Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria最新文献

{"title":"Glass from the Cemetery of Frontovoe 3 in the South-Western Crimea: The Chronology, Distribution Dynamics, and Production Centres (According to the Chemical Composition)","authors":"O. Rumyantseva","doi":"10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.72-116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.72-116","url":null,"abstract":"The chemical composition of vessel glass from the cemetery of Frontovoe 3 has been studied with SEM-EDS technique. This cemetery, located on the outskirts of Sevastopol (south-western Crimea) and dated from the late first to the early fifth century AD, was completely investigated during the excavation campaign of 2018. The dataset containing 144 samples of colourless, naturally coloured, and purple glass allows for a conclusion that all the glass found at Frontovoe 3 comes from the Egyptian and Levantine glassmaking centres, and the Egyptian glass predominates at all stages of the cemetery. Nevertheless, the chronology of the groups of glass, singled out according to the chemical composition, sometimes differs from their time of distribution in the European provinces of the Roman Empire and the Mediterranean area. In this study the groups have been dated according to the archaeological context (i. e. considering the chronology of the burials with the glass vessels). In the early part of the cemetery four groups have been singled out: Roman blue-green (group 1, late first and second (mostly its first half) centuries); Roman colourless (group 2, second to the mid-third centuries); glass decoloured with antimony (group 3, second and third centuries); “mixed” Sb-Mn glass (group 4, second and third centuries). The colourless glass close to the Levantine I group by composition (group 5, from the mid-third (or slightly earlier) to the mid-fourth century) concentrated in the “transition” zone of the cemetery. The changes in the raw glass supply to the south-western Crimea took place in the fourth, similarly to what happened in the European provinces of the Roman Empire. In the late area of Frontovoe 3, there are glass finds showing the composition close to the series Foy-3.2, Foy 2.1, and HIMT group (groups 6-8), with very few pieces of the HIMT glass. These groups become widespread in the fourth century (possibly, excluding its early period) and existed to the abandonment of the site. The group 9, likely of the “mixed” composition due to the extensive glass recycling, dates from the same period. The selection of forms made of glass of group 4 and their serial occurrence in the burials of Frontovoe 3 implies the extensive use of recycled Mn-Sb glass in the local production (in Chersonese?) from the period synchronous to the early stage of the cemetery. Later on, raw glass of the Levantine (group 5) and Egyptian (groups 6, 7) origin was possibly supplied to Chersonese for the local glass working. In the latest period of the cemetery, the proportion of recycled glass was possibly high, although it is less evident due to the limitations of the SEM-EDS technique.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47592053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glass Lamps from Medieval Layers of Chersonese","authors":"L. Golofast","doi":"10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.263-309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.263-309","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses different types of lamps uncovered from medieval layers in Chersonese. All the types were widespread in the Mediterranean – Black Sea area; almost all of them appeared in the Early Byzantine Period and existed throughout the Middle Ages, and some are still produced. Yet their use in Chersonese had its own specifics: some types appeared somewhat later than in other territories of the Empire; others, for example, the lamps with a solid stem with intercepts or lamps with a glass tube for wick, were absent, and the proportion of different types changed over time. The first glass vessels used in Chersonese as lighting devices similarly to other centres of the Byzantine world were conical goblets with a rounded or pointed bottom, which predominated in the fourth and fifth centuries. In the sixth century, conical lamps with a drop-shaped stem appeared and existed in Chersonese up to the end of the city, although in other centers of the Byzantine world they have been fixed exclusively in the early Byzantine complexes. Lamps with a narrow hollow stem, which appeared in the late fifth century, predominated through the Early Byzantine Period. Later on, they were replaced by lamps with a small hollow drop-shaped stem, revealed in Chersonese in the assemblages dated up to the late thirteenth century. Vessels with a short spherical stem used in other byzantine centers from the early Byzantine period, in Chersonese occur in deposits of the 13th century, with the exception of one specimen found in the complex of the eleventh – twelfth centuries. The same can be said about the lamps with a cylindrical stem drawn from the body of the vessel: in other Mediterranean regions, they were in use from the Early Byzantine Period, while in Chersonese they occurred exclusively in the eleventh – twelfth centuries assemblages. Solid long stems, fashioned separately from the body of the vessel, were found not only in the eleventh – twelfth centuries assemblages, but also in those from a later period. There are only two finds of the lamps featuring a long stem with a spherical ending in Chersonese, originating from the assemblages dated from the second half of the sixth and the thirteenth centuries, which, in general, corresponds to the period of existence of this type of lamps in other centers. Numerous and various handled lamps will be the subject of a separate publication.