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ADDRESSING CYBER VULNERABILITIES THROUGH DETERRENCE 通过威慑解决网络漏洞
IF 0.4
Sodobna Pedagogika-Journal of Contemporary Educational Studies Pub Date : 2022-08-30 DOI: 10.54690/jcs.v11i1.212
Nida Shahid, Ahmad Khan
{"title":"ADDRESSING CYBER VULNERABILITIES THROUGH DETERRENCE","authors":"Nida Shahid, Ahmad Khan","doi":"10.54690/jcs.v11i1.212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54690/jcs.v11i1.212","url":null,"abstract":"The study analyses the possible responses to cyber-attacks through cyberspace deterrence. The inundated cyber-attacks have prompted major powers to establish cyber deterrence. However, in the absence of a model of punishment, as it is empirically found in the nuclear domain, the efficacy of cyber deterrence is limited. The model of punishment against cyber-attacks is based on the traditional nuclear deterrence model, which is either deterrence by denial or deterrence by punishment. Cyber deterrence may not be a replica of traditional deterrence and give similar response measures in a cyber-attack. The assured retaliation in cyber requires an explanation of response measures that do not cause collateral damage. The paper concludes that cyber aggressors escaped retaliation due to the lack of attribution and not being punished due to limited retaliatory measures.","PeriodicalId":41210,"journal":{"name":"Sodobna Pedagogika-Journal of Contemporary Educational Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87268873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
CLIMATE CHANGE AND MIGRATION:NEW CHALLENGES TO GLOBAL SOUTH 气候变化和移民:全球南方面临的新挑战
IF 0.4
Sodobna Pedagogika-Journal of Contemporary Educational Studies Pub Date : 2022-08-30 DOI: 10.54690/jcs.v11i1.213
Erum Muzaffar
{"title":"CLIMATE CHANGE AND MIGRATION:NEW CHALLENGES TO GLOBAL SOUTH","authors":"Erum Muzaffar","doi":"10.54690/jcs.v11i1.213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54690/jcs.v11i1.213","url":null,"abstract":"In 21st century, climate change has emerged as one of the major threats to mankind. Although climate change is a global phenomenon, but it’s not affecting the world equally. The International Federation of Red Cross claims that in recent years— more than war and persecution—climate change disasters are a bigger cause of population displacement. This poses new challenges to the Global South. In the developing countries, it is not only climate change but other push factors which have compelled people to migrate internally or internationally. The study explores the causes of climate-induced migration and its impact on developing countries. The paper is based on qualitative research. To deal with climate-induced migration, the Global South requires a new framework for managing potential movements. It also need to collaborate and work on mitigation, adaptation, and risk reduction strategies at national and regional levels.","PeriodicalId":41210,"journal":{"name":"Sodobna Pedagogika-Journal of Contemporary Educational Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88417262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY IN AFRICA: OPTIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR PAKISTAN 非洲经济外交:巴基斯坦的选择与机遇
IF 0.4
Sodobna Pedagogika-Journal of Contemporary Educational Studies Pub Date : 2022-08-28 DOI: 10.54690/jcs.v11i1.209
S. Sulaiman
{"title":"ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY IN AFRICA: OPTIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR PAKISTAN","authors":"S. Sulaiman","doi":"10.54690/jcs.v11i1.209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54690/jcs.v11i1.209","url":null,"abstract":"Pakistan’s paradigm shift in foreign policy to geo-economics, necessitatesthat Islamabad look for opportunities within and outside the region to utilise its geographic and economic potential. This new policy shift makes the African region a key area of significance for Pakistan, owing to the huge trade and market potential of the region. The adoption of ‘Look Africa Policy’ by Pakistan is a key step. This paper aims to explore the options and opportunities for Pakistan in the African region. It analyses these opportunities and associated challenges in the light of economic diplomacy framework. The paper argues that Pakistan requires active diplomaticengagement at public and private levels both, to boost trade and economic relationship with African region for the mutual economic benefit.","PeriodicalId":41210,"journal":{"name":"Sodobna Pedagogika-Journal of Contemporary Educational Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81966416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
SOCIO-ECONOMIC DISPARITIES AND NATIONAL SECURITY OF PAKISTAN 巴基斯坦的社会经济差距和国家安全
IF 0.4
Sodobna Pedagogika-Journal of Contemporary Educational Studies Pub Date : 2022-08-28 DOI: 10.54690/jcs.v11i1.215
