St. Tikhons' University Review最新文献

{"title":"The transformation of classical Tantra in the modern Neotantric movement (on the example of Russia)","authors":"Sergey Pakhomov","doi":"10.15382/sturi2023110.81-102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15382/sturi2023110.81-102","url":null,"abstract":"The article reflects on the transformations that classical Tantra has undergone in the West and in Russia in the 20th – 21st centuries. The basis for the image of Tantra in the Western imagination was the model of «non-dual» Shaiva-Shakta Tantrism. The first serious interpretation and exegesis of Tantra was provided by J. Woodroffe (1865–1936). In parallel with him, the first popularizer of the new Tantra, P. Bernard (1875–1955), worked in the United States. He paid great attention to the themes of love, body and sexuality. But the soil for Neotantra was formed later, and the New Age and “sexual revolution” became its main ingredients. The first Neotantrist should be considered the Indian guru Osho Rajneesh (1931–1990). In Osho’s sermons, classical tantra was combined with Zen Buddhism, Taoism, Western psychotherapy, the teachings of Gurdjieff and Krishnamurti. Osho taught his students spontaneity, naturalness, totality, rebellion against the “slavery of the mind”. Many Neotantric teachers popular in Russia are students of Osho. The arrival of Swami Virato Nostradamus (1938–2013) in 1992 can be considered the beginning of the spread of Tantra in Russia. Among the well-known domestic Neotantric teachers are L. Teternikov, A. Lapin, P. Ostrikov, S. Slyusarev, A. Shelyakov, A. Lyubarsky, S. Knyazev and others. The article analyzes the views of Russian Neotantrists on human nature, their reflection on Tantra, attitude to yoga, religion, women, sexuality. In general, these views are dependent on Osho and his disciples. There are some similarities between Neotantra and classical Tantra (eg., syncretism, practicality, interest in the concept of energy, etc.), although the context of these traits should always be considered. There are more differences between them. In Neotantra we see: rejection of religiosity; declining value of mentoring; rejection of concepts important for classical Tantra (moksha, karma, samsara, etc.) or their remaking; emphasizing the importance of sexuality; absence of sacred texts and sacred language; psychologization. Neotantra is gradually becoming an increasingly organic part of the westernized global world.","PeriodicalId":407912,"journal":{"name":"St. Tikhons' University Review","volume":"2 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138951169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the tradition as the basis of identity in orthodox parishes in small Russian towns (using two cases as an example)","authors":"T. Krihtova","doi":"10.15382/sturi2023110.67-80","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15382/sturi2023110.67-80","url":null,"abstract":"The article explores the concept of tradition through a field study of two Orthodox parishes that have emerged over the past 15 years in formerly atheist regions of Russia. The selection of these two parishes is based on their comparatively recent formation, yet they have already established their own tradition, which allows for a clear demonstration of the process of its formation. The article describes how the identity of the parish that it formed, its place in the city, region, and diocese, and how the main qualities inherent in an Orthodox parish are determined. The theoretical approaches of Karl Popper, Hannah Arendt, Eric Hobsbawm, Siegfried Wiedenhofer, and Eugen Diverman were used to categorize tradition in the article. According to each of these authors, tradition is defined differently, with each highlighting its own characteristics and what tradition is opposed to. However, in the cases presented in this article, each theory is reflected in different aspects of the activities of both parishes. In each of them, tradition is seen as something created by parishioners and priests within the community, including through practices brought from outside and interaction with external actors. In this case, the youthfulness of the priest and the fact that he recently received education are perceived as important factors in the development of the parish, and openness, the ability to change quickly, and self-organize are considered traditionally inherent qualities of an Orthodox parish and are contrasted with excessive ritualism and rigidity. In both parishes, tradition is viewed as a dynamic concept that can change in accordance with socio-historical conditions and context. At the same time, parishioners actively participate in shaping tradition, including incorporating new elements brought from outside. This tradition becomes not only a binding force between people but also a force that unites them as a whole, creating an atmosphere of warmth and responsiveness.","PeriodicalId":407912,"journal":{"name":"St. Tikhons' University Review","volume":"132 26","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138953446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cult practices of Vissarion’s (Sergey Torop’s) followers","authors":"Dmitrii Davydov, Boris Chibisov","doi":"10.15382/sturi2023110.103-116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15382/sturi2023110.103-116","url":null,"abstract":"The authors of the article consider the liturgical (liturgical, as well as prayerful) practices of the followers of Vissarion, the founder of the so-called \"Church of the Last Testament\", living in the Abode of the Dawn and near it. The research problem that the authors state at the very beginning is the lack of a systematic description of the liturgical practices of Vissarion's followers and the obvious lack of individual point studies of this direction within the framework of the existence of this religious movement. The beginning of the article is devoted to a