Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria最新文献

{"title":"Review: Chkhaidze V. (Ed.), ByzantinoCaucasica. Volume 1. Moscow, Institute of Oriental Studies of the RAS Publ., 2021, 200 p.","authors":"V. Stepanenko","doi":"10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.742-745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29039/2413-189x.2022.27.742-745","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41889951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Victor de Caraman’s Crimean Travel","authors":"N. Khrapunov","doi":"10.37279/2413-189x.2021.26.498-527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37279/2413-189x.2021.26.498-527","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyses a poorly-known source on the history of the Crimea, the travelogue by French Victor de Caraman, who visited the peninsula in spring 1784. The 22-year-old traveller made a tour of Europe as a part of the educational programme foreseeing practical acquaintance with the life of foreign countries and strange peoples. His travel diary was intended for memory and not for publication. Later on, de Caraman made an outstanding career on the French diplomatic service. The Crimean fragment of his travelogue was published after his death. Although de Caraman was under protection of almighty Grigorii Potemkin and Russian generals in the Crimea, his evaluations of the events on the peninsula were often unpleasant to Russia. He paid attention to a series of crises events appearing on the eve and after the unification of the Crimea with Russia. Simultaneously, the traveller marked the government’s actions towards the integration of the region into the imperial structure and opportunities of the economic development of the country. De Caraman described the strongholds of the Russian army and Black Sea navy in the Crimea in details. He also studied the natural environment and population of the peninsula. Interesting are his reflections on the Crimean antiquities and particularly an episode with “excavations” at the ancient town atop Mangup plateau. The Russian translation of de Caraman’s travelogue with necessary comments is published.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69757284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Particulars of the Numeric Proportions of the Ground Plan of the Basilica of Eski-Kermen","authors":"I. Zavadskaya","doi":"10.37279/2413-189x.2021.26.143-155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37279/2413-189x.2021.26.143-155","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the results of the research of the planning structure of the basilica of the Early Byzantine castle and mediaeval town located on the plateau of Eski-Kermen in the mountainous area of the Crimea (late sixth to the late thirteenth century). In the eleventh or twelfth century, three polyhedral apses with pilasters typical of the Middle Byzantine cross-inscribed churches were added to the eastern part of the basilica, thus greatly changing the appearance of the original basilica, which reconstruction now causes certain difficulties. However, it is quite obvious that this structure belonged to the same type of basilicas featuring the nave and two aisles, one narthex, wooden raftering, and most probably one semi-circular or faceted apse. The designers of the basilicas of Cherson and Eski-Kermen most likely used the system of numerical proportions, uncovered by an architect and architectural historian Hans Buchwald. Although the ground plan of the basilica of Eski-Kermen contains numerical proportions of all three variants of the proportional system of the basilicas of Chersonese, it is not possible to attribute the basilica of Eski-Kermen to one of the said variants. Its central part, or naos (1:1 o.c./cl.) corresponds proportionally to the “shortened” basilicas of Chersonese (3rd variant of the proportional system). However, the proportions of the naos with the apse or narthex (2:3 cl./o.c.) are comparable with the basilicas of Chersonese with “medium” proportions (2nd variant). It is related to the enlarged volumes of its chancel and narthex. Although the set of numerical proportions of the basilica of Eski-Kermen is individual, almost all of them have analogies in the early Byzantine architecture of basilicas, especially in Chersonese, the administrative and religious centre of the south-western Crimea. The specificity of the planning structure of the basilica of Eski-Kermen are explained, primarily, by its small size and the need to extend the space of the chancel and narthex. The possibility of combining numerical proportions in the building of basilicas indicates that the set of these proportions was not strictly regulated, so they were chosen according to the specific conditions and needs.