Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management最新文献

{"title":"Carbon competition up above: estimating greenhouse gas emissions of Indian domestic airlines","authors":"A. Garg, Vidhee Avashia","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2011.579345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2011.579345","url":null,"abstract":"The Indian domestic aviation sector is on a growth path and this progress can be attributed to several factors such as an expanding economy, an increase in the average income of Indians, low and economic air fares, more schedules and options available to a traveller, and a reduction in the differential fare between air travel and air-conditioned train travel. It is well known that air travel has high carbon footprints among various modes of travel, even though domestic aviation emissions have so far remained outside any credible cap-and-trade regimes around the world and also international aviation emissions are not assigned to any nation's greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory. However, signs of carbon consciousness are emerging in the domestic and international aviation sector all over the world, including carbon off-set purchases by passengers. This article ranks airlines operating in the Indian domestic sector on their per passenger-km GHG emission basis. IndiGo, GoAir and SpiceJet were the three most ‘clean’ airlines for per passenger-km GHG emissions in 2008–2009, while Jet Airways and Alliance Air were on the other side of the spectrum. The article argues that policy push may be required for cleaning up the domestic skies from GHG emissions before credible cap-and-trade or market-based instruments could take over.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"26 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113962426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GHG measurement and management are vital, but always be looking to advance the end game of mitigating climate change","authors":"M. Trexler","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2011.579353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2011.579353","url":null,"abstract":"It has become almost a truism that we tend to not manage what we don’t (or can’t) measure. Measuring GHG emissions is obviously important, and the new Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management journal can contribute to the development of reliable measurement and verification metrics for GHG emissions and removals. As we pursue that objective, however, we should not make the mistake of assuming that we necessarily ‘manage what we measure’, or that all GHG measurement and management efforts are created equal in the eyes of climate change mitigation. Most of all, we should not make the mistake of assuming that better measurement is an end in and of itself. Confusing means and ends is easy to do when talking about climate change, particularly when we lack key elements of the policy framework needed to address the problem. It is easy to focus inordinately on those variables we feel we do have some control over. But climate change is a complicated and long-term problem, as is climate change mitigation. It is natural to look for proxy success indicators that are simple and measurable, like emissions disclosure efforts, emissions reduction targets, and measurement and verification protocols. Indeed, it’s important to have nearand medium-term success indicators to keep ourselves motivated. The use of proxy success indicators is not without risk. The wrong success indicators, or confusing the ends and means of climate change mitigation, can easily distract us from the long-term ‘end game’. Successful climate change mitigation would almost certainly require a combination of aggressive regulation, a material carbon price and radical technology innovation. That’s the end game. Getting from here to there will be even tougher if we lose sight of the target by focusing on the wrong proxies, or on ‘means’ rather than ‘ends’. Today, many published articles in the climate change field are little more than a presentation of better statistics relating to GHG emissions or removals, whether at the project or systems level. Such articles implicitly assume that improving the measurement of sources and sinks is an end in and of itself. Is that always true? As we launch the Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management journal, we should recognize that this journal can make a larger contribution to the field if we always keep one eye on ‘the end game’. With that in mind, we should ask authors presenting statistically significant results to explain whether their conclusions are also policy significant, and why. For example, does an article on the improved measurement of standing forest stocks have significant implications for estimates of the country’s GHG inventory, how we think about other countries’ GHG inventories, or how we think about carbon sequestration potentials in the country? When an author estimates the mitigation potential of a particular technology, does the author provide crucial information on the cost-effectiveness of that technology as a mitigation strategy, ","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114687999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High increase of global F-gas emissions until 2050","authors":"B. Gschrey, W. Schwarz, Cornelia Elsner, R. Engelhardt","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2011.579352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2011.579352","url":null,"abstract":"Emissions of fluorinated greenhouse gases (GHGs) (hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphurhexafluoride (SF6)) have increased significantly in recent years and are estimated to rise further. Banks and emissions of HFCs, PFCs and SF6 in the year 2050 are projected per sector in a business-as-usual scenario. The total global emissions of fluorinated GHGs will amount to 4 GT CO2 eq. by 2050 if no mitigation measures are taken. The contribution of F-gases to global warming will increase from approx. 1.3% (2004) to 7.9% of projected total anthropogenic CO2 emissions in this business-as-usual scenario in 2050. For significant reductions in future emissions of Kyoto F-gases, additional efforts from both developed and developing countries are needed.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124529733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Buying allowances as an alternative to offsets for the voluntary market: a preliminary review of issues and options","authors":"A. Kollmuss, M. Lazarus","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2011.578213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2011.578213","url":null,"abstract":"As an alternative to offsets, voluntary buyers could instead buy and cancel allowances from compliance markets. The purchase and cancellation of allowances reduces the available allowances in a cap-and-trade system, ‘tightening the cap’ and, in principle, reducing the emissions that can be produced by covered sources. By this logic, purchasing and cancelling an allowance compels covered sources to achieve additional mitigation. This approach has the advantage of making offset quality issues such as additionality less of a concern. This article examines two different scenarios: (1) The voluntary actor purchases and cancels allowances with the aim of decreasing allowance supply, tightening the cap and spurring greater reductions at facilities covered by the cap-and-trade programmes. (2) The voluntary actor undertakes actions of their own (e.g. requiring or purchasing more efficient electric appliances) that indirectly reduce emissions from covered sources (e.g. electricity generators), and purchases and cancels allowances with the aim of avoiding a corresponding increase in emissions at other sources and ensuring that their actions have a net emission reduction impact. The article further shows that cancelling allowances will only increase emissions reductions to the extent that markets are not over-supplied and could have the indirect effect of increasing the use of offsets by covered entities.