St. Tikhons' University Review最新文献

{"title":"Ignatius Loyola and Konstantin Stanislavsky in the interpretation of Sergey Eisenstein: from mystical ecstasy to editing","authors":"Tinatin Do Egito","doi":"10.15382/sturi2022103.87-107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15382/sturi2022103.87-107","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the point of Soviet art's 1920-1930 influence on secular processes in society. The model of the psychology of art proposed by L. Vygotsky, based on Marxist dogmatics, becomes the starting point for the search of creative elite, particularly, for the film director and art theorist Sergei Eisenstein. They are brought together by a common understanding of art as a sign system aimed at awakening strong emotional disturbances in a person, the culmination of which is by Eisenstein's opinion ecstasy, from Vygotsky's point of view - catharsis. Scientists of the Vygotsky's circle, which also includes Eisenstein, study the phenomena of expanded consciousness, looking for ways to influence an individual, including through the practices of art. The article focuses on Eisenstein's interest in the topic of mystical ecstasy. In his article “Stanislavsky and Loyola”(1937), considered in detail, there's set a parallel between the spiritual practices of medieval ascetics and acting exercises according to the system of K. Stanislavsky. Eisenstein introduces the experience of ecstatic practices, drawn from the exercises of Ignatius Loyola, into the Dionysian art renewed by the revolution. In particular, using the method of editing as a psychotechnics, S. Eisenstein effects the mind of a viewer, inspiring him with utopian ideas of social justice, dating back to classical Marxism.. Avant - garde practices of Soviet art 20-30 years of the 20th century, embodied by S. Eisenstein in cinema, are interpreted according to the tradition of J. Wach – P. Tillich, respectively, as pseudo- and quasi-religious, as well as in the context of the theory of \"atheistic fideism\" in the mode of building an \"atheistic church\" as part of the secularization process. Special attention is paid to the synthesis of science and art. A version is put forward about the implicit nature and secular implications of this large-scale phenomenon, expressed in the transfer of native religious functions to related areas. For the first time in historiography, S. Eisenstein is considered in his quasi-religious persona.","PeriodicalId":407912,"journal":{"name":"St. Tikhons' University Review","volume":"71 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126025519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Second Vatican Council as reflected by French essayists","authors":"I. Rodin","doi":"10.15382/sturii2022108.152-162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15382/sturii2022108.152-162","url":null,"abstract":"The article is dedicated to analysis of the activities and resolutions of the Second Vatican Council Vatican of the Roman Catholic Church in the historical context of the 1960s and its presentation in the studies of the French authors. The attention paid to the opinion of the French intellectual community representatives concerning issues from the Council agenda is justified: the Catholicism in France searched a lot for the resolution of an institutional crisis, originated in the changed role of religion in the citizens life, so the restart of the relations between Church and society declared at the Council became a base for further activities. Moreover, a significant impact on the Second Vatican Council concepts was made by the ideas of the «new theology» school where the core was formed by a group of French theologians.The article shows that the Second Vatican Council and its resolutions was highly appreciated by the French authors, and that their interest towards it touched a lot of different aspects of the discussions led at the Council: social, political, cultural and theological spheres. The authors of the articles and comments discovered the particularities of key idea of the Council: creation and development of the dialogue between Church and society in the actual political conditions. French authors during many decades studied more and more aspects of the Council documents and resolutions, and it is a proof of the importance of the realized meeting for the Catholic community.","PeriodicalId":407912,"journal":{"name":"St. Tikhons' University Review","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127469801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Bible and the spade as E. Brenton’s way to save the poor","authors":"O. Yablonskaya","doi":"10.15382/sturii2022108.34-46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15382/sturii2022108.34-46","url":null,"abstract":"The article, through the activities of the English philanthropist E. Brenton, examines the problem of pauperization of the population of Great Britain in the 19th century, the causes of pauperization, the consequences and solutions are clarified. The results of the analysis of narrative sources and scientific literature are presented, reflecting the difficult socio-economic situation in the country and the activities of E. Brenton aimed at improving the lives of the poor and their children. The philanthropist notes the relationship between industrialization and the growth of unemployment, linking this with the displacement of man from the productive sphere by mechanisms. He rightly condemns the deep property differentiation of society, the unfair wages of workers, the system of enclosures that deprived the peasants of their land. Brenton saw the devastating consequences of pauperization in the spiritual degradation of people, the criminalization of the lower classes, the growth of crimes among minors. His articles criticize the existing system of helping the poor, workhouses, noting that they temporarily alleviated the situation of the poor and encouraged parasitism. E. Brenton