brief analysis of historiography, after which the researchers proceed to a detailed analysis of the festive liturgies, based on video evidence from the community members themselves, and then describe individual sacred rites, rituals and liturgical elements of the Vissarion cult. Throughout the text, the authors analyze the liturgical symbols and paraphernalia. Attention is paid to the ritual inventory, ritual clothes of the priests of the movement, the architecture of temples, the liturgical calendar, etc. This article does not solve the problem of a systematic description of the liturgical practices of Vissarion's followers, which has not yet been done by domestic religious scholars, but is an attempt to start a study of this topic, in including through the introduction into scientific circulation of new sources - liturgical chants of Vissarion's followers. In particular, the work presents one of the most complete versions of the liturgical chant \"Gore-gori yasno\" (also known as \"Sobiraytes' ludie vo edinom kruge\"). The authors use publicly available sources - texts of community members on the Internet, videos and documentaries made by the followers themselves, and come to the conclusion about the dynamic development of liturgical practices and the gradual formation of a certain liturgical canon, an annual cycle of rituals, rites and liturgical norms in the life of the Vissarion communities. Throughout the text of the article, the authors supplement, comment on or refute some theses from the works of religious studies of previous years, which brings novelty to the study and testifies to the development of the object of study - the community of followers of Vissarion (Sergey Torop).","PeriodicalId":407912,"journal":{"name":"St. Tikhons' University Review","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138950058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What does Babylon have to do with Jerusalem, or A note on the problem of boundaries between the sacred and the secular in the Latin West (late 6th — early 7th centuries)","authors":"S. Vorontsov","doi":"10.15382/sturi2023110.33-54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15382/sturi2023110.33-54","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the problem of boundaries and nature of the secular in the end of late Antiquity in the Latin West (focusing on the works of Isidore of Seville). The article focuses on the relation between the concept of the secular and the key oppositions of the late antique culture as it reveals itself within the process of defining identity of sacral groups (clergy and monks), instead of looking into the history of the conception of saeculum or searching for religiously neutral phenomena of social reality. This allows the article to overcome the simple perspective of sacralization or draining of the secular in this period. The article argues that, on the one hand, a firm boundary was erected between the secular and the divine, and, on the other hand, in some cases this boundary turned out to be rather permeable. The firm boundary was formed in the process of categorizing and constructing a positive identity of a small group of the saved, which is defined by its mode of behavior, related to its metaphorical political unity (conuersatio). The groups claiming a proximity to God relate the practices, which correspond to it, with their identity. Thus, secular people, secular cares, and secular knowledge come to be characterized by lacking contemplation and proximity to God. The boundary turns out to be permeable, firstly, with respect to knowledge, because the secular knowledge was necessary to read the Scriptures. The secular thereby was not antagonistic to the divine, but could lead up to it. The divine, in its turn, could “correct” the errors of secular knowledge, just as the action of the bishop, which was opposed to the action of secular power, corrected the morals of the secular people in the Neo-platonic spirit.","PeriodicalId":407912,"journal":{"name":"St. Tikhons' University Review","volume":"56 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138950757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Teaching religious studies and theology at Russian universities: problems and tasks from the point of view of teachers of religious studies and theology (based on expert interviews)","authors":"Pavel D. Lenkov","doi":"10.15382/sturi2023110.57-66","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15382/sturi2023110.57-66","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the study of the teaching of religious studies and theology in the universities of St.Petersburg in the aspect of considering problems and prospects from the point of view of the teachers themselves. The study was conducted in February-March 2022 using a qualitative method, an expert semi-structured interview. The interviewed were determined during the target sample. The selection criteria were as follows: (1) All respondents should be professionally busy as teachers of religious studies and (or) theology at universities in St. Petersburg, (2) temporary criterion-teaching experience at the university for at least 13 years, (3) candidate or doctoral scientific degree. The experts identified the following key problems, related to theology teaching: the problem of personnel training, the lack of a line of textbooks, the insufficient development of the very concept of theology as a subject in higher education, the lack of qualified specialists in Islamic theology, the danger of dogmatization and ideologization in the field of teaching theology. Experts expressed different points of view regarding the very fact of the emergence of theology in secular universities. Some experts noted the preference for a model that implies the interaction and complementarity of theology and religious studies. Secularism, which in the past set the paradigm of religious education exclusively from