Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management最新文献

{"title":"Designing a national soil carbon monitoring network to support climate change policy: a case example for US agricultural lands","authors":"S. Spencer, S. Ogle, F. Breidt, J. Goebel, K. Paustian","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2011.637696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2011.637696","url":null,"abstract":"Soils contain the largest terrestrial pool of carbon, and have large annual transfers of carbon with biomass pools and the atmosphere. Agricultural land use and management, and changes in climate have significant impacts on soil carbon, and if managed with conservation practices agricultural soils could be enhanced while sequestering carbon and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. To better inform national climate change policy decisions for agricultural lands, robust and accurate estimates of soil organic carbon (SOC) stock changes are needed at regional to national scales. The design of a national soil monitoring network for carbon on agricultural lands is discussed including determination of sample size, allocation, and site-scale plot design. A quantitative case study is presented using modeled estimates of SOC stock change variability and a set of soil sample measurements to evaluate a potential network design for U.S. agricultural lands. Stratification by climate, soil, and land use with sites allocated based on modeled SOC stock change variability could effectively reduce the national standard error of SOC stock change. Sampling additional sites rather than multiple cores per site is recommended. Soil carbon monitoring can support climate change policy and reduce uncertainties in SOC stock changes for national greenhouse gas inventories.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"202 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133183165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monte Carlo (Tier 2) uncertainty analysis of Danish Greenhouse gas emission inventory","authors":"P. Fauser, P. Sørensen, Malene Nielsen, M. Winther, M. S. Plejdrup, L. Hoffmann, S. Gyldenkærne, M. H. Mikkelsen, R. Albrektsen, E. Lyck, M. Thomsen, Katja Hjelgaard, O. Nielsen","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2011.621949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2011.621949","url":null,"abstract":"The methodology and results of Monte Carlo (Tier 2) uncertainty analysis of the Danish Greenhouse Gas (GHG) inventory for base year 1990 and most recent year 2008 are presented. The analysis covers 100% of the total net Danish GHG emissions and removals, excluding LULUCF. Methodological procedures such as random sampling of uncertain parameters and parameter correlation between years are explained. Uncertainties in activity data and emission factors are given for all sectors, Input data are assumed to have log-normal probability distributions, represented by median values and 95% confidence interval uncertainties. The total uncertainty levels for GHG emissions, expressed as 95% confidence intervals, are 4.1 and 5.3% for Tier 1 and Tier 2, respectively. Uncertainties in the trend are 2.4 and 6.9% for Tier 1 and Tier 2, respectively. The most influential sources from the Tier 2 analysis to the total uncertainty are CH4 from solid waste disposal on land (4.4%), N2O from leaching (3.0%), N2O from synthetic fertilizer (2.0%), and N2O and CH4 from manure management, each with 1.6%. Tier 1 and Tier 2 uncertainties in levels and trends are comparable to seven European countries that have performed a Tier 2 uncertainty analysis.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121160130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Governing Climate Change","authors":"J. Cramer","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2011.621950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2011.621950","url":null,"abstract":"The book Governing Climate Change sheds an inspiring light on our understanding of the international negotiations on climate change. By addressing climate change as a global problem, most research tends to focus on the role of states as they are the primary participants in international institutions and have the authority to sign up to international accords. The authors of this book start from a broader perspective. They argue that by framing climate change as an international problem, the influence of non-state actors and of other levels of decision making – local, regional and national – is neglected. In their view a state-centric approach overlooks the state’s dependence on economic actors, particularly in key sectors (such as energy) and on other stakeholders. Moreover, they reject the notion that the climate change negotiation process can be considered as a top-down process in which decisions and authority flow downwards from one level to the next in a straightforward, linear way. The authors do not deny that the nation state remains the dominant force, but they emphasize the need to take into account the influence of non-state actors at various levels of decision making. As a former Minister of Spatial Planning and the Environment being active in the international climate change negotiations from Bali (2007) to Copenhagen (2009), I agree with the authors’ view on the governance of the climate change problem. Indeed, nation states do not act in isolation. They need the support of a variety of actors before they can engage in the formal international negotiations. At the state level, the politicians should agree on the position to be defended. In a western democracy like the Netherlands this means that the Cabinet has to agree upon a formal document and that the majority in Parliament supports the content. Beforehand, negotiations have taken place behind closed doors with crucial non-state actors, such as employer organizations, trade unions and NGOs, and with local authorities. These actors are also engaged themselves in climate change initiatives. The political position adopted by the Cabinet and Parliament is then brought to the EU negotiation table where deals are made among EU Member States. On the road to Copenhagen several rounds of such negotiations at state and EU level took place. At the same time, international negotiation processes are being prepared by the secretariat of the UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change). Within this framework government officials affiliated with the UNFCCC negotiate what text to present at the next annual meeting of the Conference of the Parties, which is attended by Ministers of the Environment. To prepare the international negotiations, politicians also hold informal talks and meetings with other state representatives and with non-state actors at the international level. For instance, in order to speed up the negotiation process on the road to Copenhagen, the chairman of the Co","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"148 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132621656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The use of