St. Tikhons' University Review最新文献

{"title":"Theistic metaphysics of George Berkley’s \"Alciphron\"","authors":"A. Besedin","doi":"10.15382/sturi2022104.86-103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15382/sturi2022104.86-103","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines George Berkeley’s philosophy of the 1730s, a period that is seldom analyzed by commentators. The article puts forward two theses. First, in 'Alciphron’ (in particular, in dialogues IV and VII) Berkeley offers a new metaphysics in comparison with immaterialism, which can be described as descriptive, using P.F. Stroson's terminology. Second, in Berkeley's philosophical system, 'Alciphron’ should take the first place — the place of introduction. These theses are supported by analyzing the argument for the existence of the Christian God, presented in the fourth dialogue. The article shows that this argument, which is considered by most researchers only as plausible, can be strengthened by referring to the content of the seventh dialogue. The analysis of the seventh dialogue shows the importance of the so-called natural notions for Berkeley's argumentation in 'Alciphron’. Natural notions are accepted by us without any theoretical justification, they are rooted in human nature. Such natural notions include the concept of accountability. It is connected to many other concepts that characterize our attitude to the actions of free agents (for example, guilt and merit). Our reactions to human actions are similar to reactions to the language of the Creator revealed to us in nature (in the case of God our reaction is praise based on admiration for nature). Natural concepts underlie Berkeley's descriptive metaphysics, the main idea of which is that we cannot but consider phenomena as the result of the actions of free rational agents (finite and infinite). This is justified by a transcendental argument: the condition for the existence of society is belief in natural concepts; society exists and is a natural state for man; therefore, we believe in natural concepts. The use of transcendental argumentation supports the thesis the metaphysics of 'Alciphron' is descriptive.","PeriodicalId":407912,"journal":{"name":"St. Tikhons' University Review","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115124521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“The apparent contradictions”: the preface by Sergey Rachinsky to Charles Darwin’s book “On the origin of species”","authors":"Petr Pantuev","doi":"10.15382/sturi2022103.123-138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15382/sturi2022103.123-138","url":null,"abstract":"This publication introduces the preface by Sergey Rachinsky, a profeccor of the Moscow University, to the book of Charles Darwin «On the Origin of Species». Rachinsky is best known in Russia as an educator and the founder of the school in Tatevo, Tver Oblast, and also as a founder of the temperance society in Tatevo. But in his correspondence Rachinsky repeatedly touches on religious and philosophical matters. For example, he gets into an argument with people like Vasily Rozanov and Leo Tolstoy. In addition, Rachinsky left some religious and philosophical works that are still in manuscript. This unpublished work was written in the 1882. Rachinsky touched upon the issues related to Darwin's theory of natural selection. Some of them had been raised before by his famous Russuan contemporaries, such as Nikolay Strakhov, Dmitry Pisarev, Kliment Timiryazev, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Konstantin Pobedonostsev. By the time that the preface was written, disputes over Darwin had been going on more than two decades. Disputes were related not only to «On the Origin of Species», but also to Darwin's later works. At the beginning of the preface Rachinsky commends the theory of natural selection which had proposed a general law of classification of living beings. The main body of the preface is devoted to Darwin's attempt to incorporate human into a genealogical tree of animal species. Rachinsky points out that Charles Darwin tried to gather some animal's characteristics and to work out the image not merely of a human being but of a Christian. Rachinsky calls it “a futile exercise”. He indicates that the inner human world has no precedent in the animal kingdom and believes that it is a miracle. Citing the principle of energy conservation as an example, and aims to show that “a miracle” exists in this theory. At the end of the preface author points out that Darwin's theory is applicable in some areas of science and it has no any contradictions with Christianity. He also points out to critics of this thesis that Church poses no restrictions to the exploration of nature.","PeriodicalId":407912,"journal":{"name":"St. Tikhons' University Review","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124786675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Theology of Isaac Newton: a problem of typology","authors":"Ivan Regulskiy","doi":"10.15382/sturi2022103.50-66","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15382/sturi2022103.50-66","url":null,"abstract":"Disputes about Newton's religious beliefs have already began during Sir Isaac’s life. Over the past two hundred years his beliefs been classified as Anglican, Puritan, Arian, Socinian, Deistic, and even Judaic. Now researchers have come to an unambiguous agreement about Newton's hetero-doxy - the first two versions are refuted, as well as the statement about Sir Isaac's deism. Howev-er, later divergences arose, emphasizing different traditions, whose influence, as different