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69756965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Twelfth-Fourteenth-Century Finger-Rings and Signet-Rings from Eski-Kermen","authors":"E. Khairedinova","doi":"10.37279/2413-189x.2021.26.205-228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37279/2413-189x.2021.26.205-228","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces into the scholarship finger-rings and signet-rings discovered on the plateau of Eski-Kermen during the excavations in recent years. The twelfth- and thirteenth-century finger- and signet-rings uncovered in the churches in quarters I and II were modest bronze ornaments of featuring décor belonging to the group of Byzantine-circle artefacts. Adult women often wore a pair or a set of three pieces of the ornaments of the kind. The fourteenth-century hand ornaments comprise only signet-rings, partially attributable to the Byzantine circle and partially to the artefacts made by Seljuk artisans. Predominant were expensive ornaments of silver or gold. The difference between the assortment of ornaments from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and those from the fourteenth century can be explained not only by the change of fashion, but also by the different social status of those who lived in various districts of the provincial town. In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, only the ordinary townspeople lived in quarters I and II, where only the bronze ornaments originate from. In the fourteenth century, the members of wealthy families were buried into slabbed graves located in the area in front of the basilica in the town centre, where silver and gold signet-rings were found. In the fourteenth century, signet-rings made a part of women’s and children’s attire. Young women, 18–20 and 19–25 years old, wore one signet-ring at once, on the fourth finger of the right hand; older women, 30–35 years old, decorated their left hand with a set of two signet-rings made in the same style. Young girls wore only one signet-ring on the third finger of the left hand. There were no signet-rings specially made for children: they got reshaped adults’ ornaments.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69757079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"To the Early History of Bakhchisarai: Eski—Yurt","authors":"D. Lomakin","doi":"10.37279/2413-189x.2021.26.540-570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37279/2413-189x.2021.26.540-570","url":null,"abstract":"This paper has accumulated and systematized the experience of studying the settlement of Eski-Yurt as the largest Golden Horde centre on the Crimean Peninsula when the role of Solkhat as an economic, military, cultural, and administrative centre declined and the capital was transferred to the western Crimea. The research has used various groups of historical sources: travelogues of numerous voyagers who visited the Crimean Peninsula for personal or official purposes (Marcin Broniewski, F. Dubois de Montpéreux, Iakov Lyzlov, P. S. Pallas, S. I. Tarbeev, Evliya Celebi, and others), scholarly works of local researchers of the Crimean sites in the Golden Horde Period, particularly those who investigated the settlement of Eski-Yurt (A. S. Bashkirov, U. A. Bodaninskii, P. I. Gollandskii, B. N. Zasypkin, A. A. Ivanov, S. V. Karlov, V. P. Kirilko, and others), and the materials from the collections of central and departmental archival depositories. The experience of archaeological researches at the site (expeditions supervised by A. S. Bashkirov and U. A. Bodaninskii in 1924, V. L. Myts in 1991, and S. V. Karlov in 2005) is presented. The main stages of the researches at the site have been distinguished and analysed: 1) Late eighteenth to early twentieth centuries: sketches in travelogues of encyclopaedic scholars who visited the Crimea after its unification with Russia (P. S. Pallas, F. Dubois de Montpéreux, etc.); the first scholarly experience of exploration of the site by A. F. Negri, V. D. Smirnov, and others; 2) 1920s: the beginning of the archaeological studies of the settlement (the expedition of A. S. Bashkirov and U. A. Bodaninskii, 1924); the attempts of attracting attention of the government and public to the cultural heritage preservation in Eski-Yurt (the works of A. S. Bashkirov, U. A. Bodaninskii, P. I. Gollandskii, and B. N. Zasypkin); 3) current stage, or the last quarter of the twentieth century: the revival of the academic interest to the settlement (the works of A. A. Ivanov, V. P. Kirilko, O. M. Stoikova, M. M. Choref, and others); the continuation of the archaeological studies of the site (the expeditions of S. V. Karlov and V. L. Myts); state registration of the architectural and archaeological monuments of the settlement. The present state of the cultural heritage objects has been considered.