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133845484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards robust global greenhouse gas monitoring","authors":"R. Duren, C. Miller","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2011.579356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2011.579356","url":null,"abstract":"Global monitoring of greenhouse gases and carbon across the coupled earth system would enhance the quality of greenhouse gas emission and removal information available to inventory compilers, auditors, businesses and policy makers. A robust monitoring system would combine direct measurements of the atmosphere, land and oceans, earth system models, inventories and other information to accurately estimate greenhouse gas and carbon stocks and fluxes, towards increasing the overall confidence in reports of mitigation actions and assessments of the ultimate efficacy of those actions. Deploying a monitoring system that offers sustained, accurate, transparent and relevant information represents a challenge and opportunity to a broad community spanning earth science, greenhouse gas accounting and public policy. An introduction to some of the scientific and technical infrastructure issues associated with monitoring systems is offered here to encourage future treatment of these topics by other contributors to this journal.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133033595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"China's responsibility for climate change","authors":"A. Michaelowa","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2013.834777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2013.834777","url":null,"abstract":"This book describes China's contribution to global warming and analyzes its policy responses, examining China's practical and ethical responsibility from a variety of perspectives.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"139 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130192668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Public access to comprehensive greenhouse gas mitigation information: the example of climate-relevant investments","authors":"J. Harnisch","doi":"10.3763/ghgmm.2010.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3763/ghgmm.2010.0017","url":null,"abstract":"This article argues that to address greenhouse gas (GHG) measurement and management and the broader climate challenge, public access to additional types of mitigation-relevant information will be needed to complement the existing quantitative information on GHG emissions from countries, sectors, products and companies. Specifically, information and suitable indicators on investment in climate-friendly and mainstream fossil energy infrastructure will be needed to support decision makers in anticipating and detecting economic and political trends of climate relevance.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131544134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Welcome to Greenhouse Gas Measurement & Management","authors":"M. Gillenwater, T. Pulles","doi":"10.3763/GHGMM.2010.ED01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3763/GHGMM.2010.ED01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131000711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urban GHG inventories, target setting and mitigation achievements: how German cities fail to outperform their country","authors":"Maike Sippel","doi":"10.3763/ghgmm.2010.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3763/ghgmm.2010.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Cities across the globe have conducted greenhouse gas (GHG) emission inventories and set emission targets as part of climate protection activities. Based on official information and questionnaire data from 40 cities, this study analyses local GHG inventorying and urban emission trends in Germany. All cities do inventories or are preparing inventories. Comparability of reporting data between cities is limited due to varying methodologies and frequency. Many cities have adopted ambitious emission targets. However, most cities in Germany do not use their GHG reporting and emission targets as meaningful GHG management tools: the majority of targets are not city specific and almost half of the cities do not report base year emissions. Urban mitigation performance is limited and correlated to the overall German mitigation performance: Eastern German cities clearly outperform Western German cities because of ‘wall-fall profits’ in the 1990s. No single Western German city is on course to reach its emission target. Regular emission reporting based on city-specific data and a uniform reporting format would enable cities to set realistic targets and control for target achievement. Other policy levels could provide funding, make reporting obligatory and collect cities' inventories in a common, comparable database. City networks could accompany this process.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126823857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management: why do we need this journal?","authors":"T. Pulles","doi":"10.3763/GHGMM.2010.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3763/GHGMM.2010.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Welcome to the first issue of a new scientific journal: Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management (GHGMM). GHGMM is a scholarly peer-reviewed journal that aims to provide reliable and up-to-date research and information on a broad range of issues relating to greenhouse gases (GHGs) to the growing community of professionals dealing with climate change. As such it offers a new forum for exchange of data, knowledge and understanding, which will help the work of the global community towards a ‘stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system’ (article 2 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The only feasible way to stabilize GHG concentrations is managing the (anthropogenic) emissions, no matter what this stabilized level of concentrations would be. And, as the old saying goes, ‘you cannot manage what you do not measure’. Adequate measurement of GHGs and their emissions is therefore a prerequisite to managing them. The title of this journal covers this field. The introduction of emission reduction targets and of flexible mechanisms, allowing for emissions trading between countries and between companies, leads to an increasing need for further developing and sharing the type of knowledge and understanding the journal will publish. Emission estimates play a pivotal role in the development and implementation of climate change policies and mitigation measures. In this a distinction must be made between the policy development and the policy implementation stages. In the former, the understanding of emissions needs to be as close as possible to the ‘real world’ to ensure that policies are developed that effectively tackle the problems they are aiming at. In the latter, the understanding of the emissions data needs to be such that legal compliance checking is unambiguous and predictable to ensure that actors can be confident of the outcomes of decisions they make. This goes beyond the arithmetic of accounting for carbon atoms and clearly relates to legal, economic and behavioural aspects, making the field of measurement and management of GHGs an interdisciplinary field, linking natural, economic and behavioural sciences with procedures of law and regulation. Until now there was no single outlet for the interdisciplinary research associated with this development. Articles and reports on measuring and managing GHG emissions are being published in many different places, ranging from a number of different scientific journals to national inventory reports and other ‘grey’ literature, and researchers and other professionals have difficulty in keeping up with all the new developments in the field. GHGMM will offer such a single outlet for publication in the field, enhancing and facilitating the development and application of new knowledge and understanding needed to measure and manage GHG emissions.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"os-41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127781097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}