Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2005.最新文献

{"title":"Life-cycle impacts of lead and lead-free solder used in wave soldering of electronics","authors":"M. L. Socolof, J. Geibig","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2005.1437001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2005.1437001","url":null,"abstract":"Results from a joint US EPA and US electronics industry-funded life-cycle assessment of lead and two lead-free alternative solders are presented. Impact scores are reported in 16 different environmental categories for wave soldering applications. Bar solders evaluated include tin-lead, tin-silver-copper, and tin-copper. Tin-lead solder was determined to have higher impact scores than the lead-free solders in four categories, while having lower impacts in five. The use/application stage was the dominant contributor to most impact categories, while upstream and end-of-life processes also made significant contributions to specific impact categories, depending on the solder. Sensitivity analyses of the effect of silver production as well as landfill leachate data are also presented.","PeriodicalId":397078,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2005.","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123756137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating obsolete electronic products for disassembly, material recovery and environmental impact through a decision support system","authors":"P. Shrivastava, H. Zhang, Jianzhi Li, A. Whitely","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2005.1437029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2005.1437029","url":null,"abstract":"As personal computers and electronic products get obsolete and loose value for the original owner they are being channeled into recycling stream for reuse, remanufacturing and asset recovery. Product take-back programs set up reverse logistics processes for such owners to return equipment they no longer want. In the electronics industry, generally these programs are run by specific manufacturers, but any brand of equipment can be returned. Due to this spurt in end-of-life product recycling programs a new problem has been encountered on the business side. An increasing number of electronic product, characterized by different model, year, brand, type, material etc., are entering recycler's warehouses. To attain sustainable and environmentally sound product recycling these products have to be first disassembled and recycled for material recovery. Recyclers are also required to ensure that hazardous waste is treated separately while recycling. Lack of information on disassembly methods and material information on these products could lead to incoherent decisions. This could affect profit margins as well as lead to inappropriate end-of-life treatment. An information system is therefore needed to aid decision making for adopting best possible end-of-life strategy for electronic products. Proposed system provides easy access to recyclers on different electronic models about optimal disassembly sequence, cost and time, gives information on hazardous and precious element contents, and composition of different components. This paper presents the results of such a system developed at Texas Tech University and tested at a recycling facility. This system further allows environmental impact assessment of the electronic products based on their material inventory using eco-indicator 99 scores. These scores can be of significance in determining products or components which have the highest environment impact and should be given special attention while recycling. A personal computer, laptop, printer, server and a flat panel monitor were analyzed for this study. System architecture, product information and system results are presented in this paper.","PeriodicalId":397078,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2005.","volume":"157 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115263467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on metals recovery from discarded printed circuit boards by physical methods","authors":"X. Wen, Yuemin Zhao, Chenlong Duan, Xiaohua Zhou, H. Jiao, S. Song","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2005.1437005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2005.1437005","url":null,"abstract":"Study on discarded printed circuit boards (PCBs) reutilization has important significance and application values, which can not only achieve secondary resources recycling, but also prevent environment pollution. Physical methods show great potential and advantages on discarded PCBs reutilization comparing with chemical and biological methods. In the paper, an effective physical method was introduced to recover metals from discarded PCBs. A double-toothed roll shear and a hammer crusher were employed to achieve liberation of metals from other components contained in the PCBs. Metals of -2+0.074 mm in PCBs were recovered by a conventional high tension electrostatic separator, while metals in the -0.074 mm were reclaimed by enhanced gravity concentrator (Falcon concentrator). Experimental study indicates that the liberation mechanism of printed wiring boards (PWBs) and integrated cards (ICs) can be explained by dispersion liberation accompanied disengaging liberation and ideal metal liberation degree is around 0.5 mm, while the liberation mechanism of slots can be explained by disengaging liberation. For -2+0.5mm feed PCBs, the integration efficiency of 89.32% can be achieved when power supply voltage is 27 KV, roller rotation speed being 80 rpm and three corona electrodes and one static electrode applied; for -0.5+0.074 mm feed, the corresponding integration efficiency is 71.14 % when power supply voltage is 22 KV, roller rotation speed 150 rpm and one corona electrodes and one static electrode used; the integration efficiency of -0.074 mm PCBs is 80.77 % if slurry concentration is 40 g/l with water pressure of 0.01 MP and rotation speed of 50 Hz. Based on experimental study, the innovative flowsheet of \"mechanical shredding + screening + electrostatic separation + Falcon centrifugal separation\" was brought forward to recover metals from discarded PCBs.","PeriodicalId":397078,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2005.","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130789069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Packaging in the IT environment: competing challenges in the design of packaging for electronic products","authors":"J. Horbal, M. Schaffer","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2005.1437000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2005.1437000","url":null,"abstract":"Provide an overview of packaging design considerations through modeling and testing to optimize packaging for electronic products and to provide details of the packaging challenge from an environmental perspective.","PeriodicalId":397078,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2005.","volume":"150 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133307280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analyzing and modeling of uncertainty factors influencing product recyclability","authors":"Qi Yunhui, Liu Guangfu, L. Zhifeng, Wang Shuwang","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2005.1436986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2005.1436986","url":null,"abstract":"Green design has become an important issue in industry, driven by regulations governing manufacturing emissions, growing worldwide environmental certification requirement and an emerging consumer preference for ecolabel products. DFR (design for recycle) has become one of the most important parts of green design. This paper focuses on analyzing the uncertainty factors influencing product recyclability and applying unascertained number theory to determine the influencing factor /spl delta/ of uncertain information of product recyclability. A