secular neutral positions, had its costs associated with the dogmatization of the secular approach to the study of religion. In order to overcome these costs, it is desirable that both religious scholars have respect for theology, and theologians for religious studies. As for religious studies, here, according to experts, there is only one area that needs improvement, again, the area of personnel training. One of the questions in guide of the interview was the question of the demand for graduates of such specialties as religious studies and theology. According to all experts, a specialist with a religious and theological education can work as a teacher or researcher, in addition, individual experts indicated that graduates of the relevant specialties can work as school teachers, employees of religious structures and institutions, work in state authorities and local self-governments, and museums.","PeriodicalId":407912,"journal":{"name":"St. Tikhons' University Review","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138951773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Tzar to Chief: reconstruction of history of the orthodox community of the church of Theotokos of Kazan in the village of Aleksashkino based on archival documents","authors":"Dmitry Zarubin, Evgenia Zarubina","doi":"10.15382/sturii2023114.83-104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15382/sturii2023114.83-104","url":null,"abstract":"The paper offers a reconstruction of the history of the Russian Orthodox parish formed around the church of Our Lady of Kazan in the village of Aleksashkino, Saratov region (formerly Samara province) in the 19th-20th century. The reconstruction is based on the previously unstudied documents from the state archives of Samara and Saratov regions, archives of the Federal Security Service (Saratov region), and “Samara Diocesan Gazette” materials, as well as interviews with village elders.The study aims to recreate the life of the typical Russian Orthodox parish in the Volga region and examine the evolution of the social institutions connected with the church. The parish history appears in a context of interrelations with the secular government that took a dramatic turn in the Soviet period. The evolvement of the village’s educational institutions receives special attention. Another essential part of the proposed reconstruction is tracing the personalities who stood behind the parish activities – priests, churchwardens, and village teachers. Their names and details of their lives are an inseparable part of the suggested reconstruction. The paper offers a periodization of the parish history that includes five stages, starting from the preaching house and finishing with the 1951 fire. Each period is considered within a separate paper section, while the conclusion summarizes the data on the modern village church. References accompanying the data offer vast opportunities for the further investigation of the Orthodox parishes in the Volga region.","PeriodicalId":407912,"journal":{"name":"St. Tikhons' University Review","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139308119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The issue of belonging of metropolitan Joasaph (Skripitsyn) to the circle of “non-possessors”","authors":"Vladislav Petrushko","doi":"10.15382/sturii2023114.26-34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15382/sturii2023114.26-34","url":null,"abstract":"The article contains a critical analysis of the opinion prevailing in russian historiography that the metropolitan of All Russia Joasaph (Skripitsyn), unlike his predecessor Daniil, was a supporter of the so-called «non-possessors» - representatives of russian monasticism who called for renouncement of monasteries from land estates. Based on the sources cited in the article, the author comes to the conclusion that the opinion that metropolitan Joasaph (Skripitsyn) belongs to the «non-possessors» should be recognized as unfounded. It seems that in the context of modern ideas about the controversy between \"Josephites\" and \"non-possessors\" it would be generally incorrect to raise the question of the \"non-possessiveness\" of Ioasaph (Skripitsyn). Russian monasticism in the second quarter of the 16th century. was not totally divided on the issue of attitude to the monastic lands into two irreconcilable camps. The presence in his midst of groups of \"Josephites\" and \"nonpossessors\" who occupied extreme positions on the issue of church land ownership does not mean that all the rest certainly had to decide on such a \"party\" affiliation. Joasaph (Skripitsyn), unlike Metropolitan Daniel and Vassian (Patrikeev), most likely was alien to such a biased view of both the problem of monastic lands and monasticism in general.","PeriodicalId":407912,"journal":{"name":"St. Tikhons' University Review","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139308276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“I consider religious decline to be the reason for hooliganism in the village...”: priest Vasily Yagunov’s report to the dean of the 33rd district of Tomsk and Altai diocese (1913)","authors":"A. Sushko","doi":"10.15382/sturii2023114.175-187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15382/sturii2023114.175-187","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, a source study of the report of priest Vasily Yagunov to the dean of the 33rd deanery district of the Tomsk diocese, written in 1913, was carried out. It is permanently stored in the State Archive of the Novosibirsk Region, in the collection of the Siberian Commission of Eastpart. This source is interesting, first of all, because it reflects the contradictory social processes that took place in the distant Siberian province in the chronological period preceding the First World War, the Revolution of 1917 and the Civil War. The increase in the number of archeographic works on the history of the Russian