Polymer最新文献

{"title":"Elucidating rubber loading-unloading mechanical response and permanent set using combined hyperelastic-pseudoelastic-viscoelastic/plastic model","authors":"Gao Pan ,&nbsp;Li Liu ,&nbsp;Jichuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Fanzhu Li","doi":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.129111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.129111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rubber materials exhibit extremely complex nonlinear mechanical responses under complex actual service conditions such as large deformation and periodic cyclic loading. Using only a hyperelastic constitutive model to describe these responses can significantly deviate from the actual response. A comprehensive understanding of material damage and permanent set behavior is imperative for guiding the design optimization and reliability evaluation of long-life, high-performance rubber components. In this paper, the uniaxial tensile recovery curve of natural rubber (NR)composites and the uniaxial and equibiaxial mode tensile recovery curves of Eucommia ulmoides gum (EUG) composites were obtained through experiments. Three constitutive model combinations (Yeoh hyperelastic model, Ogden-Roxburgh pseudoelastic model and Prony series viscoelastic model/Parallel Rheological Framework model/Plastic model) were used to fit the uniaxial tensile recovery curve of natural rubber composites. Among them, the hyperelastic-pseudoelastic-PRF (Parallel Rheological Framework) nonlinear viscoelastic model showed excellent fitting ability, and the coefficient of determination <em>R</em>² of the fitting result reached 0.995. In order to expand the application scenarios of the hyperelastic-pseudoelastic-PRF model combination, it was applied to the uniaxial and equibiaxial tensile recovery deformation analysis of EUG composites. The results show that the combination of hyperelastic-pseudoelastic-PRF model can achieve high-precision prediction of the loading-unloading mechanical response of rubber under different loading modes, and the coefficient of determination <em>R</em>² of the uniaxial and equibiaxial tensile recovery simulation data exceeds 0.985. By verifying the Drucker stability of the hyperelastic model, this method can provide a solution to the problem that complex nonlinear constitutive equations such as the hyperelastic-pseudoelastic-PRF model combination are difficult to converge in practical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":405,"journal":{"name":"Polymer","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 129111"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145084214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cell membrane–inspired reverse dialysis approach for preparation of hydrogels with tunable mechanical properties of high strength and toughness","authors":"Xiao-Rui Ge ,&nbsp;Mei-Yan Ling ,&nbsp;Jia-Ying Chen ,&nbsp;Dingding Lü ,&nbsp;Xin-Xin Chen ,&nbsp;Bei Zhang ,&nbsp;Aijun Wan ,&nbsp;En-Jiang Liu ,&nbsp;Jie Chen ,&nbsp;Xiao-Hui Yao ,&nbsp;Xue-Yang Wang ,&nbsp;Wei-Guo Zhao ,&nbsp;Dong-Yang Zhang ,&nbsp;Tao Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.129106","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.129106","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogels are important biomaterials that have vital applications in multiple fields. The effective preparation of tough hydrogels that meet the requirements of multifunctional application remains a great challenge. Inspired by the water absorption and loss across cell membranes in nature, a novel strategy of reverse dialysis (external hydrophilic substance regulates the structure of internal polymer) was proposed. The strategy involves regulating the difference in internal and external osmotic pressure, which, in turn, regulates the hydrogen bond formation in the polymer chain. Compared to the traditional methods of hydrogel preparation, the preparation time in this study is restricted to within 3 h. During the reverse dialysis process, nanofiber-like structures were successfully formed inside the hydrogel. Especially at low concentrations of PVA (5 % w/v), ordered fiber structures are formed. The tensile strength and toughness can be modulated within the approximate range of 0.24–41.52 MPa and 1.42–222.62 MJ/m³, respectively. The hydrogel was found to exhibit good biocompatibility, ionic conductivity (up to 7.80 S/m), and frost resistance; it can be employed in supercapacitors as a solid electrolyte. The reverse dialysis method described in this study provides a sound framework for the preparation of strong and tough hydrogels with multifunctional applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":405,"journal":{"name":"Polymer","volume":"339 ","pages":"Article 129106"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145084215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polyurethane coating with PDMS/Fe2O3/microencapsulated APP: Enhanced flame retardancy and aging resistance performance","authors":"Lingxin He ,&nbsp;Jiaqing Zhang ,&nbsp;Yi Guo ,&nbsp;Yubiao Huang ,&nbsp;Rui Liu ,&nbsp;Fengju Shang ,&nbsp;Tao Sun ,&nbsp;Xianli Zhu ,&nbsp;Xia Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.129114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.129114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cable fireproof coatings are functional materials applied to cable surfaces, designed to form a protective barrier during heating or fire, thereby preventing or slowing flame propagation. This study developed a novel hydrophobic and fireproof coating PU-Fe₂O₃@MAPP/PDMS, based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), metal