Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria最新文献

{"title":"Small Churches in the Ancient Town of Eski-Kermen","authors":"I. Zavadskaya","doi":"10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.310-353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.310-353","url":null,"abstract":"First time in the historiography, this article analyses and summarises the information about 10 small churches uncovered on the plateau of Eski-Kermen and a semi-circular carved pit in front of the city gate, which is called the “apse” of the “gate church” that does not survive (III). However, the cult purpose of this carved structure remains questionable. The small churches belong to the same time with a single nave (naos) and a semi-circular apse. The narthex, probably of a later date, appeared only in 2018–2019 church (XI). The construction and structural characteristics of the churches in question are also very similar. Their builders used the foundations cut into bedrock, or the “beddings.” There was two-face masonry with the core of fine stones, broken pottery, clay, and soil. The churches were covered with tiled roof on wooden rafters. There is a church featuring remains of plinth pavement (IX), and another one with the pavement of polished stone slabs (XI). The destruction layers of four churches contained the remains of fresco paintings (VII, VIII, IX, XI). Some of the churches were adorned with architectural details with incised geometrical ornaments, sometimes with crosses. Most of the small churches of Eski-Kermen have preserved the remains of the altar and altar screen. Two churches (IV, VI) have small niches of prothesis in the wall to the left of the apse. Therefore, most or possibly all the small churches of Eski-Kermen were adapted for liturgy. Almost all the churches were also used for funeral and commemorative rituals, as different kinds of graves, including ossuaries, occurred in their complexes. The appearance of small churches atop of the plateau of Eski-Kermen has been dated to the ninth and tenth centuries and related to the intensification of urban life. Four churches (I, II, IV, V) were located at the access road and near the main town gates. Three churches (IV, V, VI) were built at the sites of former fortifications. Quarter churches (VIII, X, XI) are uncovered in three town quarters. According to the archaeological materials, one of them (X) dates from not earlier than the mid-tenth century, and another (XI) one at the turn of tenth and eleventh centuries. The latest is the cemetery church (IX) constructed in the fourteenth century at the ruined cathedral basilica, where the cemetery appeared after the destruction of the town by a raid of Nogay’s horde. A great part of the small churches probably perished along with the town in the late thirteenth century. The churches in the access road area (I, II, IV) were probably destroyed earlier, in result of an earthquake. Small above-ground churches are also known in the vicinity of Eski-Kermen. The remains of one of them occur in the fort of Kyz-Kule on a promontory to the north-west of Eski-Kermen. Presumably, there was another church at the foot of this mountain.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48200138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Early Mediaeval Capitals Excavated from the “Karalez Basilica”","authors":"Daria Iozhitsa","doi":"10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.144-165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.144-165","url":null,"abstract":"n 1983, the excavations in Karalez-Dere ravine at the north-western foot of Mangup discovered a church. The scholarship calls this structure the early mediaeval basilica from the seventh to tenth centuries. There are field documents and two excavation reports, but the results of the archaeological studies of the monument have not been published yet. Epigraphic finds have been introduced into scholarly circulation, but the discussion of their chronology continues. At the moment the location of the archaeological collection remains obscure. This article is the first publication of the capitals excavated at the “Karalez Basilica” and discovered in the collections of Crimean museums. Particular attention has been paid to their architectural analysis and chronology. The article addresses the question of the planning structure of the “Karalez Basilica”.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":"243 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41258756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coin Silver Source’s Evolution in Bosporos from the Fifth – Fourth Centuries BC to the Second – Third Centuries AD According to Pb-Isotopic Analysis","authors":"A. Chugaev, I. Saprykina","doi":"10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.467-490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.467-490","url":null,"abstract":"This article generalizes the results of analytical studies of Bosporan coin silver made by Pb isotope analysis and the researches of the evolution of sources of silver supply to Bosporos the fifth – fourth centuries BC to the second – third centuries AD. Pb-isotope characteristics of coin silver originating from the territory of Bosporos (https://www.archaeolog.ru/ru/data/isoarchmet-iaras) have been compared with the latest data obtained for the coin silver of Magna Graecia, Carthage, and Rome, which made it possible to clarify the range of silver mining regions supplying the territory of Bosporos in different chronological periods. This way, at the early stage of the Bosporan coinage, silver was used from the mines of Lavrion, Chalkidiki Peninsula, and the Rhodope Mountains. Unlike Greek coin silver, the share of mines on the Chalkidiki Peninsula and the Rhodope Mountains in Bosporan coinage significantly exceeds the share of silver from the mines of Lavrion. Although from the third to first centuries BC, Bosporan coinage worked on the same “old” silver, the finds also contained raw materials from another source similar to the source for the coin silver of Carthage (Iberian Penionsula); no Roman coin silver have been documented in Bosporos in the period in question. In the second and third centuries AD, the main source of coin silver in Bosporos were the Roman mines located in Dacia (Roșia Montană region); there was also silver from the Roman mines of Iberia and the Massif Central in modern France.