Orthodox Church determines the relevance of the chosen research format. This allows not only to introduce new sources into circulation, but also to make them useful for research on related scientific aspects. Through the analysis of the text of the report, the problem of the decline in the religiosity of the Siberian peasantry, which took place in the early 1910s, was studied. The published source allows you to identify the causes that caused the described phenomenon. In the introductory part of the work, the connection between the issue presented in the publication and the general historiography of the problem under study is given. The theoretical basis of the study was the anthropological approach, the principle of consistency, biographical and historical-genetic methods. This methodological totality made it possible, after an overview characterizing the personality of the author of the document (priest Vasily Yagunov), to analyze the process of moral and religious deviations, which was gaining momentum in the Siberian peasantry, using the example of everyday hooliganism of young people in churches. The published historical source may be of interest to a wide range of readers who study the history of the Russian Orthodox Church, social history, provincial everyday life and Siberian local history.","PeriodicalId":407912,"journal":{"name":"St. Tikhons' University Review","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139306992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alexander’s i work on the Foundation Act for Dorpat University: a page from the history of liberal reforms in Russia at the beginning of the 19th century","authors":"A. Andreev, Yulia Gracheva","doi":"10.15382/sturii2023114.50-65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15382/sturii2023114.50-65","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the process of discussion and approval of the Foundation Act of the Dorpat University, which formalized in Russian legislation the basic principles of university jurisdiction, which later became part of all university bills of the early 19th century. The initiator of the appearance of the Foundation Act was the professor and first rector of the University of Dorpat G. F. Parrot, who sought to include this higher educational institution in the all-imperial system of managing educational institutions. However, it was impossible to overcome the resistance of most of the leaders of the newly created Ministry of Public Education, who did not want the appearance of the medieval principle of autonomy in the university bill, without the active intervention of Emperor Alexander I. The monarch participated in the consideration of comments and amendments to the text at least seven times. It should be especially noted that the approval of the Foundation Act of the University of Dorpat became one of the few reforms of the beginning of the reign that were fully completed. The article uses Parrot's memoirs, his extensive correspondence with the emperor, as well as documents from Parrot's archive, currently stored in the Russian State Historical Archive. The researchers determined the circle of persons who were directly involved in editing the preliminary versions of the text of the Act. The authors come to the conclusion that Emperor Alexander I showed undoubted interest and personal perseverance in the work on the Foundation Act, involving in this work both figures of educational reforms, such as Minister P. V. Zavadovsky, M. N. Muravyov, S. O. Pototsky, and the circle of closest friends, primarily N. N. Novosiltsev and P. A. Stroganov.","PeriodicalId":407912,"journal":{"name":"St. Tikhons' University Review","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139308078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“With the deepest respect and the most perfect devotion”: from the correspondence of merchant M. K. Sidorov with Nikodim (Kazantsev), first bishop of Yeniseysk and Krasnoyarsk (1860s)","authors":"E. Komleva","doi":"10.15382/sturii2023114.156-174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15382/sturii2023114.156-174","url":null,"abstract":"The publication of two letters of the famous merchant, discoverer of the Northern Sea Route Mikhail Konstantinovich Sidorov to the first Yeniseisk and Krasnoyarsk bishop Nikodim (Kazantsev) is presented. The surviving texts dating back to the 1860s testify to the trusting relationship between these two outstanding contemporaries, emphasize their worldview and range of interests. Among the subjects mentioned in the letters there are M.K. Sidorov's donations in favor of the spiritual educational institutions of the Yeniseisk diocese, his service as an honorary guardian of the Krasnoyarsk Religious School, related with that requests of the archpastor, a conflict around the Yeniseisk Convent. At the same time, their communication was not limited exclusively to issues of church life. The bishop was aware of M.K. Sidorov's plans to search for passage through the northern seas and supported this initiative. As the Yeniseisk archpastor, he was particularly interested in the state of the territory of the diocese entrusted to him in the lower reaches of the Yenisei – the Turukhansk Region. The versatility of Bishop Nikodim's personality is emphasized by the mention of his works on the publication of the biography of the Siberian First Martyr Vasily Mangazeyskiy, as well as the telescope sent to him by M.K. Sidorov – a necessary attribute in long journeys to unfamiliar places. Among other things, the letters contain the names of a number of well-known statesmen, high church hierarchs, and large entrepreneurs, which characterizes the correspondents' acquaintances and connections, their social position.","PeriodicalId":407912,"journal":{"name":"St. Tikhons' University Review","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139308025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}