M. Niaz
{"title":"SOCIO-ECONOMIC DISPARITIES AND NATIONAL SECURITY OF PAKISTAN","authors":"M. Niaz","doi":"10.54690/jcs.v11i1.215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54690/jcs.v11i1.215","url":null,"abstract":"Socio-economic disparities can pose threat to the security of a nation-state. They may even threaten a state’s survival. Thereby States have to adopt a comprehensive security approach to address socio-economic disparities. Pakistan is also challenged by socio-economic disparities caused by several internal and external factors. National Security Policy (NSP) 2022-2026 has duly recognised these factors and proposed a comprehensive security paradigm for the country. This study deploys a Comprehensive security approach as propounded by Copenhagen School to understand the linkage between socio-economic disparities and the national security of Pakistan. It attempts to explain how socio-economic disparities affect Pakistan's national security and what can be done to address them.","PeriodicalId":41210,"journal":{"name":"Sodobna Pedagogika-Journal of Contemporary Educational Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87180767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
THREATS FROM CLIMATE CHANGE TO THE MILITARY SECURITY OF PAKISTAN 从气候变化到巴基斯坦军事安全的威胁
IF 0.4
Sodobna Pedagogika-Journal of Contemporary Educational Studies Pub Date : 2022-08-28 DOI: 10.54690/jcs.v11i1.211
Faraz Haider, A. Sultan
{"title":"THREATS FROM CLIMATE CHANGE TO THE MILITARY SECURITY OF PAKISTAN","authors":"Faraz Haider, A. Sultan","doi":"10.54690/jcs.v11i1.211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54690/jcs.v11i1.211","url":null,"abstract":"The nexus between climate change and military security is essentially non-existent in Pakistan’s security discourse. The paper argues for the connection between these two sectors - from the Copenhagen School framework of security - and presents how threats from climate change threaten Pakistan’s military security. Most notable threats, in severity and frequency, are sea level rise, cyclone risks, drastic floods, warming patterns, and glacial melting. Sea level rise and cyclone risks impact naval assets and infrastructure while warming patterns and glacial melting affect troop movement, deployments, and logistics. Resultantly, military training, force capacity, and operational readiness is affected. Threats are more potent in strategically significant locations (Siachen, Sindh, and Punjab) which house important forward military bases. The paper provides actionable recommendations that create foundations for future steps as well.","PeriodicalId":41210,"journal":{"name":"Sodobna Pedagogika-Journal of Contemporary Educational Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79387394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
NATIONAL INTEREST: PERSPECTIVES AND PRACTICES 国家利益:观点与实践
IF 0.4
Sodobna Pedagogika-Journal of Contemporary Educational Studies Pub Date : 2022-08-28 DOI: 10.54690/jcs.v11i1.210
Ehsan Mehmood Khan
{"title":"NATIONAL INTEREST: PERSPECTIVES AND PRACTICES","authors":"Ehsan Mehmood Khan","doi":"10.54690/jcs.v11i1.210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54690/jcs.v11i1.210","url":null,"abstract":"“The objectives of foreign policy must be defined in terms of the national interest and must be supported with adequate power.”– Hans J. Morgenthau \u0000Even though, national interest is one of the most developed concepts of IR scholarship, yet it remains under the debate in academic and policy circles. Various scholars and institutions contextualize and categorize national interests varyingly. There are five main issues under deliberation: first, the interplay of power and morality in formulation and pursuit of national interests; second, longevity, durability and permanency of national interests; third, the interaction between national and public interests, and the process of interest adjudication, which is the function of the political system; fourth, Islamic perspective on national interest; and fifth, the future of national interest in the wake of growing power of the non-state actors, which have started challenging the notion of national interest. This paper revisits the concept and context of national interest with strategic arguments on different debates on national interest. Important attributes of the power potential affecting national interests are considered and conceptualized by the author. The research is descriptive, explanatory, analytical and perspective in nature. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":41210,"journal":{"name":"Sodobna Pedagogika-Journal of Contemporary Educational Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78984578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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