{"title":"Optimising the wave soldering process for lead free solders","authors":"S. Stoyanov, C. Bailey, N. Saxena, S. Adams","doi":"10.1109/AGEC.2005.1452331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AGEC.2005.1452331","url":null,"abstract":"Nitrogen is now used in wave soldering machines to help lower the amount of dross that can be formed on the solder bath surface. The paper provides details on the use of computational fluid dynamics in helping understand the flow profiles of nitrogen in a wave soldering machine and to predict the concentration of nitrogen and oxygen around the solder bath.","PeriodicalId":405792,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 2005 International Conference on Asian Green Electronics, 2005. AGEC.","volume":"135 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121627310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Design for green electronics, a great potential is still ahead","authors":"Li Ying, N. de Caluwe, A. Stevels","doi":"10.1109/AGEC.2005.1452308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AGEC.2005.1452308","url":null,"abstract":"Design for green electronics is an issue which has been taken on board by many electronics producers. In this paper it is reported what the current status of these kinds of activities is - with particular reference to the situation in China. The carriers for this are 28/29\" TV products. With help of the so-called environmental benchmark method it has been established what the differences in environmental performance are. In this study, the fields of energy consumption, material application, packaging and recyclability are considered for products sold on the Chinese market. It is concluded that for design and environment none of the brands considered scores consistently best. Compared to results of similar studies for products sold in other regions of the world, the observations for the products in China turn out to be consistent: both local brands and among global brands big differences in green design performance still exist.","PeriodicalId":405792,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 2005 International Conference on Asian Green Electronics, 2005. AGEC.","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114531408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of laser input energy on wetting areas of solder and formation of intermetallic compounds at Sn-3.5Ag-0.75Cu/Au right-angled joint interface","authors":"W. Liu, Chunqing Wang, Mingyu Li, Li Ling","doi":"10.1109/AGEC.2005.1452344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AGEC.2005.1452344","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the effect of laser input energy on the wetting areas of solder on pads after first laser reflow, and the formation of IMC (intermetallic compounds) at Sn3.5Ag-0.75Cu/Au right-angled joint interface during second laser reflow. The results showed that the wetting areas of solder on pads were getting larger with the increase of laser input energy. AuSnx IMC were observed at the interface of solder and the pad finished with 4 /spl mu/m Au/0.1 /spl mu/m Ta after second laser reflow, the amount and distribution of IMC was strongly affected by laser input energy. In addition, when the laser input energy was increased, the diffusion of copper at the interface of solder and the pad made of Cu plated with 3 /spl mu/m Au was getting larger, and the AuSnx IMC layers could not be well distinguished as the interface between solder and the pad finished with 4 /spl mu/m Au/0.1 /spl mu/m Ta, which may be caused by the increased diffusion of Cu and formation of Cu/sub x/Sn/sub y/ or Cu/sub x/Au/sub y/Sn/sub z/ IMC in the condition of high energy input.","PeriodicalId":405792,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 2005 International Conference on Asian Green Electronics, 2005. AGEC.","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127809255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effects of Bi & Ni additives on the microstructures and wetting properties of Sn-Zn-Cu lead-free alloy","authors":"H.P. Xie, D.Q. Yu, L. Wang","doi":"10.1109/AGEC.2005.1452324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AGEC.2005.1452324","url":null,"abstract":"The microstructures and melting behaviors of (Sn-9Zn)-2Cu (SZC) lead-free solder with 3%Bi and various amount of Ni additions were studied in the experiment. The wetting properties and the interfacial reaction of these alloys soldering on a Cu substrate were also examined. The results indicated that the addition of 3% Bi could decrease the melting point and Ni would refine the microstructures and the rod-shape Cu/sub 5/Zn/sub 8/ phase changed into square-shape (Cu, Ni)/sub 5/Zn/sub 8/ phase. By using mildly active rosin (RMA) flux, the wetting angle of Sn-9Zn was 89/spl deg/ while that of SZC-3Bi-1Ni was 42/spl deg/. The improvement on wettability was due to the addition of the interface tension depressant Bi element and the formation of the (Cu, Ni)/sub 5/Zn/sub 8/ compound in the solder which refrained the oxidation of Zn atoms at the surface of the liquid solder. The lower surface tension lead to the better wettability. In addition, the