substitution in attributional life cycle assessment","authors":"M. Brander, C. Wylie","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2011.637670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2011.637670","url":null,"abstract":"Substitution is used within attributional life cycle assessments (LCAs) as a means of avoiding allocation between co-products, and a number of existing standards and guidance documents permit its use in this way. This article discusses the appropriateness of substitution for attributional LCA, and suggests that the use of substitution introduces consequential elements into attributional analysis and that attributional assessments that use substitution will not be appropriate for consumption-based carbon accounting or corporate greenhouse gas reporting. This article suggests that, as a methodological principle, attributional LCA should only include actual physical burdens and should not include values for burdens that are avoided (i.e. do not physically occur). We also suggest that existing standards and guidance should be amended so that substitution is not permitted as a method within attributional LCA and that substitution should be clearly distinguished from expanding the function studied by an assessment. This article focuses on greenhouse gas LCA, but the discussion and conclusions apply to attributional LCA generally.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126611923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Will failure to strike a post-Kyoto deal in Durban signal the end of the carbon market?","authors":"Tim Stumhofer, M. Gillenwater","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2012.657191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2012.657191","url":null,"abstract":"We wrote this during the opening days of the latest round of United Nations climate change negotiations in Durban, South Africa. It is probably safe to say that the general mood of the international climate change community is rather bleak with respect to the potential for a treaty to add a second commitment period to the Kyoto Protocol. We actually feel safe in saying, absent some earth-shattering natural disaster, that the probability is near zero that the Durban conference will produce a bold new international climate regime. By the time you read this editorial, you will know whether we were correct. It being almost certain that we are approaching the end, at least temporarily, of a comprehensive global regime to address the anthropogenic climate change problem, many are asking a more basic question. What will this international failure mean for the future of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions trading (i.e. the carbon market)? This question, as with so much of climate policy – and particularly the acronym-thick jargon of the UN process – has to be answered in pieces with numerous caveats. The intention of this editorial is to break down this question into its component parts. AlthoughGHGmeasurement andmanagement, as a field, is not limited to activities within the carbon market, the future of the policies and programmes that enable market-based approaches to GHG mitigation will clearly affect the practice.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128154988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Warming Papers","authors":"B. Bregman","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2011.637673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2011.637673","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, a number of key scientific papers published over the last roughly two centuries dealing with climate change were collected and reviewed and then published with the title The Warming Papers. The Warming Papers is not just an additional book about climate change. Browsing through the book is quite a unique experience. David Archer and Raymond Pierrehumbert have made a collection of key scientific papers on climate change published over the last two centuries. The papers were selected on the basis of their scientific importance in the field of global warming forecast and the consequences. According to the editors these papers contain the big ideas. The unique value of this collection concerns not only the papers as such, but also the interpretation of the work by the editors. This includes a description of the context in which the paper was written at that time, a comparison with other relevant (recent) publications, and separate editor notes. This guiding turns out to be very useful, since many papers were written in a different time with different scientific knowledge and assumptions than today. This book is not meant to be read like a novel, as it is a collection of scientific papers. And some of the papers may be hard to understand, as the editors frankly admit. But the guiding, in which the editors’ enthusiasm is noticeable, enhances the readability. The collection contains a total of 32 papers, divided into two main subjects: Climate Physics (17 papers) and the Carbon Cycle (15 papers). The collection starts with the pioneering work of Fourier about the discovery of the greenhouse effect (1824) and ends at 2004 with a paper on tropospheric temperature trends. The total number of papers introduced is, however, more than these 32 highlighted papers. As part of their guiding, the editors introduce additional work by other scientists. As with all great papers, the works build on previous findings. For example, Fourier built on the work of William Herschel (1801) and Saussure (1740–1799). The editors introduced the work of Saussure in a separate box. There is some reason why the editors end their selection at 2004. One needs a certain amount of time to define a paper as classical to allow other studies to build on the work. Another aspect is the exponential increase in scientific papers on climate change after approximately 2004, which complicates the selection process. An illustration of this increase is shown in the editorial correspondence by Grieneisen and Zhang in Nature of Climate Change (Grieneisen and Zhang, 2011). I believe that the editors were well aware of the fact that there is no such thing as a complete overview. I can imagine it is not an easy job to create a representative selection out of a huge number of publications. I refer to a quote from the famous French scientist Blaise Pascal: ‘I write you a long letter, since I have no time for a short one’. It certainly would have been easier by simply downloading existing coll","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128582422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate change education: cutting emissions with a Swiss army knife","authors":"D. Reay","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2011.637669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2011.637669","url":null,"abstract":"The complex and global nature of anthropogenic climate change makes addressing it a challenge for all nations, sectors and institutions. Further education and higher education have a key role to play in providing the world with the many thousands of climate change-trained graduates that are required. Traditionally, such training has been discipline-specific, but interdisciplinary climate change graduates are also required if governments, businesses and public bodies are to tackle climate change effectively.