parton distributions and lattice-QCD calculations: Toward 3D structure","authors":"Martha Constantinou ,&nbsp;Aurore Courtoy ,&nbsp;Markus A. Ebert ,&nbsp;Michael Engelhardt ,&nbsp;Tommaso Giani ,&nbsp;Tim Hobbs ,&nbsp;Tie-Jiun Hou ,&nbsp;Aleksander Kusina ,&nbsp;Krzysztof Kutak ,&nbsp;Jian Liang ,&nbsp;Huey-Wen Lin ,&nbsp;Keh-Fei Liu ,&nbsp;Simonetta Liuti ,&nbsp;Cédric Mezrag ,&nbsp;Pavel Nadolsky ,&nbsp;Emanuele R. Nocera ,&nbsp;Fred Olness ,&nbsp;Jian-Wei Qiu ,&nbsp;Marco Radici ,&nbsp;Anatoly Radyushkin ,&nbsp;Rui Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103908","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The strong force which binds hadrons<span> is described by the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Determining the character and manifestations of QCD is one of the most important and challenging outstanding issues necessary for a comprehensive understanding of the structure of hadrons. Within the context of the QCD </span></span>parton picture, the parton distribution functions (PDFs) have been remarkably successful in describing a wide variety of processes. However, these PDFs have generally been confined to the description of collinear partons within the hadron. New experiments and facilities provide the opportunity to additionally explore the transverse structure of hadrons which is described by generalized parton distributions (GPDs) and transverse-momentum-dependent parton distribution functions (TMD PDFs). In our previous report Lin et al. (2018), we compared and contrasted the two main approaches used to determine the collinear PDFs: the first based on perturbative QCD factorization theorems, and the second based on lattice-QCD calculations. In the present report, we provide an update of recent progress on the collinear PDFs, and also expand the scope to encompass the generalized PDFs (GPDs and TMD PDFs). We review the current state of the various calculations, and consider what new data might be available in the near future. We also examine how a shared effort can foster dialog between the PDF and lattice-QCD communities, and yield improvements for these generalized PDFs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 103908"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"1802802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How does Clifford algebra show the way to the second quantized fermions with unified spins, charges and families, and with vector and scalar gauge fields beyond the standard model","authors":"N.S. Mankoč Borštnik ,&nbsp;H.B. Nielsen","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103890","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fifty years ago the <span><em>standard model</em></span><span> offered an elegant new step towards understanding elementary fermion<span> and boson fields, making several assumptions, suggested by experiments. The assumptions are still waiting for an explanation. There are many proposals in the literature for the next step. The </span></span><em>spin-charge-family</em> theory of one of us (N.S.M.B.) is offering the explanation for not only all by the <em>standard model</em><span> assumed properties of quarks and leptons and antiquarks and antileptons, with the families included, of the vectors gauge fields, of the Higgs scalar and Yukawa couplings, but also for the second quantization postulates of Dirac and for cosmological observations, like there are the appearance of the </span><em>dark matter</em>, of <em>matter–antimatter asymmetry</em>, making several predictions. This theory proposes a simple starting action in <span><math><mrow><mi>d</mi><mo>≥</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>13</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span>-dimensional space with fermions interacting with the gravity only (the vielbeins and the two kinds of the spin connection fields), what manifests in <span><math><mrow><mi>d</mi><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> as the vector and scalar gauge fields, and uses the odd Clifford algebra to describe the internal space of fermions, what enables that the creation and annihilation operators for fermions fulfil the anticommutation relations for the second quantized fields without Dirac’s postulates: Fermions single particle states already anticommute. We present in this review article a short overview of the <em>spin-charge-family</em> theory, illustrating shortly on the toy model the breaks of the starting symmetries in <span><math><mrow><mi>d</mi><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>13</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span>-dimensional space, which are triggered either by scalar fields — the vielbeins with the space index belonging to <span><math><mrow><mi>d</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> — or by the condensate of the two right handed neutrinos, with the family quantum number not belonging to the observed families. We compare properties and predictions of this theory with the properties and predictions of <span><math><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>O</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>10</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> unifying theories.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 103890"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103890","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2306566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards grounding nuclear physics in QCD","authors":"Christian Drischler ,&nbsp;Wick Haxton ,&nbsp;Kenneth McElvain ,&nbsp;Emanuele Mereghetti ,&nbsp;Amy Nicholson ,&nbsp;Pavlos Vranas ,&nbsp;André Walker-Loud","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103888","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Exascale computing could soon enable a predictive theory of nuclear structure and reactions rooted in the Standard Model, with quantifiable and systematically improvable uncertainties. Such a predictive theory will help exploit experiments that use nucleons and nuclei as laboratories for testing the Standard Model and its limitations. Examples include direct dark matter detection, neutrinoless double beta decay, and searches for permanent electric dipole moments of the neutron and atoms. It will also help connect QCD to the properties of cold neutron stars and hot supernova cores. We discuss how a quantitative bridge between QCD and the properties of nuclei and nuclear matter will require a synthesis of lattice QCD (especially as applied to two- and three-nucleon interactions), effective field theory, and ab initio methods for solving the nuclear many-body problem. While there are significant challenges that must be addressed in developing this triad of theoretical tools, the rapid advance of computing is accelerating progress. In particular, we focus this review on the anticipated advances from lattice QCD and how these advances will impact few-body effective theories of nuclear physics by providing critical input, such as constraints on unknown low-energy constants of the effective (field) theories. We also review particular challenges that must be overcome for