developed ways to solve problems based on Christian spiritual values and the Christian principle of tireless work as \"God's work\". The author of the article comes to the conclusion that the eradication of poverty was utopia, with the help of the de-urbanization of the poor population of cities, the allocation of land in rural areas, the refusal to use mechanisms in the production of products. The program to save children from the city's slums was more realistic. E. Brenton rightly establishes the relationship between ignorance and the growth of deviations among minors. Its goal is to create a system of crime prevention through education, where the habits of hard work, order and Christian virtues were instilled in children. The paper considers the implementation of tasks through the \"Society of Children's Friends\" and schools. The author believes that the institutions of E. Brenton, where students received knowledge, religious, labor education, mastered professions, were effective in preventing delinquency and shaping the moral lifestyle of poor children, despite the failures in the implementation of the plan for labor emigration of minors to South Africa.","PeriodicalId":407912,"journal":{"name":"St. Tikhons' University Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130222411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The policy of the Soviet state and the Renovationist schism in Kuban, region (1922–1923)","authors":"N. Kiyashko","doi":"10.15382/sturii2022108.88-104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15382/sturii2022108.88-104","url":null,"abstract":"This article reconstructs the evolution of renovationist schism in the Kuban Diocese, which was one of the main outposts of the schism in the country, based on a wide range of unpublished sources from state and departmental archives. A characteristic feature of the development of the renovationist movement in the region was its support by the overwhelming majority of the clergy of the diocese. More than twelve Kuban clerics became self-appointed hierarchs, some were members of the governing renovationist bodies. The socio-political specifics of the Cossacks and their involvement in the events of the Civil War were reflected in church life, and the clergy, through cooperation with the authorities, sought to whitewash their ministry during the reign of the Volunteer Army. Despite the high religiosity, unlike other southern regions, the anti-renewal movement was local in nature and did not become widespread. As a result of the most severe repressive measures, dozens of clergy who did not recognize the renovationist «Higher Church Administration» (VTsU) were expelled from the region, including the vicar Bishop of Yeisk, Eusebius (Rozhdestvensky), archpriests Alexander Makov and Alexander Purlevsky, etc. The direct connection of the Kuban clergy with the leaders of renovationism, the highest bodies of the Soviet vertical and the leadership of the security agencies provided the necessary support for the schism and the preservation of monopoly in church life for two decades.","PeriodicalId":407912,"journal":{"name":"St. Tikhons' University Review","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122420355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“God in the tundra”, “God in the chum” and “God in the soul”. How soviet secularization influenced the religiosity of the nenets (NAO)","authors":"D. Egorova","doi":"10.15382/sturi2022103.108-120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15382/sturi2022103.108-120","url":null,"abstract":"The modern processes of national revival of the minor indigenous people of Russia include not only a return to the origins of national culture, they also have a religious component. Attempts are being made everywhere to reproduce ancient religious traditions and cult practices. However, the transformation of the religious state that took place during the XX century has not been studied enough, in particular, we have little reliable data on how the active introduction of Soviet ideology influenced this. This article examines the secularization processes that took place during the Soviet period on the territory of the Nenets Autonomous District, reveals the peculiarities of their influence on the life of the minor indigenous people of Russia – the Nenets. The Nenets are heterogeneous due to their wide area of settlement; therefore, various factors influenced the formation of their religious worldview. The Nenets of the NAO differ from the Nenets living in the Yamalo-Nenets and Taimyr Autonomous Districts not only in their linguistic dialect, but also in their cultural traditions. When considering the Nenets of the NAO, it was revealed that the Soviet secularization influenced them to a greater extent than the Nenets of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District and the Taimyr Autonomous District. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to find out how the Soviet secularization influenced the worldview of the Nenets of the NAO. The methodology of this study is based on the K. Dobbelere’s concept of the three-level model of secularization. The materials of the State Archive of the Nenets Autonomous District, the local newspaper “Naryana Vynder” and the results of the field research on the territory of the Nenets Autonomous District from 2014 to 2019 were used as sources.","PeriodicalId":407912,"journal":{"name":"St. Tikhons' University Review","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116557422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three Sees of Peter in the Roman ecclesiological tradition of the end of the 4th — the first half of the 5th centuries","authors":"G. Zakharov","doi":"10.15382/sturi2022103.37-49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15382/sturi2022103.37-49","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the development in the Roman church tradition of the idea of a special status in the Universal