Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics最新文献

{"title":"Electric monopole transitions in nuclei","authors":"T. Kibédi ,&nbsp;A.B. Garnsworthy ,&nbsp;J.L. Wood","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103930","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Electric monopole, <span><math><mrow><mi>E</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></math></span> transitions in nuclei are reviewed. Values for <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>ρ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>E</mi><mn>0</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>, <span><math><mrow><mi>X</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>E</mi><mn>0</mn><mo>/</mo><mi>E</mi><mn>2</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>q</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msubsup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>E</mi><mn>0</mn><mo>/</mo><mi>E</mi><mn>2</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> are tabulated. Particular attention is paid to a complete re-evaluation of all reported values starting from raw input data, i.e. none of the adopted values are taken from the literature without evaluation. Values for <span><math><mrow><mi>J</mi><mo>→</mo><mi>J</mi></mrow></math></span> transitions for <span><math><mrow><mi>J</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></math></span>, <span><math><mrow><mi>J</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></math></span>, and some selected <span><math><mrow><mi>J</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></math></span> transitions are given. The <span><math><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>→</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></math></span> transitions involve evaluation of <span><math><mrow><mi>δ</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>E</mi><mn>2</mn><mo>/</mo><mi>M</mi><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> mixing ratios. These were usually assessed from values given in ENSDF. Asymmetric uncertainties and multiple sources of error are handled using up-to-date, Monte Carlo-based procedures. All conversion coefficients and electronic factors are taken from the latest tabulations. As a second major component of the review, a detailed illustration of the association of <span><math><mrow><mi>E</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></math></span> transition strengths with the manifestation of shape coexistence in nuclei is made. This demonstrates that large <span><math><mrow><mi>E</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></math></span> transition strengths are a strong indication of the presence of shape coexistence in nuclei. In many cases this is shown to be directly corroborated by <span><math><mrow><mi>B</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>E</mi><mn>2</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> data. Some details of experimental techniques behind the input data are given. The connection between <span><math><mrow><mi>E</mi><mn>0</mn></mrow></math></span> transition strengths and mean-square charge radii, isotope and isomer shifts is sketched.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3076687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quarkonium in quark–gluon plasma: Open quantum system approaches re-examined","authors":"Y. Akamatsu","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103932","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Dissociation of quarkonium in quark–gluon plasma (QGP) is a long standing topic in relativistic heavy-ion collisions because it has been believed to signal one of the fundamental natures of the QGP — Debye screening due to the liberation of color degrees of freedom. Among recent new theoretical developments is the application of open quantum system framework to quarkonium in the QGP. Open system approach enables us to describe how dynamical as well as </span>static properties of QGP influences the time evolution of quarkonium in a coherent way.</p><p><span>Currently, there are several master equations for quarkonium corresponding to various scale assumptions, each derived in different theoretical frameworks. In this review, all of the existing master equations are systematically rederived as Lindblad equations in a unified framework. Also, as one of the most relevant descriptions in relativistic heavy-ion collisions, quantum Brownian motion of heavy quark pair in the QGP is studied in detail. The quantum Brownian motion is parametrized by a few fundamental quantities of QGP such as real and imaginary parts of heavy quark potential (complex potential), heavy quark momentum diffusion constant, and thermal dipole self-energy constant, which constitute in-medium self-energy of a static quarkonium. This indicates that the yields of quarkonia such as </span><span><math><mrow><mi>J</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>ψ</mi></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mi>Υ</mi></math></span> in the relativistic heavy-ion collisions have the potential to determine these fundamental quantities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2263814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling relativistic heavy-ion collisions with dynamical transport approaches","authors":"Marcus Bleicher ,&nbsp;Elena