the successful application of lattice QCD for low-energy nuclear physics. We describe progress in developing few-body effective (field) theories of nuclear physics, with an emphasis on HOBET, a non-relativistic effective theory of nuclear physics, which is less common in the literature. We use the examples of neutrinoless double beta decay and the nuclear-matter equation of state to illustrate how the coupling of lattice QCD to effective theory might impact our understanding of symmetries and exotic astrophysical environments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 103888"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103888","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3076689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nuclear fragments in projectile fragmentation reactions","authors":"Chun-Wang Ma ,&nbsp;Hui-Ling Wei ,&nbsp;Xing-Quan Liu ,&nbsp;Jun Su ,&nbsp;Hua Zheng ,&nbsp;Wei-Ping Lin ,&nbsp;Ying-Xun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103911","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Theoretical prediction shows that about 9000 nuclei could be bounded, of which the properties will be hot topics in the new nuclear physics era opened by the new third generation of radioactive nuclear beam (RNB) facilities. Projectile fragmentation reactions are important to produce rare nuclei with extreme large <span><math><mrow><mi>N</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>Z</mi></mrow></math></span><span> asymmetry even to the drip lines. Variety of key questions in nuclear physics, for example, the nuclear Equation of State, the extreme of nuclides at drip lines, the shell evolution, etc, are hoped to be answered. A review is presented on the topic related to projectile fragmentation reactions, including the historical review of RNB facilities, the characteristics of modern RNB facilities, the particle identification techniques for searching rare isotopes in RNB experiments and benchmark projectile fragmentation reactions. Furthermore, the theory reviews for fragment production predictions are also made, which include the empirical formula, transport models, statistical models, machine learning methods, etc. Some important probes to nuclear properties have also been presented, which are the temperature/thermometer, the isoscaling, the isobaric ratio difference scaling, the neutron-skin thickness, etc.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 103911"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103911","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2365090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Milky Way, coming into focus: Precision astrometry probes its evolution and its dark matter","authors":"Susan Gardner ,&nbsp;Samuel D. McDermott ,&nbsp;Brian Yanny","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103904","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The growing trove of precision astrometric observations from the <em>Gaia</em><span> space telescope and other surveys is revealing the structure and dynamics of the Milky Way<span> in ever more exquisite detail. We summarize the current status of our understanding of the structure and the characteristics of the Milky Way, and we review the emerging picture: the Milky Way is evolving through interactions with the massive satellite galaxies that stud its volume, with evidence pointing to a cataclysmic past. It is also woven with stellar streams, and observations of streams, satellites, and field stars offer new constraints on its dark matter, both on its spatial distribution and its fundamental nature. The recent years have brought much focus to the study of dwarf galaxies<span> found within our Galaxy’s halo and their internal matter distributions. In this review, we focus on the predictions of the cold dark matter paradigm at small mass scales through precision astrometric measurements, and we summarize the modern consensus on the extent to which small-scale probes are consistent with this paradigm. We note the discovery prospects of these studies, and also how they intertwine with probes of the dynamics and evolution of the Milky Way in various and distinct ways.</span></span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 103904"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2263815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantum phase transitions in algebraic and collective models of nuclear structure","authors":"L. Fortunato","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103891","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Quantum Phase Transitions arising in algebraic and collective models of nuclear structure are reviewed. The concept of quantum phases and phase transitions is described as well as those of critical point symmetries and quasi-dynamical symmetries. Algebraic and collective models are compared and the connections between them are explored. Differences between even–even and odd–even systems are discussed. Several applications of critical point symmetries are given in both the even and odd sectors. Details of the spherical to </span><span><math><mrow><mi>γ</mi><mo>−</mo></mrow></math></span>unstable and spherical to axially deformed quantum shape phase transition are covered in some detail as well as other transitions and alternative approaches.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 103891"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103891","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2306564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The proton radius (puzzle?) and its relatives","authors":"Clara Peset ,&nbsp;Antonio Pineda ,&nbsp;Oleksandr Tomalak","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103901","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>We review determinations of the electric proton charge radius from a diverse set of low-energy observables. We explore under which conditions it can be related to Wilson coefficients of appropriate effective field theories<span>. This discussion is generalized to other low-energy constants. This provides us with a unified framework to deal with a set of low-energy constants of the proton associated with its electromagnetic interactions<span>. Unambiguous definitions of these objects are given, as well as their relation with expectation values of QCD operators. We show that the proton radius obtained from spectroscopy and lepton–proton scattering (when both the </span></span></span>lepton and proton move with nonrelativistic velocities) is related to the same object of the underlying field theory with </span><span><math><mrow><mi>O</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>α</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> precision. The model dependence of these analyses is discussed. The prospects of constructing effective field theories valid for the kinematic configuration of present, or near-future, lepton–proton scattering experiments are explored.