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47023765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Mosque in the Village of Sheikh-Koi (Davydovo) According to the Photographs from A. L. Rogach Personal Collection in the Central State Archive of Literature and Art","authors":"D. Lomakin, Elena A. Aibabina","doi":"10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.685-710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.685-710","url":null,"abstract":"This article addresses the history of researches on the ruined mosque located on the outskirts of the village of Davydovo (Simferopol district, Republic of the Crimea). For the first time this monument called attention in the late 1920s, when a preliminary study was conducted under the supervision of B. N. Zasypkin, and Osman Akchokrakli translated the inscription placed above one of the entrances and showing the date of 1358, which later became the main argument (due to a large number of spoliae, probably erroneous) for a number of researchers to date the construction of the mosque. The main historiographic array of materials comprises of the works of Russian researchers V. P. Kirilko and S. G. Bocharov. They performed perfect architectural analysis of the now-lost cultural heritage site against the background of their field researches and archival materials. The analysis of photographs from the personal archive of the Soviet architect and restorer Aleksandr Lukich Rotach (1893–1990), now residing in the Central State Archives of Literature and Art (St Petersburg), allows a number of important clarifications. The photographs (15 total), mostly taken by B. N. Zasypkin and now introduced to the scholarship, document the exterior and interior of the monument. There are pictures of particular architectural fragments and details, among which the most important for historical and architectural interpretation are those of the minaret, portal, and mihrab. So far, the complex of photograph showing the mosque in the village of Sheikh-Koi from A. L. Rotach’s collection is the only collection of high-quality visual documents uncovering the state of the monument at the last stage of its existence.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46607622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Eastern Roman Empire Policy in the South-Western Crimea from the Second Half of the Ninth to Twelfth Centuries","authors":"Aleksandr Aybabin","doi":"10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.551-578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.551-578","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42048190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Trade Route from the Black Sea to the Oka Area from the Late Fourth to Seventh Centuries","authors":"Andrei Oblomskiy","doi":"10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.117-143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.117-143","url":null,"abstract":"This article suggests a reconstruction of the late fourth- to seventh-century trade route connecting the Northern Black Sea Area and the Oka River basin. The starting and ending points of the route and the location of the support bases have been determined. These bases were trade and industrial centres where mixed population lived and direct contacts of immigrants from the south of Eastern Europe (Crimea, Caucasus, and Black Sea area) and the north (Oka river area) were documented. In the late fourth and fifth centuries, the route in question started in Tanais in the lower reaches of the Don; its intermediate centers were the settlements in the Upper Don area on the Ostraia bend in the cultural group of the Chertovitskoe – Zamiatino type; the final point was the settlement Upa-Krivoluch’e on the outskirts of the modern city of Tula in the area of the Moshchiny culture. In the late fifth or early sixth century, unclear catastrophe happened to the Upper Don region. In result, the trade and industrial centres on the Ostraia bend of the Don ceased to exist. The late fifth- and sixth-century cemeteries also disappeared. There was an outflow of the population from the Don to the middle and upper Voronezh area. In this region, the Upper Voronezh cultural group developed. The intermediate center base moved from the Ostraia bend of the Don to the Upper Voronezh area (to the complex of settlements near the modern village of Staevo). The trade route continued to exist, but its location changed. In the sixth and seventh centuries, it started on the Bosporos, passed through the Upper Voronezh area, and finished somewhere on the territory of the Riazan’ – Oka cemeteries culture. It is still possible that one of the branches of this route ended at the Samara bend of the Volga.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43402153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bey Yude Sultan Türbe in Aziz: The History of Research, Architectural Form, Issues of Chronology","authors":"E. Zilivinskaya","doi":"10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.441-466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.441-466","url":null,"abstract":"This article studies the mausoleum of Bey Yude Sultan, located in Aziz, a suburb of Bakhchisarai. The account of the monument by various authors are cited, as well as some visual sources depicting the structure. The mausoleum is a cubic building. The cube passes into an octahedron via triangular bevels, which are called Turkish triangles by the historians of architecture. The octagon is covered with a spherical dome, which formerly was topped with a hip roof. On the south side, the building had a portal with typical Seljuk niches in the side walls. Above the door there is a building inscription; in the lower tier there was a burial vault covered with a cupola. Most researchers date the construction to the fourteenth or fifteenth centuries. In 1991, there was a limited excavation of the mausoleum resulting in the find of a late-eighteenth-century coin. Taking this find into account, V. P. Kirilko has attributed the construction of the building to the said period. However, the architectural form of the Bey Yude Sultan Türbe in Azis meets with analogies only in the architecture of Asia Minor from the Seljuk and Early Ottoman Periods and in the Golden Horde. Therefore, it is difficult to imagine that, in the late eighteenth century, a building was constructed following all the thirteenth- and fourteenth-century canons.