oxides (γ-Fe₂O₃), and microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP). The optimized formulation of PU-Fe₂O₃@MAPP/PDMS is comprising of 30 wt% PDMS, 1.5 wt% γ-Fe₂O₃, and 10 wt% MAPP, which demonstrated a peak heat release rate (PHRR) reduction of 46.6 % compared to unmodified polyurethane (PU) coatings, alongside superior hydrophobicity (water contact angle 109.9°). The aging processes led to a deterioration in both flame-retardant and hydrophobic properties for both PU and PU-Fe₂O₃@MAPP/PDMS coatings. Notably, the PU-Fe₂O₃@MAPP/PDMS coating demonstrated superior aging resistance, outperforming the unmodified PU in terms of maintaining flame-retardant and hydrophobic functionalities over extended aging periods. Mechanistic studies revealed synergistic effects of PDMS (promoting char formation), γ-Fe₂O₃ (catalytic flame inhibition), and MAPP (gas-phase radical quenching), alongside enhanced aging resistance due to PDMS's molecular entanglement with the PU matrix. This work provides a scalable strategy for designing multifunctional coatings tailored for harsh cable trench environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":405,"journal":{"name":"Polymer","volume":"339 ","pages":"Article 129114"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145084446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An infection-responsive collagen-based wet-spun textile fibre for wound monitoring","authors":"Jonathon Gorman ,&nbsp;Charles Brooker ,&nbsp;Xinyu Li ,&nbsp;Giuseppe Tronci","doi":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.129113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.129113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wound infections are a significant clinical and socioeconomic challenge, contributing to delayed healing and increased wound chronicity. To enable early infection detection and inform therapeutic decisions, this study investigated the design of pH-responsive collagen fibres using a scalable wet spinning process, evaluating product suitability for textile dressings and resorbable sutures. Type I collagen was chemically functionalised with 4-vinylbenzyl chloride, enabling UV-induced crosslinking and yielding mechanically robust fibres. Bromothymol blue, a halochromic dye responsive to pH changes, was incorporated via drop-casting to impart visual infection-responsive colour change. Gravimetric analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy confirmed high dye loading, whereby a Loading Efficiency of 99 ± 3 wt% was achieved. The fibres exhibited controlled swelling in aqueous environments (Swelling Ratio: 323 ± 79–492 ± 73 wt%) and remarkable wet-state Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS: 12±3–15 ± 7 MPa), while up to ca. 30 wt% of their initial crosslinked mass was retained after 24 h in a collagenase-rich buffer (pH 7.4, 37 °C, 2 CDU) and ethanol series dehydration. Importantly, distinct and reversible colour transitions were observed between acidic (pH 5) and alkaline (pH 8) environments, with up to 88 wt% dye retention following 72-h incubation. The fibres were successfully processed into woven dressing prototypes and demonstrated knotting ability suitable for suture applications. Overall, these wet-spun collagen fibres integrate infection-responsive capability, biodegradability, and scalable fabrication, representing a promising platform for smart wound dressings and resorbable sutures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":405,"journal":{"name":"Polymer","volume":"339 ","pages":"Article 129113"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145084213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Active bilayer films based on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) and proteins containing rutin and carvacrol encapsulated in Pickering emulsion","authors":"Beatriz Guevara-Guerrero ,&nbsp;Eva Hernández-García ,&nbsp;Chelo González-Martínez ,&nbsp;Paulo José do Amaral Sobral","doi":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.129110","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.129110","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>One strategy to improve the performance of protein-based films is the development of bilayer structures with complementary properties. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) is a biodegradable biosynthetic polyester that exhibits complementary barrier properties to those of protein-based films. The objective of this study was to obtain and characterize active bilayer films composed of PHBV/gelatin (GE) or sodium caseinate (SC) monolayers films that incorporate rutin and carvacrol in Pickering emulsion (PE). The bilayers were produced by thermocompression. In general, the incorporation of PE in the monolayer films decreased the oxygen permeability (OP) by 27.6 % for GE and 5 % for SC, respectively, which was attributed to an increase in the film tortuosity and provided the films with remarkable antioxidant activity, especially in the less polar simulant. Furthermore, in gelatin films the incorporation of PE also provided them with greater mechanical resistance (increase 29 %) that suggested the presence of significant phenolics-gelatin interactions. Laminating the protein-based films with a PHBV layer conferred the bilayer films with significantly improved water and oxygen barrier properties (0.15 g/m·h·kPa and 70 cm³/m·h·kPa, respectively) and mechanical performance intermediate between those of the respective monolayer films. The PE-loaded bilayer films exhibited enhanced oxygen barrier capacity with a reduction of OP of 16–38 % but with reduced antioxidant activity by ∼19 % compared to the monolayer films. Furthermore, a mild antimicrobial activity against <em>E. coli</em> was observed in the PE-loaded bilayer films. Given this, the bilayer structures demonstrate potential for extending the shelf life of foods and offer a sustainable alternative for active food packaging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":405,"journal":{"name":"Polymer","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 129110"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145078015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polystyrene graft modification of cotton fibers by ATRP in situ surface roughening and superhydrophobic fabrics","authors":"Zhuoxin Wen ,&nbsp;Xiaoyue Yang ,&nbsp;Meiqi Wang ,&nbsp;Jia Yang ,&nbsp;Manman Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhanxiong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.129102","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.129102","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide (BIBB) was used to gain access to the active site of an atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) reaction on fiber surface to prepare a Cotton-Br macromolecular initiator. It was then used to trigger the ATRP polymerization of styrene under the PMDETA/CuBr system. The influence of monomer concentration, bath ratio, and grafting time on the in situ generation of micro- and nanomorphic coatings on fiber surfaces were also investigated. Cotton-PS, a cotton fabric with controllable rough morphology of fiber surface, was obtained through the adjustment of grafting reaction conditions. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and atomic force microscope (AFM) test proved that grafting reaction was successful. The C–Br on coating surface can condensed with perfluoropolyether carboxylic acid (PFPE-COOH), and the ensuing reaction introduces Diazabicycloundecene (DBU), thereby activating the PFPE-COOH. Under mild reaction conditions, this process produces superhydrophobic cotton fabrics. The effect of different molecular weight PFPE-COOHs on hydrophobicity was also investigated during chemical modification. The contact angle (CA) of modified cotton fabric increased from 144.8 ± 3.6° to 155.2 ± 3.5° after chemical modification with PFPE-COOH, exhibiting superhydrophobicity. The finished fabric showed excellent oil-water separation performance. Subsequent to the completion of 10 cycle tests, its oil-water separation efficiency was maintained at 98.6 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":405,"journal":{"name":"Polymer","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 129102"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145078020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cationic polymerization of isobutylene by AlCl3 in polar solvents at mild temperatures","authors":"Lys H.R. Mangia ,&nbsp;Jéssica Bentes ,&nbsp;Mateus K. Vasconcelos ,&nbsp;Maxmiliano Tatagiba ,&nbsp;Juliana Fidalgo ,&nbsp;Daniela Campos ,&nbsp;Marcio das V. Rebouças ,&nbsp;Marcio Henrique dos S. Andrade ,&nbsp;José Carlos Pinto","doi":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.129096","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.129096","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the present study, adiabatic cationic polymerizations of isobutylene catalyzed by aluminum chloride were performed in different polar solvents (dichloromethane, dichloroethane and their mixtures with n-hexane), temperatures (10 °C and 30 °C) and concentrations of co-catalysts (water and dibutyl ether, DBE) to evaluate the respective impacts on the microstructure of the produced poly (isobutylene) (PIB). Reactions performed at 30 °C were characterized by quick heat release, fast polymerization kinetics and production of PIB samples with low average molar masses (&lt;1300 Da), high polydispersities (4.57) and up to 25.7 mol% of vinyl content (conventional PIB, CPIB). On the other hand, reactions performed at 10 °C and with higher concentration of DBE provided highly reactive PIB (HRPIB) (vinyl content of 71.8 mol%) with low average molar masses (around 1600 Da) and lower polydispersity (3.68). Empirical mathematical modeling showed that temperature and DBE concentration exerted the most significant influences on vinyl content and molar mass, suggesting that these parameters can be used to modulate β-H elimination in the cationic polymerization of PIB towards the synthesis of conventional or HRPIB at non cryogenic temperatures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":405,"journal":{"name":"Polymer","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 129096"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145072209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular architecture engineering of Oligo(dimethylsiloxane) functionalized giant surfactants for self-assembled Sub-10 nm nanostructures","authors":"Jingyuan Tang ,&nbsp;Zhan Ma ,&nbsp;Genyou Shi ,&nbsp;Weiyi Li ,&nbsp;Xiaoyi Kuang ,&nbsp;Han Hao ,&nbsp;Yuzhi Li ,&nbsp;Baixuan Deng ,&nbsp;Xiang Liu ,&nbsp;Haoliu Chen ,&nbsp;Yangyi Shi ,&nbsp;Xiao-Yun Yan ,&nbsp;Qing-Yun Guo ,&nbsp;Xing-Han Li ,&nbsp;Huanyu Lei ,&nbsp;Xue-Hui Dong ,&nbsp;Stephen Z.D. Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.129104","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.129104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Giant surfactants incorporating polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) cages and tailorable polystyrene (PS) tails, were developed to achieve sub-10 nm nanostructures through molecular self-assembly. We have designed a series of giant surfactants by functionalizing POSS cages with oligo(dimethylsiloxane) (<em>o</em>DMS) ligands. Molecular architectures, including <em>o</em>DMS ligand lengths, the number of PS chain(s) and molecular weights were systematically synthesized to precisely control critical dimensions of self-assembled nanostructures. With changing those structural parameters, a phase transition from lamellar to hexagonal columnar structures was identified. Notably, the hexagonal columnar structures are practically important in direct self-assembly techniques. Furthermore, highly ordered sub-10 nm line patterns were successfully fabricated via spin-coating and reactive ion etching, providing molecular design strategies for advanced nanolithography. This study not only expands the structural design of giant surfactants but also demonstrates their promising applications in nanomanufacturing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":405,"journal":{"name":"Polymer","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 129104"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145072210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Highly stretchable, magnetic responsive, shape memory polymer composites via digital light processing 3D printing: Synthesis, characterization and applications","authors":"Dingpeng Peng ,&nbsp;Zean lin ,&nbsp;Dhandapani Kuzhandaivel ,&nbsp;Xiaowen Pu ,&nbsp;Lixin Wu ,&nbsp;Zixiang Weng","doi":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.129109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.129109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shape Memory Polymers (SMPs) have emerged as a promising class of intelligent materials because of their unique ability to respond to external stimuli. The proposed method for fabricating magnetic shape-memory polymer composites (DLP-M-SMPs) using digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing technology represents a significant advancement in this field. By combining the shape memory properties of SMPs with their magnetic responsiveness, these composites can overcome the limitations of traditional thermally driven SMPs, such as their narrow operating temperature ranges and poor adaptability to harsh environments. The DLP-M-SMPs developed in this study demonstrated remarkable mechanical properties and shape-memory performance. With a high elongation at break of 760 % at room temperature, these materials exhibit exceptional flexibility and durability. Shape fixation rates exceeding 96 % and shape recovery rates exceeding 99 % indicate their ability to reliably maintain and recover programmed shapes. Furthermore, the successful 3D printing of complex structures capable of shape recovery under magnetic actuation demonstrated the versatility and potential of these materials for various applications. This innovative approach for fabricating high-resolution, high-performance magnetic shape-memory materials opens up new possibilities in fields such as flexible robotics and biomedical engineering, where precise control and adaptability are crucial.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":405,"journal":{"name":"Polymer","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 129109"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145078013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable flame retardant design for biodegradable polybutylene succinate using tea residue-derived additives","authors":"Chane-Yuan Yang ,&nbsp;Chin-Lung Chiang ,&nbsp;Chen-Feng Kuan ,&nbsp;Hsu-Chiang Kuan ,&nbsp;Tsang-Ching Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.129105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.129105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address pressing environmental concerns such as net-zero emissions and the circular economy, this study presents a novel, sustainable intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system derived from agricultural waste, tea residues (TRs). TRs were combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as an acid source and melamine (MEL) as a gas source at a mass ratio of 1:3:1 to form a synergistic TR/APP/MEL (TRAM) flame retardant, which was incorporated into biomass-based polybutylene succinate (PBS) to produce flame-retardant biocomposites. As an effort to further enhance charring efficiency, zinc oxide (ZnO) was introduced as a catalyst, preparing a second IFR system, TR/APP/ZnO (TRAZO). Combustion testing showed that incorporating 30 wt% TRAM into PBS increased the limiting oxygen index (LOI) from 22 % (neat PBS) to 40 % and achieved a UL-94 V-0 rating with no dripping. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed improved thermal stability, with char residue increasing from 1.98 wt% to 14.39 wt%. Additionally, the TRAZO-based composite containing only 20 wt% IFR also achieved a UL-94 V-0 rating and an LOI of 30 %, indicating that introduciton of ZnO effectively eliminated dripping of PBS composite by the graphitized char formation during combustion, thereby enhancing the flame retardancy. Cone calorimetry (CCT) results further demonstrated that TRAM significantly reduced the heat release and smoke production. These results highlight the potential of TR-derived IFRs, including TRAM and TRAZO, as green, halogen-free, and efficient flame retardants for biodegradable polymers. This approach supports the development of sustainable flame-retardant materials aligned with circular economy principles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":405,"journal":{"name":"Polymer","volume":"339 ","pages":"Article 129105"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145072211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}