Church of the three Peter’s sees: Rome, Alexandria and Antioch. The question of the origins of this ecclesiological construction is connected with the possibility of attributing the third part of the Decretum Gelasianum to the Council of Rome, 382. This hypothesis still causes debate in the scientific literature. The author analyzes references to the special status of Peter's sees in the subsequent tradition up to the middle of the 5th century. We are talking about the texts of Popes Innocent I, Boniface I and Leo the Great, as well as Praefatio longa, which is an introduction to the Nicene canons and dated from the same time. The peculiarity of these texts in comparison with the third part of the Decretum Gelasianum is the correlation in one form or another of the idea of the special ecclesiastical status of Rome, Alexandria and Antioch with the canons of Council of Nicaea (325). The 6th Nicene canon establishes the jurisdiction of the See of Alexandria over Egypt, Libya, and Pentapolis and notes the special significance of Rome and Antioch, but in this text these sees do not line up in any hierarchy, in contrast to the texts of the Roman ecclesiological tradition. There is also no mention in this canon of St. Peter. Considering these circumstances, the author supports the dating of the third part of the Decretum Gelasianum by the period of the pontificate of Pope Damasus I (366–384), believing that the idea of the special status of the three Peter's sees was originally formulated without connection with the 6th canon of the Council of Nicaea, but then was further confirmed by a peculiar interpretation of this text. On the whole, the idea of special significance in the Universal Church of the three sees of Peter is interpreted in the article as a polemical construction, directed mostly against the claims of Constantinople to the status of the New Rome and not strongly correlated (unlike the later model of the pentarchy) with the really existing regional ecclesiatical structures.","PeriodicalId":407912,"journal":{"name":"St. Tikhons' University Review","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130333509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Resolving difficult cases that might happen during Divine Service”. On the sources of one plot in the Uniate liturgical literature of the early 17th century","authors":"M. Korzo","doi":"10.15382/sturii2022108.22-33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15382/sturii2022108.22-33","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes the Latin Sources of an admonition “Pripadkov kotorye byse pry slouzhbie bozhoi mogly prytrafiti roz’viezane” (Resolving difficult cases that might happen during worship). Published for the first time as a part of a larger Uniate manual for the priests in Sluzhebnik (Vilno 1617), the given admonition in an edited form became an organic component of the so-called “Izvestie uchitel’noe, kako dolzhenstvuet iereyu i diakonu sluzhenie w tserkvi svyatoi sovershati” (Instructive admonition how a priest and deacon should perform holy service in the church) in the Russian Rituals. As A.V. Petrovskij has already found out, a significant part of the cases analyzed in “Pripadki” that might happen during worship or Communion have parallels in apostolic, patristic, and conciliar decrees, in works of church literature, which have long existed in the Eastern Christian area. The author of the article argues, that the very effort of systematizing those difficult cases, also their analysis in the context of liturgical editions was borrowed by the compilers of “Pripadki” from the Latin tradition. And the main sources were the headings (rubricae) of the post-Tridentine “Missale Romanum” (Rome 1570). “Summa casuum conscientiae” by the Spanish Jesuit, cardinal Francisco de Toledo became another important source for the Uniate compilation: both for “Pripadki”, as for the whole Uniate manual for the priests Vilna 1617. Familiarity of the Uniate compilers with the work of the Spanish Jesuit is also confirmed by the content of another work, namely – an instruction for the priests how to perform the sacraments in “Trebnik” (Vilna 1617–1618). The given fact allows us to consider both admonitions as a part of a broader program for the elaboration of practical manuals for the Uniate clergy at the beginning of the 17th Century. The article also suggests who could be the author of these compilations.","PeriodicalId":407912,"journal":{"name":"St. Tikhons' University Review","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128391462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Figurative interpretation of the story of the Lord’s entry into Jerusalem in the Christian tradition: a donkey with her colt as an image of Jews and Christians","authors":"Olga Nesterova","doi":"10.15382/sturi2022103.11-36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15382/sturi2022103.11-36","url":null,"abstract":"The article contains an overview of Christian commentaries on the Gospel accounts about Jesus’ triumphal entry into Jerusalem, presenting a particularly noteworthy case of intersection of two principal exegetical traditions, namely the typological and the allegorical one. The story is cited in the Gospels as an incontestable proof of the literal fulfillment of the Old Testament messianic prophecy on the forthcoming King, sitting upon a donkey and its colt (Zech 9:9 according to Matth 21:1-11). Later exegetes come to search a figural meaning of this story by associating two mounts respectably with the Jewish people and the Christians (representing the new God’s chosen people). Such an interpretation was obviously inspired by the solid tradition typological exegesis, where the topic of two rival peoples, represented by the pairs of the biblical patriarchs’ rival sons, have being treated constantly. But the formal transferring of the standard typological meaning to the Gospel story on the Lord’s entry into Jerusalem attested a