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42652846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mangup-Doros in the Theme Period of Its History","authors":"V. Naumenko","doi":"10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.166-208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.166-208","url":null,"abstract":"The modern reconstruction of the history of the fortified settlement atop Mangup mountain from the mid-ninth to the mid-eleventh century, when it was a part of the Byzantine theme in the Crimea, was developed by A. G. Gertsen in 1990. This article discusses the new materials obtained by recent years of archaeological research of the site which allow significant corrections to it. The review of archaeological objects and complexes from the mid-ninth to the mid-eleventh centuries uncovered in the ancient town shows that Mangup-Doros continued to be a large, well-fortified Byzantine fortress, with the main defensive line running along the outer edge of the Mangup plateau. Very important are the traces of big repairs and reconstructions of the fortification system discovered by excavations and dated from the mid-ninth and late tenth century. They indicate that maintaining the defensive system of the settlement was one of the main tasks assigned to the Byzantine commanders and the military contingent stationed there. The intra-fortress space was divided into two functional zones, residential and industrial buildings (up to 50% of the total area) and the unbuilt territory, which could be a refuge for the population of the neighbouring area. The excavations of residential areas indicate their ordinary character. As in the previous period, the basilica was topographic, ideological, and administrative centre of the settlement. Specifically, archaeological research has not discovered traces of the fortified centre (citadel) at Mangup, though such centre was typical of many towns and fortresses of the Byzantine Empire from the Middle Byzantine Period on. Throughout the Theme Period, the population of the town in question continued cattle-breeding and agriculture, with viticulture and commercial winemaking oriented to exportation gradually became specialized branches. The Byzantine administration controlled the winemaking, as evidenced by the finds of stationary winepresses in the habitable zone of the fortress.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48561036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Topography of the Mediaeval Town atop of the Plateau of Eski-Kermen","authors":"El'zara Hayredinova","doi":"10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.513-550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.513-550","url":null,"abstract":"The Polish ambassador to the Crimean khan Marcin Broniewski was the first to inform of the “ancient town and castle” located in the vicinity of Mangup and the settlement of Cherkes-Kermen: he visited the site in 1578. The historical name of the town remains obscure. Travelogues often call the ruins of the nameless town the “Circassian castle,” or Cherkes-Kermen after the name of the nearby village. In the late nineteenth century, the site received the common name of Eski-Kermen (Crimean Tatar for the “old castle”), which was used by the locals already in the eighteenth century. In the last decades of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the picturesque ruins of the cave town were popular among the travellers, whose accounts contained myths and legends about the ancient place along with valuable information on the condition of the site and particular objects in its territory. The archaeological excavations in 1928–1934, 1936–1937, and 1978–1982 uncovered the remains of fortifications, sacral complexes, urban buildings, and cemetery allowing the one to infer that there was a typical provincial Byzantine town in the Middle Ages. The archaeological researches in recent decades considerably expanded the notion of the layout of the town. This paper analyses all the currently available data on the topography of the town. Taking the recent years excavations into account, the topography of the town has been reconstructed by different stages, from the Early Byzantine (late sixth and seventh centuries) to the Golden Horde periods (fourteenth century).","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47683300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Problem of the Population of the Crimea in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries and the First Wave of the Crimean Tatar Emigration","authors":"D. Konkin","doi":"10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.628-647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.628-647","url":null,"abstract":"This article addresses disputable questions of statistis of the Crimean population on the eve and in the first decades after the annexation of the Crimea by the Russian Empire. These problems are of particular importance in connection with historiographical interpretations of the Crimean Tatar emigrations. The works of A. Ozenbashly, which are the most referred to in Western and Turkish historical scholarship, have been analysed in detail. The errors of his “million-strong” calculations of the population of the Crimea in this period have been uncovered. A similar analysis has been undertaken in case of modern article by N. S. Seitiag’iaev, who proposed a new argument for the over-estimated evaluation of the peninsula’s