interfacial phase of the solder/Cu joint was typically planar Cu/sub 5/Zn/sub 8/, which decreased from 4 /spl mu/m for SZC to 3 /spl mu/m in the SZC-3Bi-1Ni alloy.","PeriodicalId":405792,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 2005 International Conference on Asian Green Electronics, 2005. AGEC.","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127915740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Implementing WEEE in Denmark - has extended producer responsibility been the outcome?","authors":"C. Braun, K. Dirckinck-Holmfeld","doi":"10.1109/AGEC.2005.1452317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AGEC.2005.1452317","url":null,"abstract":"China is in the process of implementing comprehensive regulations directed at fostering electronic and electrical firms to take responsibility for the environmental impact of their products, throughout their lifecycle and especially in the waste stage. The regulations have a great overlap with EU regulations concerning WEEE, and the ongoing discussion regarding extended producer responsibility (EPR). The paper explores Denmark's proposal for an implementation of the WEEE directive, and discusses if this will contribute to setting up an EPR system that foster innovations towards improved product liability. The concept of EPR is briefly presented in line with different take-back schemes and refund systems. Finally, the current proposal is discussed against an alternative approach for setting up an EPR system in Denmark.","PeriodicalId":405792,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 2005 International Conference on Asian Green Electronics, 2005. AGEC.","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130111422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A reflow soldering retro-design system for rework station based on Q-factor","authors":"X. Sheng, H. Ding, Y. Yin, Y.P. Wu","doi":"10.1109/AGEC.2005.1452315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AGEC.2005.1452315","url":null,"abstract":"Currently reflow soldering is the primary process used for the assembly of PCB. We now have finite difference (FD) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling tools, which can establish the reflow soldering process models and compute out the detailed representations of the real reflow ovens. This paper presents the development of a reflow soldering retro-design system for rework stations with the above modeling tools. Heating factor (Q-factor) is used to evaluate whether the achieved profile fulfils the soldering task well despite the real curve different from the ideal one. The behavior of adjusting the heat profile to make the feature points meet the requirements of components and solders computationally may then get the optimal profile without any actual reflow running. Meanwhile, the system introduces the closed-loop implementation of process recipe on the device controller so as to enhance the execution repeatability. This system is used to set the bottom and top heater profiles of a Metcal APR-5000 rework station.","PeriodicalId":405792,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 2005 International Conference on Asian Green Electronics, 2005. AGEC.","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122178775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Ganesan, Ji Wu, M. Pecht, R. Lee, J. Lo, Yun Fu, Yonghong Li, Ming Xu
{"title":"Assessment of long-term reliability in lead-free assemblies","authors":"S. Ganesan, Ji Wu, M. Pecht, R. Lee, J. Lo, Yun Fu, Yonghong Li, Ming Xu","doi":"10.1109/AGEC.2005.1452334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AGEC.2005.1452334","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explains that to assess long-term reliability, an experimental plan must include assessing the interactions among the applications conditions. The interacting influences include the growth of intermetallics at the solder joints due to high temperature exposure, electro-chemical degradation of electronics assemblies due to the exposure to humidity and atmospheric contaminants, formation of tin pest due to extended exposure to low temperature and the effects of combined thermo-mechanical loading conditions on the electronics assemblies. The test vehicle designs incorporate commercial variations in PCB pad finishes, and component lead finishes. Three PCBs designs were developed to assess the reliability of surface mount assemblies and single sided through-hole assemblies. The PCB materials include FR4, polyimide for SMT assemblies and paper-phenolic type (CEM-1) for through-hole assemblies.","PeriodicalId":405792,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 2005 International Conference on Asian Green Electronics, 2005. AGEC.","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126712305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Wetting and interfacial reactions of Sn-Zn based lead-free solder alloys as replacement of Sn-Pb solder","authors":"M.N. Islam, Y. Chan","doi":"10.1109/AGEC.2005.1452341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AGEC.2005.1452341","url":null,"abstract":"The world is moving toward 'green products' for electronic devices and