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 103901"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103901","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2263816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gamma spectroscopy with AGATA in its first phases: New insights in nuclear excitations along the nuclear chart","authors":"A. Bracco ,&nbsp;G. Duchêne ,&nbsp;Zs. Podolyák ,&nbsp;P. Reiter","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103887","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Advanced GAmma Tracking Array (AGATA), the new generation high-resolution <span><math><mi>γ</mi></math></span><span>-ray spectrometer, has seen the realization of the first phases of its construction and exploitation. A number of nuclear structure studies based on experiments utilizing the principle of </span><span><math><mi>γ</mi></math></span><span><span>-ray tracking were carried out in this decade. The combination of highest detection efficiency and position sensitivity allowed very selective spectroscopic studies with stable beams and the use of instable ion beams with the lowest intensities. Nuclear-structure studies commenced already at INFN-LNL (Legnaro, Italy) with a first implementation of the array consisting of five AGATA modules. A larger array of AGATA modules was used at GSI (Darmstadt, Germany) for experiments with unstable ion beams at relativistic energies. The spectrometer was then mounted in a beam line at GANIL (Caen, France). This review discusses several of the obtained results, underlying the progress made and future perspectives. The performed experiments give insights into nuclear structure issues which are connected to single particles, collective degrees of freedom, </span>nucleon interactions and symmetries. Most of the investigated nuclei are located outside the stability line and for stable nuclei the investigations concern unexplored configurations. Altogether the obtained results represent advances which could test theory in exclusive way and motivate new theoretical developments. Opportunities for further </span><span><math><mi>γ</mi></math></span>-ray spectroscopy with the foreseen more advanced phase of the AGATA emerge in the discussions of the presented data.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 103887"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103887","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3078164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Search and research of K̄NNN and K̄K̄NN antikaonic clusters","authors":"Roman Ya. Kezerashvili ,&nbsp;Shalva M. Tsiklauri ,&nbsp;Nurgali Zh. Takibayev","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103909","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;This review presents the current status of experimental searches and theoretical studies of antikaonic four-body &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;K&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;̄&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;K&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;̄&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;K&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;̄&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; clusters. Theoretical approaches within the framework of non-relativistic potential models used for the investigation of four-body &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;K&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;̄&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;K&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;̄&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;K&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;̄&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; clusters, such as the variational, Faddeev equations, and hyperspherical harmonics are considered. The results of calculations for the binding energies and the widths obtained within these methods by employing diverse sets of nucleon–nucleon, effective &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;K&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;̄&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, and antikaon–antikaon interactions are presented, discussed, and compared with the calculations using the method of hyperspherical harmonics in momentum representation. The presented results demonstrate that the quasibound state energy of antikaonic four-body &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;K&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;̄&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;K&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;̄&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;K&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;̄&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; clusters is not sensitive to the &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; interaction, and show a very strong dependence on the &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;K&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;̄&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; potential. Despite the strong short-range repulsion due to the &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; interaction in &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;K&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;K&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;K&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and the weak &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;K&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;̄&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;K&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;̄&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; repulsion in &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;K&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;K&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, the antikaonic clusters &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;K&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/m","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 103909"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103909","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2306565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dilepton radiation from strongly interacting systems","authors":"P. Salabura ,&nbsp;J. Stroth","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103869","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>We review the current understanding of time-like virtual photon emission from QCD matter. The phenomenology of dilepton emission is discussed and basic theoretical concepts are introduced. The experimental findings are presented, grouped into production of </span>lepton<span> pairs in elementary processes, production off cold nuclear matter and emission from heavy-ion collisions. The review emphasizes the role of dilepton emission as tool for studying exotic phases of QCD matter. Open questions and a route to probe the QCD phase diagram with dileptons are outlined.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 103869"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103869","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2365094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}