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131564705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Getting the numbers right: a database of energy performance and carbon dioxide emissions for the cement industry","authors":"H. Klee, R. Hunziker, R. van der Meer, R. Westaway","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2011.579357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2011.579357","url":null,"abstract":"The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) Cement Sustainability Initiative's (CSI) global cement database, ‘Getting The Numbers Right’ (GNR), is a voluntary, independently managed carbon dioxide (CO2) and energy performance system that provides annual data on the cement industry. It uses a common protocol for measuring, reporting and analysing data, allowing the industry and policy-makers to assess the influence of kiln technologies, fuel selection, plant location and other variables on emissions management. This article introduces the GNR system and describes how it has been implemented. It outlines some of the trends in CO2 emissions and energy use from the global cement industry that are revealed by the GNR data. Finally, GNR is compared with other global reporting schemes, and some of its impacts on cement companies and the wider industry are considered, notably in the context of sector-specific greenhouse gas mitigation activities.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124501571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How many GHGs does a light bulb emit? GHG emissions associated with electricity consumption","authors":"R. Radovan","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2011.579355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2011.579355","url":null,"abstract":"Greenhouse gases (GHGs) associated with electricity consumption are regularly included in GHG reporting protocols. Canadian examples are used to illustrate where issues arise and where there is room for improvement, specifically the electricity emission factor (EEF). The EEF is affected by a number of factors including: Uncertainty of GHG emissions; GHG accounting; and Grid supply mix. Fluctuation in fuel quality can affect overall CO2 emissions and the EEF. An internal study conducted by Environment Canada found that emissions data reported via stack-specific continuous emissions monitoring systems differed by between 2 and 6% from those developed using generic emission factors and fuel consumption data. The GHG accounting for Canada's EEFs includes combustion emissions only, excluding process or fugitive emissions and emissions associated with the transportation and distribution of electricity. The variability in the grid supply mix also has an impact on GHG emissions due to contributions by different types of generators. The supply of electricity in Ontario during typical work hours is compared to a 24-hour average, showing that coal fired generation provides a greater percentage of electricity between 8 a.m. and 5 p.m. than over a 24-hour period. The dynamic nature of the electricity supply, uncertainty and variability in generating facility GHG emissions and improvements in GHG accounting are all areas where there is room for improvement.","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123453118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Verifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Methods to Support International Climate Agreements","authors":"G. Janssens‑Maenhout, A. Petrescu, M. Muntean, V. Blujdea","doi":"10.1080/20430779.2011.579358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2011.579358","url":null,"abstract":"As a reference work on compilation, monitoring and verification of emission inventories on global scale, this book provides emission inventory scientists with a comprehensive literature overview. Moreover anybody can download it free of charge fromwww.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12883. A prerequisite for an international assessment of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission inventories is a list of clear definitions, for which this report chose the UNFCCC standard terms and summarized them in a clarifying box in the introductory chapter. Not only methods but also uncertainties are addressed with an exhaustive list of references. This book can significantly contribute to re-assess the scientific robustness behind the UNFCCC rules for emission inventorying, as they are applied by the roster experts reviewing the national reports. To each of the relevant GHG emission inventory topics a separate chapter is dedicated: (i) national inventory reports, (ii) land-use sources/sinks fluxes and (iii) atmospheric and oceanic measurements and inverse modelling. All three chapters describe the technical/scientific details for GHG emissions inventory assessments concisely and provide references for the reader to allow further investigation. Chapter 2 on national inventory reports familiarizes the reader with the framework and current practices for developing the National Inventories/Communications of GHG emissions. International sector-specific reporting is synthesized such that it presents an overview on the contribution of each sector and on the lead of data gathering institutions and research centres. Often the national systems behind GHG inventories are not fully appreciated because the efforts improving accuracy and decreasing uncertainty are overshadowed by problems of consistency and the 1990 global base year. An overlooked issue is the generally low comparability of national estimates caused by the unharmonized use of different methods and proxy definitions. The report tends to underestimate the potential for reporting with default data for non Annex I countries in the short term. Instead, near-term measures that should be taken as capacity building in developing countries including associated costs, further extension of independent verification of ‘self-reported’ emissions data, as well as assessment and means to reduce the uncertainties are highlighted. Recommendations are given mainly on extending the inventory reporting and reviewing to all UNFCCC parties, on improving methods and on facilitating cross-comparisons of ‘self-reported’ data with data derived from other monitoring sources. Support to IPCC, UN, IEA and FAO to improve their statistics is thereby underlined. Chapter 3 addresses agriculture, land use and forestry activities, focusing mainly on the situation in the USA, and does not assess the experience achieved by other Annex I parties or international organizations to address also global land cover changes. The method proposed of combined statisti","PeriodicalId":411329,"journal":{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123207836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}