Polymer最新文献

{"title":"Polyester transesterification through reactive blending and its applications: a comprehensive review","authors":"W.H. Leung ,&nbsp;E.M. Leitao ,&nbsp;C.J.R. Verbeek","doi":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128488","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128488","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transesterification through reactive blending provides a simple, solventless, and versatile reaction for creating copolymers between polyesters and polycarbonate blends adaptable to diverse applications. However, controlling transesterification to tailor properties has proven challenging due to the complex interconnected parameters influencing the process. This review provides a comprehensive analysis, covering topics from reaction mechanisms to applications, to reveal critical parameters in governing transesterification and establishing a framework for controlling transesterification to suit commercial needs. Our analysis has found that catalyst-related parameters such as composition, loading and solubility emerge as the most critical factors in controlling the transesterification rate. Blend compositions also play an important role, which can independently influence both transesterification efficiency and materials properties through its impact on morphology, necessitating a combination of quantitative techniques to assess the effectiveness of transesterification. These complexities are further exacerbated by the unique dynamics of pairing polymers with drastically different viscosities and residual additives, which causes inconsistent outcomes and contradictory findings in the literature. While blending compatibilization through transesterification, particularly <em>P</em>C-aromatic polyester blends, has been extensively studied, other impactful applications, such as synthesising high-performance ionomers or biodegradable copolymers, are largely underexplored. In addition, a significant research gap remains in exploring diverse polymer systems for innovating new materials and upscaling transesterification through advanced processing techniques such as reactive extrusion for practical relevance. Addressing these areas can fully utilise transesterification's versatility, especially in upcycling polyester waste into novel copolymer materials with tailored functionalities, fostering a circular economy. Such advancement in this field can progress new material development and offer a simple and cost-effective approach to bridging the gap between scientific innovation and industrial applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":405,"journal":{"name":"Polymer","volume":"329 ","pages":"Article 128488"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143915816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sulphonated hyperbranched wholly bio-based waterborne polyurethane sizing agents for strengthening the wettability and mechanical properties of carbon fibres","authors":"Mengyao Zhang ,&nbsp;Xin Song ,&nbsp;Chao Zhou ,&nbsp;Li Liu ,&nbsp;Guangfeng Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128510","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128510","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The surface of carbon fibres (CF) is covered with numerous carbon-containing groups that appear chemically inert, which results in poor wettability and infiltration of the fibres. Additionally, industrial wet-weaving create surface grooves and defects on CF, reducing mechanical performance and product lifespan. To enhance CF's application value and performance, eco-friendly water-soluble resins are needed for sizing. Wholly bio-based waterborne polyurethane (CWPU) prepared by replacing petroleum-based materials with natural renewable bio-extracts and crop-derivatives are attracting the attentions in the CF industries. However, CWPU made with bio-based reagents including castor oil (CO), <span>l</span>-lysine diisocyanate (L-LDI), and gallic acid (GA) exhibits low thermal stability, mechanical strength, and adhesion. In addition to the use of GA as a former chain-extender and cross-linker, the study introduced diaminosulphonate segments with excellent hydrophilicity and polarity into the hyperbranched side-chains of CWPU by the post chain-extension method. SWPU revealed favourable thermal stability and mechanical properties achieving a T5 % decomposition temperature of 293.8 °C and a maximum tensile strength of 41.3 MPa. The \"polar similarity compatibility\" effects of the reactive groups in SWPU together with the synergism of SO₃Na strengthened hydrogen bonding and CO-GA hyperbranched cross-linking networks significantly improved the surface energy (70.9 mN/m), roughness (58.1 nm) and tensile strength (5.8 GPa) of the filaments. The morphological testing of SWPU-CF proved the effectiveness of the sizing coatings in repairing defects on fibre surfaces. As a high-performance and eco-friendly sizing agent, SWPU could contribute to the green and sustainable development of CF used in the new energy vehicle and high-speed railway