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69757383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Processing Three-Dimensional Models of Archaeological Artifacts","authors":"P. Chistyakov, E. Bocharova, K. Kolobova","doi":"10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-7-48-61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-7-48-61","url":null,"abstract":"This article provides a detailed account of the process of scanning, post-processing and further manipulation of three-dimensional models obtained with structured light scanners. Purpose. The purpose of the study is determined by the need for national archaeologists to learn the methods of three-dimensional modeling for the implementation of scientific research corresponding to international standards. Unfortunately, this direction in national archaeology began to develop in a relatively recent time and there is a lag in the application of three-dimensional modeling of national archaeology compared to the world level. Results. Any archaeological, experimental or ethnographic artifact can be used for three-dimensional scanning. To perform post-processing of three-dimensional models it is necessary to carry out primary scanning of an artifact by one of the existing algorithms. The algorithm for creating models, their positioning, simplification, saving in various formats and export is described. The main sequence of 3D models post-processing includes: processing of groups of scanned projections (their cleaning and alignment), creation of artifact model and processing/rectification of the resulting model using special software. Conclusion. As a result of correct implementation of the algorithm, the researcher receives a scaled model completely corresponding to the original artifact. Obtaining a scalable, texture-free three-dimensional model of the artifact, which fully corresponds to the original and exceeds a photograph in the quality of detail transfer, allows a scientist to conduct precise metric measurements and any procedures of non-invasive manipulation of the models. The ability to access a database of three-dimensional models of archaeological collections greatly simplifies the work of archaeologists, especially in situations when country borders are closed.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72853748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ceramic Production of the Kulai Culture in the Novosibirsk Ob Region: Based on Materials from the Kamenny Mys Burial Ground","authors":"D. V. Selin","doi":"10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-7-86-96","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-7-86-96","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose. The Kulay Cultural-Historical Community was one of the largest formations in Western Siberia in the early Iron Age. The Kamenny Mys burial ground is located in the Kolyvan district of the Novosibirsk region. The study is devoted to the technical and technological analysis of 49 vessels of Kulay ceramics (Novosibirsk variant) of the Kamenny Mys burial ground. Results. It was determined that natural clays of medium plasticity, possibly pretreated, were used as the initial plastic raw material. The dominant recipe for the clay paste is clay + broken stone (68 %). The construction was carried out according to the tank-bottom program with the help of flaps. The hollow body was constructed using patchwork molding. Mainly mechanical smoothing processed the surfaces of the vessels. The firing of dishes could be carried out in fireplaces or hearths. Conclusion. Ceramic technology reflects the initial mixing of different pottery skills. Stability is retained by the substrate skills of the selection of the initial plastic raw material, the design of the beginning and the hollow body. Mixing is manifested at the level of adaptive skills – methods of composing molding materials and machining surfaces. Such a situation may be a consequence of the interaction of groups of the Kulay population with the carriers of the Bolsherechenskaya culture and the beginning of their mixing, which led to the fusion of technological pottery skills.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82595589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experience of Studying Vessel Forms of the Nikolayevskiy Burial Ground of the Bronze Age Using the ‘Envelope’ and Geometric Morphometry Methods","authors":"I. Bakhshiev, E. V. Bersenev","doi":"10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-7-21-36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-7-21-36","url":null,"abstract":"The article considers the possibilities of the ‘envelope’ and geometric morphometry methods exemplified by the analysis of 47 whole forms of vessels from the Nikolayevskiy burial ground of Srubnaya culture from Bashkir Fore-Urals. Purpose. The purpose of this work is to reveal the morphological characteristics of the ceramic complex of the necropolis with the isolation of the reference forms of vessels using the ‘envelope’ method and methods of geometric morphometry. Consideration of their possibilities will allow for the further construction of a general typology of the vessels of Srubnaya culture of the Urals. The authors are convinced that only the publication of the results of the study of the morphology of the vessels of individual complexes, processed according to a unified technique, will make it possible