case study demonstrates that the unascertained number-based model can effectively account for the uncertainty information being used for evaluating the product recyclability. The model mentioned in this paper is useful, not only for determine the influencing factor of uncertain information, but also for other evaluation systems where the uncertainties influence should be considered.","PeriodicalId":397078,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2005.","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114669524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Competitors together in PRO (Producers Responsibility Organisation) - a case study of the PRO-system in Norway","authors":"B. Renningen","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2005.1436990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2005.1436990","url":null,"abstract":"The Norwegian WEEE-legislation makes importers/producers individual responsible for collection and final treatment of discarded products (extended producers responsibility). But it is competitor's cooperation in Producers Responsibility Organisations (PRO's) that has brought the system to success, ensured by equality and good information-flow. But PROs is not an adequate instrument to encourage environmental friendly changes in products. Technological changes are most likely to be carried out as a result of strict environmental regulations and market demands. The stimulation through PROs to make more recyclable products has less importance.","PeriodicalId":397078,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2005.","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115379775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Networked RFID systems in product recovery management","authors":"A. Kulkarni, A. Parlikad, D. McFarlane, M. Harrison","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2005.1436995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2005.1436995","url":null,"abstract":"Product recovery involves collection, sorting and reprocessing of returned products to recover value from them. The management of product recovery is characterised by a high level of uncertainty in product returns flow due to the lack of information associated with such products. A case study exercise carried out at various electronics product recovery industries in Europe supports this widely accepted fact. The recent emergence of networked RFID (radio frequency identification) systems is a means of connecting a product tagged with an RFID chip to a network and thereby carrying complete information associated with it throughout its lifecycle. This paper examines the benefits of information provided by such systems in decision-making during product recovery stages and consequently, in product recovery management as a whole.","PeriodicalId":397078,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2005.","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129656837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cycle evaluation of combined heat and power alternatives in data centers","authors":"A. Shah, N. Krishnan","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2005.1436985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2005.1436985","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a first-order life cycle analysis of different combined heat and power (CHP) concepts in an air-cooled data center. The study finds that the benefits availed by implementing CHP may be small in the short run and depend largely on the size and configuration of the data center infrastructure. However, under certain operating circumstances, both environmental and economic gains can be realized.","PeriodicalId":397078,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2005.","volume":"PP 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121172387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental indicators for ICT products - a practical approach based on four steps","authors":"N. Warburg, A. Braune, P. Eyerer, C. Herrmann, N. Gallon","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2005.1437030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2005.1437030","url":null,"abstract":"Societal concerns on pollution, hazardous materials, global warming and sustainability provoke responses from society. Public policy or changes in consumer behavior are specific examples. For electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) the released EU directives such as the WEEE (directive on waste of electrical and electronic equipment) and RoHS (restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in EEE) and future directives such as EuP (ecodesign of energy-using products) are already having and will have a significant impact on how products are designed, built, used and treated at their end of life. To bear this challenge, measurable and understandable criteria for assessing and demonstrating the environmental performance of products are needed. Key methodology for a holistic and reliable environmental evaluation of products is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). This scientifically established approach leads to useful and reliable results regarding environmental evaluation of the entire life cycle of products. From the acquisition of raw materials, over the use of the products to the end of life management all life cycle stages are considered. Product characteristics (such as weight and materials used, energy consumption during use) and all relevant inputs and outputs (such as energy, raw materials, emissions) occurring throughout the entire life cycle are regarded. To improve products from an environmental point of view, eco-design recommendations for product designers need to be reliable and easy to handle. Environmental performance indicators based on technical product characteristics and based on LCA permits to efficiently ameliorate the environmental profile of a product. Efficiently, since only a fraction of information input is needed, this approach provides a tailored and simplified method using environmental performance indicators. This paper introduces a consistent methodology for the development of environmental performance indicators for information and communication technologies (ICT) products.","PeriodicalId":397078,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2005.","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123903259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mixing entropy and product recycling","authors":"T. Gutowski, J. Dahmus","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2005.1436997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2005.1436997","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we explore the relationship between the mixture of materials used in a product and the extent of end-of-life materials recycling from retired products in the United States. This is done for 14 common products, which are either widely recycled or not recycled. The results demonstrate the utility of using a normalized mixing entropy measure, identical to Shannon information, to resolve the products that are recycled and not recycled. The success of this measure is explained by outlining an analogy between recycling systems and communications theory. Two key observations are required: 1) the same axioms which establish Shannon information, \"H\", as a measure of the information content of a message, can also apply to a measure of mixing for materials, and 2) just as message codes can be represented as tree diagrams, so too can recycling systems. Using a well known communications theory result, Shannon's noiseless coding theorem, this analogy shows that \"H\" for material mixtures represents a reasonable lower bound on the cost of separation.","PeriodicalId":397078,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2005.","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122076135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}