industries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":405,"journal":{"name":"Polymer","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 128510"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143915817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogen bond-driven rigid filling strategy: Regulation of epoxy resin network structure and properties by anchored groups","authors":"Shuai Li,&nbsp;Junliang He,&nbsp;Shitian Han,&nbsp;Fei Chen,&nbsp;Yuhang Zhang,&nbsp;Yang Chen,&nbsp;Huawei Zou","doi":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128511","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128511","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The free volume within an epoxy resin curing system is recognized as a critical determinant of its modulus. This study introduces a \"hydrogen bond-driven rigid filling effect,\" achieved by incorporating rigid anchored groups of varying sizes into the epoxy resin system. These groups enhance network densification through conformational transitions and Π-Π stacking interactions, effectively reducing free volume while improving the glass transition temperature (T_g), mechanical properties, and thermal stability of the cured system. Notably, smaller benzene ring groups within the RAE complex system demonstrate greater efficacy in filling network voids. This study elucidates the role of rigid filling in epoxy resin networks, highlighting the enhancement of hydrogen bonding sites within attached groups. These findings present a novel approach for designing high-performance epoxy resin materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":405,"journal":{"name":"Polymer","volume":"329 ","pages":"Article 128511"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143915787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Controlled-release systems for agrochemicals using biodegradable block copolymers with low-temperature formability","authors":"Hiroto Tada ,&nbsp;Neha Sharma ,&nbsp;Takaya Okazaki ,&nbsp;Ikuo Taniguchi","doi":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128507","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128507","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biodegradable block copolymers composed of poly(1,5-dioxepan-2-one) (PDXO), poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC), or poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) with poly(<span>l</span>-lactide) (PLLA) were evaluated as matrix materials for controlled-release pesticide formulations. These polymers can be molded under pressure at low temperatures, allowing incorporation of heat-sensitive agrochemicals without thermal degradation. Clothianidin, a neonicotinoid insecticide, was embedded in these polymer matrices and processed into granule-type formulations. Release studies in aqueous and soil environments demonstrated sustained release over one month, attributed to the gradual enzymatic degradation of the polymer matrices by soil microbes. The formulations maintained pesticidal activity throughout the release period. These results indicate that biodegradable baroplastic copolymers are suitable carriers for controlled-release agrochemicals, offering both environmental compatibility and functional performance. Their pressure-induced processability and biodegradability make them a promising alternative to conventional non-degradable plastics, enabling long-term efficacy while reducing environmental impact and supporting sustainable agricultural practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":405,"journal":{"name":"Polymer","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 128507"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143915813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation, performance and application of photochromic thermal expansion microcapsules containing spiropyran in water-based ink","authors":"Jingjing Ren ,&nbsp;Li An ,&nbsp;Siqiao Zhang ,&nbsp;Ran Mo ,&nbsp;Fanghua Pan ,&nbsp;Yuwei Hao ,&nbsp;Zhiqing Xin ,&nbsp;Zhicheng Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128462","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128462","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel type of photochromic thermally expandable microcapsules (PTEMs) were prepared through suspension polymerization. The shell material of the microcapsules consisted of acrylonitrile (AN), methyl methacrylate (MMA), and methyl acrylate (MA). The core material utilized n-hexane as a foaming agent containing photochromic dye (spiropyran). On the basis of the preparation, the investigation further focused on the chemical structure, surface morphology, particle size, color-changing ability, and thermal expansion of the microcapsules. Additionally, the PTEMs were used in water-based inks with good compatibility and for screen printing to obtain patterns. Meanwhile, the color changeability of the printed samples was evaluated using a portable colorimeter. Eventually, the results demonstrated that the printed products exhibited excellent color change and thermal expansion capabilities. In future, the PTEMs will have the potential