components due to the toxicity of Pb. In this paper two types of solder paste such as Sn-9Zn (eutectic) and Sn-8Zn-3Bi (noneutectic) have been investigated along with Sn-37Pb (eutectic) solder for reference. The variation of dissolution of Cu layer and IMC with reflow time shows different characteristics for eutectic and non-eutectic solder pastes. The morphologies of the IMC are quite different for different solder compositions. During as reflowed, the growth rate of IMC in the Sn-Zn based solder is higher than the SnPb solders. Different types of IMC such as /spl gamma/- Cu/sub 5/Zn/sub 8/, /spl beta/-CuZn and thin unknown Cu-Zn layer are formed in the Sn-Zn based solder but in case of Sn-Pb solder Cu/sub 6/Sn/sub 5/ IMC layer are formed at the interface of the Cu/solderjoint. Cu/sub 3/Sn IMC are formed after 10 minutes reflow due to the limited supply of Sn from the Sn-Pb solder. The wettability of Sn-Zn solder is found as least compared with the other solders. The size of Zn platelets is increased with an increase of reflow time for the Sn-Zn solder system. In the case of Sn-Zn-Bi solder, Bi offers significant effects on growth rate of IMC as well as size and distribution of Zn-rich phase in the /spl beta/-Sn matrix. No Cu-Sn IMC are found in the Sn-Zn based solder during 20 minutes reflow. Cu-Zn IMC act as a good diffusion barrier for Sn. The consumption of Cu by all types of solders are ranked as Sn-Zn-Bi>Sn-Zn>Sn-Pb. Although Sn-Zn-Bi solder has higher dissolution rate of Cu layer and some voids are found at the interface, it can be used as a replacement of conventional Sn-Pb solder in the electronic industry.","PeriodicalId":405792,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 2005 International Conference on Asian Green Electronics, 2005. AGEC.","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130227528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"New challenges in design and understanding of chip-on-glass (COG) for LCD packaging by FEA","authors":"B. Xie, H. Ding","doi":"10.1109/AGEC.2005.1452321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AGEC.2005.1452321","url":null,"abstract":"The chip-on-glass (COG) technique using flip chip technology has been developed for excellent resolution and high quality liquid crystal display (LCD) panels for several years. In the industry, LCD glass of 0.3 mm thickness will soon be used in real products. However, many serious manufacturability and reliability issues were observed in previous studies. In those, ACF (anisotropic conductive film) delamination is a critical issue, which causes mechanical and electrical failures. The investigation of local stress/strain behavior is an important problem in predicting and preventing delamination initiation and propagation. By means of the finite element analysis (FEA) tool, Abaqus, we have established global and local numerical models of the LCD cell by taking the detailed interconnect structure into consideration to simulate the ACF bonding process and investigate the temperature and stress/strain distributions under thermal-stress load. We also explored the effects of bonding temperature and stage temperature on local fracture behaviors.","PeriodicalId":405792,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 2005 International Conference on Asian Green Electronics, 2005. AGEC.","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133539384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Quantitative reliability estimation of surface mount solder joints for reflow optimization","authors":"B. Tao, Yiping Wu, H. Ding, Y. Xiong","doi":"10.1109/AGEC.2005.1452338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AGEC.2005.1452338","url":null,"abstract":"A novel method of reliability analysis on the thermal fatigue failure of surface mount solder joints, based on the heating factor Q/sub /spl eta//, is introduced, by which quantitative reliability estimation and prediction of solder joints suffering from cyclic thermal shock can be carried out. Based on the published data of thermal fatigue lifetime, two explicit functions are deduced in a unified form, which reveal the effect of the heating factor on the MTTF and reliability of solder joints intuitionistically. Numerical analysis and calculation are performed. The results show that the MTTF of solder joints firstly decreases quickly with an increment of Q/sub /spl eta// and then slowly approximates to a constant value when Q/sub /spl eta///spl ges/1500s/spl deg/C. The reliability of solder joints R(t) against thermal shock cycle t degrades in an analogical fashion for different heating factors, and the larger the heating factor, the less thermal shock cycles that the solder joints can endure. The presented method provides a useful and applicable way for computer-based online solutions to achieve numerical calculation and control for quantitative reliability estimation during reflow process optimization.","PeriodicalId":405792,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 2005 International Conference on Asian Green Electronics, 2005. AGEC.","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123829009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}