scholars suggest, had the greatest influence on Newton's theology. These discrepancies are related to two problems. First, they require a critical analysis of existing hypotheses, as well as their correlation with each other, in order to establish the validity of each one of them. Some scholars have empha-sized the originality of Newton's theology and rejected attempts to \"squeeze\" him into any particu-lar tradition. True in itself, this thesis suffers from vagueness, since the real uniqueness of New-ton's theology can be regarded as the specific combination of two theological traditions: Arianism with Socinianism. The author of the article, recognizing the fundamental importance of both for the thought of Sir Isaac, aims to show that the uniqueness of his theology is constituted by the combination of Socinian premises with Arian results in triadology. The version about the influ-ence of Judaism on Newton's antitrinitarianism is denied: though it has some grounds, after closer examination in turn out to be untenable. All the parallels and connections of Newton with Juda-ism, which the researchers has pointed out, are either false, or have analogues in the Christian tra-dition.","PeriodicalId":407912,"journal":{"name":"St. Tikhons' University Review","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133744529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why did Kazan diocese have no archbishop in 1574–1575? (some notes on the history of Church governance in Russia in the 16th century)","authors":"A. Usachev","doi":"10.15382/sturii2022108.11-21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15382/sturii2022108.11-21","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the reasons of the absence of the Kazan archbishop, the head of one of the most huge dioceses in the Russian Church in the 16th century, which took the third place in the church hierarchy. It was turned out that probably because of the state of health in February of 1574 archbishop Lavrentii (1568–1574) left it. Earlier he was the abbot of the Volotskii Monastery of St. Josef. Gurii (Rugotin) (1555–1563), German (Sadyrev-Polev) (1564–1567), the Kazan archbishops were also from the Volotskii Monastery of St. Josef. It was impossible to appoint the abbot of the Volotskii Monastery of St. Josef Tikhon (Khvorostinin) (1573–1575) or another one from this monastery to this position in 1574 because of the harmful consequences of the epidemics of 1560-1570s. The Volotskii Monastery and such large monasteries like Trinity-St. Sergius Monastery, the Simonov Monastery etc. lost the significant number of experienced monks prepared for the governing of monasteries and dioceses. Because of the domination of the meritocratical principles in the selection of candidates there were no chances to do something with the lack of prepared monks in a relatively short time. That’s why the authorities in the last third of the 16th century appointed the representatives of less famous monasteries such as the Mahrishchskii Monastery, the Starickii Monastery of Assumption, the Gerasimov Boldin Monastery. In the February of 1575 the representative of the Ipat'ev Monastery in Kostroma, the archbishop of the Novospasskii Monastery Vassian was appointed the head of the Kazan diocese. However he dead in May of 1575. In July of 1575 the abbot of the Volotskii Monastery of St. Josef Tikhon (Khvorostinin) was appointed the head of the Kazan diocese. It was possible because of the personal interference o Ivan IV. He arrived at the Volotskii Monastery of St. Josef and in fact appointed Evfimii (Turkov) (who had denied to become the abbot in 1573) the successor of Tikhon. The research rests on the materials of acts, records of income and expenses, records of donations of the Volotskii Monastery of St. Josef and another monasteries.","PeriodicalId":407912,"journal":{"name":"St. Tikhons' University Review","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121963515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The folk orthodox movement of the “canonists” and movement of the “kurdukovitsy” in the late 1920s in Orenburg district of the Middle Volga region","authors":"E. Bannikova","doi":"10.15382/sturii2022108.105-125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15382/sturii2022108.105-125","url":null,"abstract":"A Christian 's need for extra-liturgical evangelical activity has always existed in the Christian Church and it msanifests itself in intracommunal interation and in service to God, in living the Gospel and in the fullness of life in Christ. Such spiritual aspirations could lead to creating new orthodox communi-ties or to church splits and secrarianism. Those movements often were a reaction to some doubtful or misunderstood activities of the church hierarchy. Various movements of laymen in the Russian Ortho-dox Church through the centuries of its history have been littke-studied and arouse genuine interest in the church environment. The srticle describes the activitiy of orthodox communities such as so-called «canonists» first discovered in the archival documents in the Buzuluk county of Samara province and in the Orenburg county of Orenburg province (since 1928 the Orenburg area of the Middle Volga region). The «canonists» were assessed ambiguously by their contemporaries. The problem is by the in-fluence of so-called «khlystovism» widespread in Russia at the turn of the 20 century. There are exam-ples of alternative communities of so-called «talkers» and «adherents of the orthodox church» and the opposite example of the religious community under the direction of hieromonk Erast (Kurdukov). Like the «canonists» they lived in apocalyptic expectations and existed in late 1920s in Orenburg and in the Orenburg county (later area). The study of laymen community phenomenon helps to adopt positive ex-perience and to avoid mistakes in the activitiy of modern religious organisations.","PeriodicalId":407912,"journal":{"name":"St. Tikhons' University Review","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123088959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Secret monastic communities of the Soviet period. Problems of typology","authors":"A. Beglov","doi":"10.15382/sturii2022108.126-151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15382/sturii2022108.126-151","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this article is to take the next step in the development of a typology of secret monastic communities of the Soviet period. The author considers the development of a typology of the monastic underground in the USSR as a tool for explaining the diversity of forms of this phenomenon. First, the author raises the question of the evolution of the types of monastic life during the transition from the synodal to the Soviet period, and to solve it, he dwells in detail on the classifications of forms of monasteries and monastic life existing in science in the Russian Middle Ages and the Imperial period. The author then points out that the secret communities differed not only in terms of “objective” (for example, gender or age composition), but also in terms of “subjective” features, for example, in the position of their leaders and members in relation to church divisions, or in relation to the adoption new members. Based on this, the article raises the question of the reasons for the formation of various strategies for the behavior of the monks of the Soviet period, as well as the intellectual attitudes that stood behind these strategies. The author concludes that the position in relation to the admission of new members, or openness vs. the closeness of the secret monastic communities was one of their key characteristics, which determined others, including their “objective” parameters.","PeriodicalId":407912,"journal":{"name":"St. Tikhons' University Review","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115243816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-Chalcedonian (Ancient Eastern) communities and the foreign policy of the Russian state and the Church. Late 19th and early 20th centuries","authors":"A. Polunov","doi":"10.15382/sturii2022108.60-73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15382/sturii2022108.60-73","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes the contacts of the Russian state and Church in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century with the non-Chalcedonian communities - the Assyrian-Nestorians of Northern Persia and Eastern Turkey, the Syro-Jacobites of Mesopotamia, the Monophysite Church of Ethiopia. These undertakings, largely determined by the desire to strengthen the religious and ideological influence of Russia in the strategically important regions of the world, were not, at the same time, purely pragmatic. Factors of a cultural and symbolic nature were also of great importance, namely, the opportunity to get in touch with the heritage of ancient churches, whose historical roots dates back to biblical times, to take them under Russia's protection and thereby elevate the role of the Russian Church in the international stage. Russia's help would make it possible to reveal the cultural riches hidden in the bowels of remote religious communities, to create the basis for the revival of Christianity in the vast expanses of Asia and Africa. The doctrinal basis for expanding contacts with non-Chalcedonian churches was the idea of the proximity of their doctrine to the dogmas of the Orthodox Church. The undertakings of the Russian church-state structures resulted in the foundation of the Russian mission in Urmia (Persia), the conversion of part of the Nestorians and Syro-Jacobites to Orthodoxy, the strengthening of ties with the church of Ethiopia, and help to Ethiopian Christians in returning the shrines of Jerusalem that once belonged to them. Successfully developing activity was interrupted by the First World War and the revolution. However, the relationship of the Russian Church with the non-Chalcedonian confessions continued in the second half of the 20th century.","PeriodicalId":407912,"journal":{"name":"St. Tikhons' University Review","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122992427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Participation of steamships of the Solovetsky monastery in the defense of the Russian North in 1914–1917","authors":"S. Singh","doi":"10.15382/sturii2022108.47-59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15382/sturii2022108.47-59","url":null,"abstract":"The history of the Solovetsky Monastery is full of bright events, which are covered in detail in historiography. However, the participation of the monastery in the First World War practically did not attract the attention of researchers. The monastery, being far from the fighting on the front line, found itself in the thick of events unfolding in the Arctic Ocean. Caravans of foreign ships with military cargo went to Arkhangelsk, and the German command sought to disrupt these transportations. Since the Russian Navy in the Russian North were limited to the small vessel Bakan, the mobilization of steamships of private owners began, one of which was the Solovetsky Monastery. As a result, the attracted merchant ships managed to