to develop water-based ink applications in anti-counterfeiting and smart packaging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":405,"journal":{"name":"Polymer","volume":"329 ","pages":"Article 128462"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143915789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A redox-active covalent organic framework with azo units for supercapacitor applications","authors":"Lin Guo ,&nbsp;Yongfen Tong ,&nbsp;Qiubing Li ,&nbsp;Juanqi Zhong ,&nbsp;Qiuhua Xu ,&nbsp;Aiqing Zhang ,&nbsp;Dan Zhou ,&nbsp;Yu Xie ,&nbsp;Jinsheng Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128484","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128484","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Covalent organic frameworks (COF) exhibiting high specific surface area and pseudocapacitive activity are considered ideal candidates for energy storage electrode materials. Herein, two covalent organic frameworks (TFPAZO-COF and TFPDT-COF) with and without azo units in the backbone was synthesized and their potential application as a supercapacitor electrode material was explored. The specific surface area of the synthesized TFPAZO-COF was enhanced by using pyrrolidine in place of acetic acid as a catalyst, resulting in a value of 1010.9 m² g⁻¹. Moreover, TFPAZO-COF is enriched with abundant azo groups to achieve proton Grotthuss transfer and enhance the redox reaction of the electrode. The synergy between the double layer capacitance resulting from the adsorption of a large number of ions on the large specific surface area and the Faraday capacitance generated by the azo unit endows TFPAZO-COF excellent electrochemical properties. When evaluated in a three-electrode configuration with 1 M H₂SO₄ as the electrolyte, the specific capacity of TFPAZO-COF reaches 178 F/g at 0.5 A/g, significantly surpassing the performance of TFPDT-COF. Additionally, the asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) device consisting of TFPAZO-COF and activated carbon (AC) achieved a maximum energy density and power density of 11.5 W h/kg and 450 W/kg, respectively. Furthermore, the TFPAZO-COF//AC ASC exhibits exceptional cycling stability, maintaining 86.1 % of its initial capacitance after 8000 cycles at 1 A/g.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":405,"journal":{"name":"Polymer","volume":"329 ","pages":"Article 128484"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143910446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of a multi-armed bio-based cardanol ester plasticizer for efficient plasticization of PLA","authors":"Canli Huang ,&nbsp;Kai Cai ,&nbsp;Qingdong Wang ,&nbsp;Shuhua Tu ,&nbsp;Jie Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128478","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128478","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polylactic acid (PLA) suffers from inherent brittleness, while the high migration tendency of conventional plasticizers further limits its practical application in flexible materials. In this study, a multi-armed bio-based plasticizer (LST) was synthesized from cardanol through a two-step process: cardanol was first esterified with succinic anhydride to yield a linear intermediate (LS), which then reacted with triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC) to form the branched plasticizer LST. Owing to its branched molecular architecture, LST exhibited significantly reduced migration compared to LS, the linear intermediate formed in the first reaction step. At an addition level of 20 wt%, the migration rate of LST was 0.19 %, markedly lower than that of LS (0.48 %). Simultaneously, LST improved the elongation at break of PLA to 276 % and increased the impact strength to 25.3 kJ/m². Furthermore, a one-pot melt blending strategy involving PLA, LS, and TGIC was investigated. At an optimal epoxy-to-carboxyl molar ratio (R = 0.20), this method yielded PLA with a tensile strength of 32.05 MPa and an elongation at break of 321 %. These findings demonstrate that the multi-armed architecture of LST not only enhances mechanical performance but also effectively suppresses migration, providing a sustainable and efficient approach for the development of high-performance PLA-based materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":405,"journal":{"name":"Polymer","volume":"329 ","pages":"Article 128478"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143915814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reinforcement and toughening mechanisms of ionic clusters in ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber","authors":"Junjie Lei ,&nbsp;Jianbin Mo ,&nbsp;Yingpei Zhang ,&nbsp;Jin Wang ,&nbsp;Weifeng Liu ,&nbsp;Xueqing Qiu","doi":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128498","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128498","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Zinc methacrylate (ZDMA) is widely used for reinforcing and toughening non-polar rubbers due to its ability to graft onto the rubber chains and form ionic clusters. However, the specific mechanisms