to proceed with the study of ceramics of the Late Bronze Age cultures of the entire Southern Urals. The use of the ‘envelope’ method proposed by Clive Orton made it possible to highlight the leading forms of the considered collection. The obtained classification scheme includes six groups of pot-shaped vessels and four groups of jar-shaped vessels. Results. The results of the principal component analysis allow for the conclusion that the majority of the sample vessels are similar to each other in general proportions. A small group of vessels of Srubnaya culture low in heigh and a number of vessels with a foreign cultural component, in particular those with features characteristic of Alakul culture, stand out from the rest. There is no clear connection between the distribution of pottery groups among burials and mounds. Only two points stand out. The finds of vessels of the first group of pots prevail in the embankment of mound 1, while pots of the second group appear only in burials of mounds 3 and 5. In mound 3, the finds of these vessels are concentrated in the burials of the northwestern sector, which probably reflects a certain stage in the functioning of the burial ground. Conclusion. The studied variations of pot forms in the analyzed collection, the presence of vessels with the so-called early-Srubnaya signs, and their mutual occurrence with the vessels of the Srubno-Alakul appearance, reflect the processes of the influence of the Alakul pottery stereotypes on the dominant Srubnaya component of the Urals.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":"212 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77490522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-Domed Mosques in the Crimean Khanate","authors":"E. Zilivinskaya","doi":"10.37279/2413-189x.2021.26.343-361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37279/2413-189x.2021.26.343-361","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is aimed to analyse architectural features of a group of mosques from the age of the Crimean Khanate, the multi-domed and multi-section mosques. In the Crimea, there are two mosques of the kind: Sultan Selim Mosque in Feodosia (Kefe) and Dzhuma Dzhami (Cuma Camii) in Yevpatoria (Gozlev). Although the mosque in Feodosia does not survive to these days, there are its descriptions and drawings not always coinciding with each other. The main problem is that different authors mention a different number of its domes. The analysis of all available written and graphic sources allows the conclusion that the central part of the mosque was covered with a big dome and the aisles with two small ones. On the south side of it there was a portico covered with five domes. Sultan Selim Mosque had two minarets. Its ground plan is absolutely analogous to those of Sultan Camii and some other mosques in Manisa. This circumstance disproves the interpretation suggested by some researchers that the Crimean mosque was constructed by Sinan. Dzhuma Dzhami (Cuma Camii) mosque in Yevpatoria escapes destruction, so today it is completely restored. The building was erected by the architect Khoja Mimar Sinan. Its composition features the increasing volumes principle. The central hall is covered with a big dome on a high drum and the aisles with three small domes. Additionally, the mosque has a portico with five domes. There are two minarets towering on both sides of it. Its ground plan is very close to Fatih Camii in Istanbul and Selim II Mosque in Konya. Both multi-domed mosques in the Crimea are typical Ottoman buildings.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69756829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Mercenaries’ Salary in the Mithridatic Wars: Fontalovskaia Hoard (IGCH 1143)","authors":"M. Abramzon, Andrei M. Novichikhin, I. Saprykina, T. Smekalova","doi":"10.37279/2413-189x.2021.26.411-423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37279/2413-189x.2021.26.411-423","url":null,"abstract":"A hoard of didrachmae from the Cossack village of Fontalovskaia (Krasnodar Region) is a unique homogeneous assemblage of the largest denomination of Bosporan silver coins from the Age of Mithridates VI. The results of X-ray fluorescent investigation of 480 didrachmae presented here suggest that the alloy contained only about 30–40% of the precious metal. From the find-spot of the hoard next to one of the main strategic roads controlled by the large settlement of Fontalovskaia 1, 6, the unprecedented size of the amount and the peculiarities of the hoard composition (the homogeneity of the coins represented only by the largest denomination and the absence of traces of circulation on most of them) there are reasons to be consider with a high degree of confidence that this money was intended to provide a salary for the contingent of Mithridates’ mercenaries defending this important area of grain production on the Fontalovskii Peninsula.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69757498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}