form the Arctic Ocean Flotilla. The Solovetsky ships Vera, Solovetsky and Mikhail Archangel and their crew were not prepared to solve military problems, but they carried out a dangerous and routine service, without which the functioning of sea lanes in such a difficult time would have been impossible. The ship Vera played a special role in the organization of convoys, as it became the flagship of the Minesweepers party of the White Sea. This article is devoted to the fate of this vessel, as well as the contribution of the monastery to the defense of the Russian North.","PeriodicalId":407912,"journal":{"name":"St. Tikhons' University Review","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125798315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Features of sentencing by Moscow revolutionary tribunal for the clergy and believers in 1918–1920","authors":"V. Nikonov","doi":"10.15382/sturii2022108.74-87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15382/sturii2022108.74-87","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes the cases of the Moscow Revolutionary Tribunal, directed against the clergy and believers, deposited in the funds of the Central State Archive of the Moscow region. Along with high-profile processes, such as the \"Case of the Council of United Parishes\" (\"The case of A.D. Samarin, N.D. Kuznetsov\") 1919-1920, the Moscow trials (\"The 1st and 2nd trials of churchmen\") of 1922, which resulted from a campaign to seize church values, the author examines lesser-known cases accusing rural clergy of resisting the Decree on the separation of Church and state and counter-revolutionary activities. Analyzing the sentences of the Moscow Revolutionary Tribunal handed down in the period of 1918-1920s. with regard to the clergy and clergy, as well as laypeople, the author comes to the conclusion that the main purpose of the tribunal was a policy of intimidation of the clergy and believers, demonstration of the omnipotence of the new government and the permissiveness of its punitive bodies. The general trend in the work of the Moscow Revolutionary Tribunal was the practice of issuing initial demonstratively harsh sentences, which were immediately replaced by lighter, and sometimes even conditional, sentences at the same meeting of the tribunal. In some cases, the mitigation of sentences took place in several stages, as a result, even those initially sentenced to death were released within 2-3 years after arrest. The article notes that most of the clergy tried by the Moscow Revolutionary Tribunal no longer left the field of view of the organs of the Cheka-OGPU-NKVD and were subsequently arrested, many more than once. For them, the fact of conviction and even acquittal by the revolutionary tribunal became a kind of marker that marked the future victims of the repressive system.","PeriodicalId":407912,"journal":{"name":"St. Tikhons' University Review","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127931449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The origins of the “controversy about Sophia”: E. N. Trubetskoy as a critic of sophiology","authors":"N. Vaganova","doi":"10.15382/sturi2022103.69-84","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15382/sturi2022103.69-84","url":null,"abstract":"The recent growth in research interest in sophology forces us to revisit the criticisms of this teaching that were voiced during the so-called \"Paris controversy\". The failure of the critique of Father Sergius Bulgakov's sophology by the latter is becoming more and more evident. The criticism of Bulgakov's theology by theologians is becoming increasingly obvious. In particular, the sources of the doctrine were incorrectly identified, and the accusations of heresy made on behalf of some hierarchs of the Russian Church made it impossible to continue the polemic. It now seems that sophology was the moment of a crisis of philosophy in Russian theology. In order to make the critique of sophology more substantive, a revision of the accusations that have been made against Bulgakov's teaching is necessary. The article proposes a return to the first stage of the critique of sophology, which has not been continued due to historical circumstances. As early as 1918 E.N. Trubetskoy wrote that Bulgakov's main mistake was the Gnostic understanding of Sofia. According to Trubetskoy, introducing the qualities of subjectivity and psychologism into Sofia leads to a similarity with the demiurge from Plato's dialogue \"Timaeus\". The analysis of Trubetskoy's criticism shows that the real reason for this accusation was his rejection of the version of the solution to the transcendental problem of religion which Bulgakov proposed in 'The Everlasting Light'. Here Bulgakov, based on his Philosophy of Economy, develops the concept of Sofia in connection with the concept of the transcendental subject in Kant's philosophy and points out the fundamental connection of the above problematics with Kant's third critique. From Trubetskoy's point of view, a Christian resolution of the \"problem of Sofia\" is possible only by identifying Sofia with Plato's world of divine ideas. By the Christian doctrine of Wisdom he understands his own interpretation of Platonic idealism. An analysis of Trubetskoy's sophiological ideas leads to the conclusion that they incorporate both the views and intuitions of V.S. Soloviev and many of Bulgakov's ideas and are not original.","PeriodicalId":407912,"journal":{"name":"St. Tikhons' University Review","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132085143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}