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42133970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Evolution of the Documents Concerning the Matrimonial Relations in the Karaite Communities in the Crimea in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (According to the Materials Residing in the State Archive of the Republic of the Crimea)","authors":"Dmitry Prokhorov","doi":"10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.663-684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.663-684","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most informative accounts of the past of the Karaite communities in the Crimea are the documents related to the regulation of marriage and family relations among the Karaites. Although the Russian authorities integrated the Karaites into the Russian linguistic and cultural space, the communal norms and tenets of the Karaite religion remained unchanged to the second half of the nineteenth century. In the sphere of matrimonial relations, the Karaites were guided by the teachings formulated in the works of the Karaite religious authorities of the Middle Ages and the commentaries to these works by authors from the Modern Period. The Karaite clergy carefully monitored the accuracy of religious rites, the observance of religious canons and the norms of family law. This article examines private legal documents, or Karaite marriage contracts shetar, signed between the representatives of Karaite communities of the Russian Empire, as well as the accompanying materials, which accompanied the process of documenting marital and family relations of the Karaites. Particularly, the author has analysed the peculiarities of their design and structure, as well as the main trends that influenced the transformation of their content, production, and appearance.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48040833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Turkic Codex in Prokhor Kolomniatin Miscellany as a Source of the Crimean and Near Eastern Onomastics","authors":"Mark A. Kozintcev","doi":"10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.579-591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.579-591","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses the onomastics, mainly toponymics and hydronymics, of the Crimean Khanate and the Near East, mentioned in the Turkic-Russian dictionary that along with several other unique phrasebooks and dictionaries is included into the manuscript collection of miscellaneous texts (“Tsvetnik”) compiled in 1668 by the Russian monk Prokhor Kolomniatin (State Historical Museum, Muzeiskoe sobr., no. 2803). This text contains a large number of narrative passages on various subjects and significantly exceeds the other dictionaries of “Tsvetnik” in terms of volume and completeness. The compiler recorded the lexis by ear, without using any written sources. Therefore, the toponyms are recorded closely to the spoken language pronunciation, and their interpretations reflect the perception of the seventeenth-century Crimean Khanate cultural realities by both the compiler and his local “respondents”.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47573957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Tour of Edward Daniel Clarke and Peter Simon Pallas to the South-Western Crimea in September 1800","authors":"N. Khrapunov","doi":"10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.592-627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.592-627","url":null,"abstract":"This work analyses a very specific source on the Crimean history at the turn of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries: British traveller Edward Daniel Clarke’s account of his journey to the south-western extremity of the Peninsula to study archaeological sites dating to different historical periods. This episode was described in a chapter of Clarke’s “Travels,” which became extraordinary popular and to a great extent shaped the notion of the Crimea in the public mind of the West. Clarke contributed much to the development of some stereotypes of the Crimea and Russia that continued to these days, particularly accusing the Russian in voluntary and senseless destruction of archaeological monuments. In the said journey, Clarke found a companion and a guide in person of famous natural scientist Peter Simon Pallas. They spent a few days to examine the sites located atop of Mangup mountain, in the Gerakleiskii peninsula, Aia promontory and its environs, as well as the valley around the settlement of Chorgun (now Chernorech’e). Later on, when working on his book of travels, Clarke considerably overworked the materials kept in his travel journal, particularly, supplying an analysis of ancient and mediaeval sources and citing the latter in footnotes. Clarke’s travelogue documented the condition of several archaeological sites, which later suffered of natural and human factors. The document under study uncovers the ways in which the researchers in the period in question analysed what was seen and, therefore, allows the one to reconstruct the first stage of the scientific research of the region. Apart from archaeological aspects, Clarke described some contemporary realities, such as the mining of fuller’s earth, epidemies in the Crimea, Tatar nobility’s dress, Russian recruits, and some specific local plants. The Russian translation of the chapter of Clarke’s travelogue has been published for the first time.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43134157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pebble Tools from the Terraces of Echkidag Mountain in the Crimea: The Geomorphological and Archaeological Context","authors":"Nikolai Blaga, M. Zhilin, V. Ruev","doi":"10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.5-25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.5-25","url":null,"abstract":"From the mid-1970s on, several findspots supplying archaic pebble tools were discovered in the southern coast of the Crimea. The main feature of all the sites is the absence of cultural layer. According to the dating of ancient sea terraces and the results of comparative typological method, the researchers have dated the said finds of pebble tools from the Oldowan and the Lower Acheulean Periods. The 2019 comprehensive archaeological and geomorphological researches in the southern slopes of Echkidag mountain uncovered that the upper part of the diluvial aprons of the terraces and their surface were younger, with some dating to the modernity, and therefore surface finds cannot be dated according to the positions on this or that level of Echkidag terraces. Moreover, the finds include cultural layers at the site Echkidag 6 containing pebble and flint tools, and hand-made ware. It has been discovered that the pebble tools date from the Neolithic and Bronze Age.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49109444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}