by which these ionic clusters enhance the mechanical properties of rubbers remain to be fully elucidated. In this paper, the reinforcement and toughening effects of ZDMA in an ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) rubber were systematically investigated. By adjusting the contents of ZDMA and bis(tert-butyldioxyisopropyl) benzene (BIPB), the tensile strength of ZDMA-modified EPDM vulcanizate at 20 °C increased from 21.70 MPa to 33.66 MPa, while the toughness improved from 24.29 MJ m⁻³ to 48.96 MJ m⁻³. The results demonstrated that the ionic cross-linking and strain amplification effects introduced by the ionic clusters were the primary causes for the significantly improved strength and toughness. Notably, it was found that the ionic cross-linking could be partially dissociated to promote homogeneous stress transfer and strain-induced crystallization (SIC) in the EPDM, which played a vital role in the rubber reinforcement and toughening. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the reinforcement and toughening mechanism of ZDMA in EPDM, which is of great significance for the future research, development and application of reactive fillers in non-polar rubbers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":405,"journal":{"name":"Polymer","volume":"329 ","pages":"Article 128498"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143910513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mononuclear and dinuclear tetravalent zirconium compounds as catalysts for the synthesis of aliphatic polyesters and aliphatic polycarbonates","authors":"Sriparna Sarkar ,&nbsp;Sourav Singha Roy ,&nbsp;P.K. Sudhadevi Antharjanam ,&nbsp;Debashis Chakraborty","doi":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128496","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128496","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Two categories of tetravalent Zr(IV) compounds were synthesized using Schiff base proligands <strong>(L1H−L5H)</strong> and appropriate Zr(IV) alkoxide reagents. The isopropoxide Zr(IV) compounds <strong>(1–5)</strong> were dimeric, where the two Zr(IV) centers were connected through the isopropoxide group, and the geometry around the Zr(IV) center was distorted octahedral. The <em>tert</em>-butoxide Zr(IV) compounds <strong>(6–8)</strong> were monomeric, with the Zr(IV) center having a coordination number of five. The dimeric complexes showed catalytic activity towards the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of <em>rac-</em>LA and negligible activity for ring-opening copolymerization (ROCOP) of cyclohexene oxide with CO₂. The monomeric complexes produced polyesters (through ROP and ROCOP) and aliphatic polycarbonates through ROCOP reactions. The mononuclear compounds resulted in &gt;99 % carbonate linkage in the polycarbonate chain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":405,"journal":{"name":"Polymer","volume":"329 ","pages":"Article 128496"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143910448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Y-shape triazine-based D-π-A chromophores and polyimides for improved nonlinear optical properties and optical limiting","authors":"P.B. Ranjith Gowda ,&nbsp;Venkatesh K. Bhovi ,&nbsp;M. Saravanan ,&nbsp;T.C. Sabari Girisun ,&nbsp;Sachin N. Hegde ,&nbsp;Sanjaykumar R. Suranagi ,&nbsp;Mahadevappa Y. Kariduraganavar","doi":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128483","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymer.2025.128483","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this article, we have systematically synthesized and characterized a series of symmetrical triazine based Y-type chromophores and polymerized them with pyromellitic dianhydride monomer to yield respective polyimides. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations and photophysical measurements were performed to analyze the bandgap and electrostatic potential of the chromophores. The thermal properties of synthesized polymers were studied using differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry analysis to understand the thermal behavior of the polymers. The nonlinear optical properties of the synthesized chromophores and polymers were measured using a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (9 ns, 532 nm, 10 Hz) by Z-scan approach. A significant improvement was observed in the effective two-photon absorption and optical limiting. It was found that all the chromophores and polymers have exhibited good nonlinear optical properties and that could be employed for optical limiting applications. Among the all compounds, FNP showed high nonlinear absorption co-efficient of 1.12 × 10⁻¹⁰ m/W and low optical limiting threshold of 1.67 × 10¹² W/m². Thus, these polymers could be of potential candidate for commercial exploitation of optical limiting applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":405,"journal":{"name":"Polymer","volume":"329 ","pages":"Article 128483"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143905661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}