Bratkovskaya","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103920","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>We discuss the basic ideas of relativistic transport models used for the interpretation and description of experimental data from heavy-ion collisions at high collision energies. We highlight selected results from microscopic simulations of these reactions with a main focus on the UrQMD and </span>PHSD<span> approaches. We also address the results of macroscopic approaches like hydrodynamics or coarse-grained dynamics used in different model combinations in comparison to experimental data. We address the results of such simulations for the description of QCD matter close to equilibrium in terms of transport coefficients like shear </span></span><span><math><mi>η</mi></math></span> and bulk viscosity <span><math><mi>ζ</mi></math></span><span> and discuss the connection of the radial flow<span> to the equation of state and the transport properties. Then we turn to dileptons and photons as messengers from the hot and dense region before coming to the exploration of the decoupling stage. Generally, we find that microscopic simulations provide a good description of a large variety of observables over many orders of collision energies.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2306563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prospects for quarkonium studies at the high-luminosity LHC","authors":"Émilien Chapon ,&nbsp;David d’Enterria ,&nbsp;Bertrand Ducloué ,&nbsp;Miguel G. Echevarria ,&nbsp;Pol-Bernard Gossiaux ,&nbsp;Vato Kartvelishvili ,&nbsp;Tomas Kasemets ,&nbsp;Jean-Philippe Lansberg ,&nbsp;Ronan McNulty ,&nbsp;Darren D. Price ,&nbsp;Hua-Sheng Shao ,&nbsp;Charlotte Van Hulse ,&nbsp;Michael Winn ,&nbsp;Jaroslav Adam ,&nbsp;Liupan An ,&nbsp;Denys Yen Arrebato Villar ,&nbsp;Shohini Bhattacharya ,&nbsp;Francesco G. Celiberto ,&nbsp;Cvetan Cheshkov ,&nbsp;Umberto D’Alesio ,&nbsp;Yanxi Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103906","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Prospects for quarkonium-production studies accessible during the upcoming high-luminosity phases of the CERN Large Hadron<span> Collider operation after 2021 are reviewed. Current experimental and theoretical open issues in the field are assessed together with the potential for future studies in quarkonium-related physics. This will be possible through the exploitation of the huge data samples to be collected in proton–proton, proton–nucleus and nucleus–nucleus collisions, both in the collider and fixed-target modes. Such investigations include, among others, those of: (i) </span></span><span><math><mrow><mi>J</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>ψ</mi></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mi>Υ</mi></math></span> produced in association with other hard particles; (ii) <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>χ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> and <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>η</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow></msub></math></span><span><span><span> down to small transverse momenta; (iii) the constraints brought in by quarkonia on </span>gluon </span>PDFs, nuclear PDFs, TMDs, GPDs and GTMDs, as well as on the low-</span><span><math><mi>x</mi></math></span> parton dynamics; (iv) the gluon Sivers effect in polarised-nucleon collisions; (v) the properties of the quark–gluon plasma produced in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions and of collective partonic effects in general; and (vi) double and triple parton scatterings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103906","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3076688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum to “Collider searches for long-lived particles beyond the standard model” [Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 106 (2019) 210–255]","authors":"Lawrence Lee ,&nbsp;Christian Ohm ,&nbsp;Abner Soffer ,&nbsp;Tien-Tien Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103912","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We correct two typos in Eqs. 10 and 14 of our review.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2306562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the origin of matter in the Universe","authors":"Pasquale Di Bari","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103913","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The understanding of the physical processes that lead to the origin of matter in the early Universe, creating both an excess of matter over anti-matter and a dark matter abundance that survived until the present, is one of the most fascinating challenges in modern science. The problem cannot be addressed within our current description of fundamental physics and, therefore, it currently provides a very strong evidence of new physics. Solutions can either reside in a modification of the standard model of elementary particle physics or in a modification of the way we describe gravity, based on general relativity, or at the interface of both. We will mainly discuss the first class of solutions. Traditionally, models that separately explain either the matter–antimatter asymmetry of the Universe or dark matter have been proposed. However, in the last years there has also been an accreted interest and intense activity on scenarios able to provide a unified picture of the origin of matter in the early universe. In this review we discuss some of the main ideas emphasising primarily those models that have more chances to be experimentally tested during next years. Moreover, after a general discussion, we will focus on extensions of the standard model that can also address neutrino masses and mixing. Since this is currently the only evidence of physics beyond the standard model coming directly from particle physics experiments, it is then reasonable that such extensions might also provide a solution to the problem of the origin of matter in the universe.