population. Moreover, we have also paid attention to the factual and logical mistakes and inconsistencies in the works of the first publishers of the Cameralistic Description of the Crimea A. A. Skal’kovskii and F. F. Lashkov, and in the 1793 account published by P. S. Pallas; these sources later became an important reason for misinterpretations of the demographic statistics of the Crimea in the scholarship. The conclusion uncovers the growth of the Tatar population in the Crimea after its incorporation into the Russian Empire. According to O. A. Igelstrom, in 1783 there were approximately 115,000 people, mostly Crimean Tatars, living in the Crimea. By 1795, the Crimean population was 157,600 (including 137,000 Crimean Tatars). In the very early nineteenth century, there were from 70,000 to 95,000 male Crimean Tatars according to different estimations, i. e. the minimal number was 130,000–140,000 both sexes. By 1816, this number increased to 182,700, and in 1850 it reached 267,400. Therefore, the conclusion of the global emigration of the Tatar population from the Crimea during the first decades of the Russian rule is not correct. Even 80,000 migrants could not leave the peninsula unnoticed and unrecorded after 1783. The main emigration flow of the late eighteenth century should be related to the pre-Russian period of the Crimean history, when internal struggle in the Crimean Khanate provoked by the Russian-Ottoman rivalry forced a great part of the local population to leave the peninsula.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48107679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coin Issues of Tauric Chersonese in 239–227 BC","authors":"Igor’ V. Shonov","doi":"10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.491-495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.491-495","url":null,"abstract":"After the appearance of a new type of copper coin of Tauric Chersonese featuring the monogram H of the King of Syria Antiochus Hierax (reigned in 242–227 BC), there appeared an opportunity to date the copper and silver coins of Chersonese minted in 239–228 BC. From the reading of the monograms of Antiochus Hierax and the assumption that the head of Antiochus Hierax is depicted on the copper chalkoi of Chersonese, there are reasons to infer that Chersonese in the years under study was a satrapy of the Seleucid Kingdom.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48920963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Storage Pits Were Used to Make Burial Constructions in the Cemetery of Levadki in the Central Crimea","authors":"Sergei Muld","doi":"10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.46-71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.46-71","url":null,"abstract":"The cemetery of Levadki located int eh vicinity of present-day Simferopol existed from the mid-/second half of the second century BC to the mid-third century AD and belonged to the Late Scythian and Sarmatian populations. The many-year-long researches uncovered 193 funeral structures. Moreover, 33 storage pits were discovered in different cemetery areas. The household complex with the said pits probably was a peripheral area of the nearby fortified settlement of Zmeinoe. There were two cases of the household pits used as burial structures. These graves resemble the earliest grave type documented in the cemetery in question, i. e. chambered graves (catacombs). The datable materials in possessions confirms this suggestion. One of the graves was cut by an undercut grave from the second half of the first or the first half of the second century AD. The discovered assemblages allow the one to clarify the succession of events related to the history of the area in question. Therefore, this paper introduces into the scholarship the materials discovered in the burials of the cemetery in question.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43795720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Localization of Gothic Writing Manuscrips Creation","authors":"Diana Shalyga","doi":"10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.509-512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.509-512","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the corpus of Gothic writing monuments. Particular attention is paid to their localization. Most of the known manuscripts were created in Ravenna and Verona. The secondary parchment use, as in the monastery of Bobbio, contributed to the preservation of a whole Gothic texts corpus.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46140117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bells from the tomb 19/2020 on the Eski-Kermen plateau: composition of the material and reconstruction of the manufacturing process","authors":"A. Loboda, A. Antipenko","doi":"10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.386-396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.386-396","url":null,"abstract":"The given article studies two small bells found in the tomb 19/2020 in the narthex of the single-nave church in block II at Eski-Kermen plateau. These bells have slightly flattened body with a slit and a small ball inside; they are decorated with corrugated transverse stripes. One of the bells is completely preserved, the other is fragmented. The aim of the work was to determine the composition of the metal and the manufacturing technology of the bells. The X-ray fluorescence analysis of the elemental composition of the metal of the bells showed that the items themselves and the ball inside one bell were made of tin-lead bronze. All currently known reconstructions of the manufacturing technology of such products are described, with the most possible one as the making of wax model of bells comprising of two halves and, later, lost wax casting; clay form was also lost.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46366630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}