lacking comprehension of the practical value of the typological method, which was primary aimed to reveal the hidden prophetic and not simply symbolic sense of the Sacred history. The only attempt to connect these interpretations with a typological norm was made by John Chrysostom, who admitted the possibility of discovering a particular kind of prophecies, announced through deeds, not only in the Old, but also in the New Testament. However, even he does not take in account another essential feature of typological interpretations, which not only expanded the range of the so called Tesimonia, proving the validity of Christian belief in the actual coming of the Messiah, but also aimed to provide a justification of Christian claims to the role of the new God-chosen people for the Jewish opponents, for whom the reference to the allegorical meaning of the events of the New Testament history could not have served as a convincing argument.","PeriodicalId":407912,"journal":{"name":"St. Tikhons' University Review","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128695034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Émile Mersch and theology of the russian diaspora","authors":"P. Khondzinskii","doi":"10.15382/sturi2022102.29-49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15382/sturi2022102.29-49","url":null,"abstract":"In 1933 the Catholic scholar Emile Mersch published his work “The Mystical Body of Christ” (Le Corps mystique du Christ), in which the concept of the “mystical body” was traced from early Christian times to the beginning of the 20th century. Having paid tribute to Eastern fathers, Mersch believed that this concept reaches its final synthesis in the works of the “French school” authors in the 17th century, where the concept of personal mystical unity with Christ, dating back to the Rhine mystics, is combined with the idea of St. Cyril of Alexandria and St. Hilary of Pictavia of the “natural” unity of the Church in the Eucharist. Mersch considered this synthesis to be a complete expression of St. Augustine’s teachings of the Church as the “total Christ” (the whole Christ) - totus Christus. Some authors of the diaspora paid their attention to the Mersch’s monography. M. Lot-Borodina wrote a review to this work. Fr. Sergey Bulgakov used this work as a source of the references to blessed Augustine. But it was Fr. Georges Florovsky who treated this work most thoughtfully. In the description of his response to the Mersch’s work, we need to remember that initially Fr. Georges based on the position, which was formed in Russian theology by representatives of “new theology” at the beginning of the 20th century, first of all – the position of metropolitan Antony (Khrapovitsky). This position was characterized by the constitution of the unity of the Church on the moral rather than Eucharistic level. The moral level was regarded, because of the personalistic concept of the mutual transparency of persons, as a natural unity. The article traces the gradual evolution of Fr. Georges’s views from the above concept, through an attempt to combine the teaching of totus Christus with the teaching of metropolitan Anthony, to the unambiguously expressed Christological emphasis in ecclesiology. As a result, Florovsky's late ecclesiology reveals a certain closeness to the ecclesiology of the French school, and hence to Mersch’s general conceptual conclusions.","PeriodicalId":407912,"journal":{"name":"St. Tikhons' University Review","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125608720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Militant baptism” as evaluated by a group of researchers for the Propaganda and agitation department of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union Communist Party","authors":"M. Kolmakova","doi":"10.15382/sturi2022102.119-144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15382/sturi2022102.119-144","url":null,"abstract":"Draft document, currently stored in a single copy in the personal fund of A.I. Klibanov in the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, is published in the article. The document consists of 31 sheets of typewritten text, prepared in June 1966 by a group of scientists (A.I. Klibanov, P.K. Kurochkin, L.N. Mitrokhin, E.G. Filimonov and G.S. Lyalina) for the Propaganda and Agitation Department of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union Communist Party. The authors analyze a lot of material, on the basis of which the first part of the document gives an assessment of the internal schism taking place in the Soviet Baptist Church. A special narrative is given to the activities of Council of Churches of Evangelical Christians-Baptists (CC ECB) and its May protest action, held in the center of Moscow, in which several hundred believers took part. Emphasizing the anti-Soviet sentiments among the followers of the SC ECB, the authors of the document refer to this religious organization first as a «militant church», and later clarify this name in the form «militant Baptism». In the final part, the document contains nine constructive proposals to suppress the conflict between the CC ECB and the state, as well as to normalize interaction between the authorities and various religious organizations. The surviving copy of the document has several losses that could not be replenished. Attempts to find a complete document in various archives and personal funds did not bring any result. Parts of the published document have become the basis for a number of books, pamphlets and articles written by members of the research group who prepared the document. The May protest action and the document published in this article played an important role in the publication of the entire popular science publishing series «Library “Modern Religions”».","PeriodicalId":407912,"journal":{"name":"St. Tikhons' University Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134274658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}