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103913","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"1802800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CUORE opens the door to tonne-scale cryogenics experiments","authors":"D.Q. Adams ,&nbsp;C. Alduino ,&nbsp;F. Alessandria ,&nbsp;K. Alfonso ,&nbsp;E. Andreotti ,&nbsp;F.T. Avignone III ,&nbsp;O. Azzolini ,&nbsp;M. Balata ,&nbsp;I. Bandac ,&nbsp;T.I. Banks ,&nbsp;G. Bari ,&nbsp;M. Barucci ,&nbsp;J.W. Beeman ,&nbsp;F. Bellini ,&nbsp;G. Benato ,&nbsp;M. Beretta ,&nbsp;A. Bersani ,&nbsp;D. Biare ,&nbsp;M. Biassoni ,&nbsp;F. Bragazzi ,&nbsp;S. Zucchelli","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103902","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The past few decades have seen major developments in the design and operation of cryogenic particle detectors. This technology offers an extremely good energy resolution – comparable to semiconductor detectors – and a wide choice of target materials, making low temperature calorimetric detectors ideal for a variety of particle physics<span> applications. Rare event searches have continued to require ever greater exposures, which has driven them to ever larger cryogenic detectors, with the CUORE experiment being the first to reach a tonne-scale, mK-cooled, experimental mass. CUORE, designed to search for neutrinoless double beta decay, has been operational since 2017 at a temperature of about 10 mK. This result has been attained by the use of an unprecedentedly large cryogenic infrastructure called the CUORE cryostat: conceived, designed and commissioned for this purpose.</span></p><p>In this article the main characteristics and features of the cryogenic facility developed for the CUORE experiment are highlighted. A brief introduction of the evolution of the field and of the past cryogenic facilities are given. The motivation behind the design and development of the CUORE cryogenic facility is detailed as are the steps taken toward realization, commissioning, and operation of the CUORE cryostat. The major challenges overcome by the collaboration and the solutions implemented throughout the building of the cryogenic facility will be discussed along with the potential improvements for future facilities.</p><p>The success of CUORE has opened the door to a new generation of large-scale cryogenic facilities in numerous fields of science. Broader implications of the incredible feat achieved by the CUORE collaboration on the future cryogenic facilities in various fields ranging from neutrino and dark matter experiments to quantum computing will be examined.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"1802799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photonuclear reactions—From basic research to applications","authors":"A. Zilges ,&nbsp;D.L. Balabanski ,&nbsp;J. Isaak ,&nbsp;N. Pietralla","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103903","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Nuclear reactions induced by photons play a vital role for very different aspects of basic research and applications in physics. They are a key ingredient for the synthesis of nuclei in the Universe and provide, due to the </span>selectivity and the model-independence of the reaction mechanism, an extremely valuable probe for researchers. The penetrability of photons in the MeV energy range makes them, in addition, an ideal tool for meeting various societal challenges. The last two decades saw a rapid development of advanced photon sources and detection methods for </span>photonuclear reaction<span><span> products. Bremsstrahlung and quasi-monoenergetic </span>photon beams with unprecedented intensity and quality combined with state-of-the-art detector technology paved the way for new scientific discoveries and technological applications.</span></p><p>This review focuses on a comprehensive overview of the most important developments since the turn of the millennium restricted to the energy range between atomic and hadronic degrees of freedom. This includes a description of the formalism of photonuclear reactions below and above the particle-separation threshold. The most important techniques used to generate photon beams in the MeV energy range are presented along with selected facilities and instrumentation for diagnostics and for the analysis of photonuclear reactions. The power of photons to probe the atomic nucleus is exemplified in a number of selected examples from fundamental and applied science. New developments, facilities, and ideas promise a vivid future for photonuclear physics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2306561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards grounding nuclear physics in QCD","authors":"Christian Drischler ,&nbsp;Wick Haxton ,&nbsp;Kenneth McElvain ,&nbsp;Emanuele Mereghetti ,&nbsp;Amy Nicholson ,&nbsp;Pavlos Vranas ,&nbsp;André Walker-Loud","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103888","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Exascale computing could soon enable a predictive theory of nuclear structure and reactions rooted in the Standard Model, with quantifiable and systematically improvable uncertainties. Such a predictive theory will help exploit experiments that use nucleons and nuclei as laboratories for testing the Standard Model and its limitations. Examples include direct dark matter detection, neutrinoless double beta decay, and searches for permanent electric dipole moments of the neutron and atoms. It will also help connect QCD to the properties of cold neutron stars and hot supernova cores. We discuss how a quantitative bridge between QCD and the properties of nuclei and nuclear matter will require a synthesis of lattice QCD (especially as applied to two- and three-nucleon interactions), effective field theory, and ab initio methods for solving the nuclear many-body problem. While there are significant challenges that must be addressed in developing this triad of theoretical tools, the rapid advance of computing is accelerating progress. In particular, we focus this review on the anticipated advances from lattice QCD and how these advances will impact few-body effective theories of nuclear physics by providing critical input, such as constraints on unknown low-energy constants of the effective (field) theories. We also review particular challenges that must be overcome for the successful application of lattice QCD for low-energy nuclear physics. We describe progress in developing few-body effective (field) theories of nuclear physics, with an emphasis on HOBET, a non-relativistic effective theory of nuclear physics, which is less common in the literature. We use the examples of neutrinoless double beta decay and the nuclear-matter equation of state to illustrate how the coupling of lattice QCD to effective theory might impact our understanding of symmetries and exotic astrophysical environments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103888","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3076689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How does Clifford algebra show the way to the second quantized fermions with unified spins, charges and families, and with vector and scalar gauge fields beyond the standard model","authors":"N.S. Mankoč Borštnik ,&nbsp;H.B. Nielsen","doi":"10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103890","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fifty years ago the <span><em>standard model</em></span><span> offered an elegant new step towards understanding elementary fermion<span> and boson fields, making several assumptions, suggested by experiments. The assumptions are still waiting for an explanation. There are many proposals in the literature for the next step. The </span></span><em>spin-charge-family</em> theory of one of us (N.S.M.B.) is offering the explanation for not only all by the <em>standard model</em><span> assumed properties of quarks and leptons and antiquarks and antileptons, with the families included, of the vectors gauge fields, of the Higgs scalar and Yukawa couplings, but also for the second quantization postulates of Dirac and for cosmological observations, like there are the appearance of the </span><em>dark matter</em>, of <em>matter–antimatter asymmetry</em>, making several predictions. This theory proposes a simple starting action in <span><math><mrow><mi>d</mi><mo>≥</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>13</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span>-dimensional space with fermions interacting with the gravity only (the vielbeins and the two kinds of the spin connection fields), what manifests in <span><math><mrow><mi>d</mi><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> as the vector and scalar gauge fields, and uses the odd Clifford algebra to describe the internal space of fermions, what enables that the creation and annihilation operators for fermions fulfil the anticommutation relations for the second quantized fields without Dirac’s postulates: Fermions single particle states already anticommute. We present in this review article a short overview of the <em>spin-charge-family</em> theory, illustrating shortly on the toy model the breaks of the starting symmetries in <span><math><mrow><mi>d</mi><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>13</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span>-dimensional space, which are triggered either by scalar fields — the vielbeins with the space index belonging to <span><math><mrow><mi>d</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> — or by the condensate of the two right handed neutrinos, with the family quantum number not belonging to the observed families. We compare properties and predictions of this theory with the properties and predictions of <span><math><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>O</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>10</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> unifying theories.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":412,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103890","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2306566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}