Indian Journal of Tuberculosis最新文献

{"title":"Clinical characteristics, radiological pointers and outcomes of central nervous system tuberculosis","authors":"Aparna R. Pai ,&nbsp;Ashish Rai ,&nbsp;Sripadma PV","doi":"10.1016/j.ijtb.2024.05.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijtb.2024.05.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Central nervous system tuberculosis (CNS-TB) is a severe and aggressive form of tuberculosis with a high mortality. With early identification and appropriate therapy, it carries a good outcome. Aim: To identify the clinical characteristics, radiological pointers, and outcomes of central nervous system tuberculosis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Single-center retrospective study was conducted from January 01, 2018 to December 31, 2022 on patients diagnosed with CNS-TB.Adult patients with at least nine months of follow-up were included. Those seropositive for HIV or lost to follow-up before treatment completion were excluded. Variables were expressed as mean with standard deviation, median, and range. Chi-square and student's t-test for qualitative and quantitative variables were used.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div><span>158 records were reviewed, and 56 were excluded. 102 patients were included with 90(88.23 %) cases of tubercular meningitis(TBM) and 12 (11.76 %) cases of isolated tuberculoma<span><span><span>. There were 22(24.44 %) and 63(70.00%) cases of definite and probable tuberculous meningitis. Leptomeningeal enhancement (79.41%)and </span>hydrocephalus (42.22%)were noted commonly. All cases of TBM and </span>tuberculoma completed 9–12 months of anti-tubercular treatment. </span></span>Dexamethasone<span> was given to all patients with TBM for 6–12 weeks. One patient with biopsy-proven isolated tuberculoma received up to 24 months of ATT. Nine patients with TBM died(9/102,8.82 %). Grade III TBM, age &gt;60 years, hydrocephalus,drug-induced hepatitis, and extra-neural tuberculosis were significant in the expired versus survivors comparison (p &lt; 0.05).</span></div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Early identification, appropriate ATT regimen, and duration of treatment are associated with a good outcome in this fatal and disabling disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39346,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Tuberculosis","volume":"72 3","pages":"Pages 319-324"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144686750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Healthcare schemes to overcome financial toxicity of COVID-19: A retrospective single center study","authors":"Anjana Madhusoodanan ,&nbsp;Raushan Kumar Chaudhary ,&nbsp;Shivakumar Hiremath ,&nbsp;Uday Venkat Mateti ,&nbsp;Shraddha Shetty","doi":"10.1016/j.ijtb.2024.04.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijtb.2024.04.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Indian healthcare system nearly crashed during the pandemic and victims of COVID-19 experienced huge health related economic burden. Thus, we aimed to quantify the direct medical cost associated with COVID-19 management along with the healthcare schemes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A retrospective study was conducted for the duration of 8 months where the data of COVID-19 patients of one year (2020–2021) was collected from the medical record department. The data of COVID-19 patients of age 18–65 years with confirmed diagnosis based on RT-PCR test were included in the study whereas the data of special population such as pregnant, hemodialysis and patient undergoing surgery were excluded.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Out of 1011 COVID-19 patients, 63.5% were males and 36.5% were female with the mean age of 43.8 ± 14.5 years and with 9.47 days mean length of hospitalization. On direct medical cost analysis, USD 1060.92 was the total median expenses which includes COVID package plus outside COVID package expenses. Similarly, USD 728 and USD 51.1 were the median amount claimed through healthcare schemes and median co-payments respectively. The total median expenses with and without healthcare schemes were found to be USD 1061.37 and USD 1052.94 respectively whereas co-payments with and without schemes were USD 26.005 and USD 1046.64.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Healthcare schemes are the best strategy to overcome the direct medical cost associated with the management of the disease. Quantifying the medical cost could provide an insight to develop effective policy to counteract the financial toxicity among patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39346,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Tuberculosis","volume":"72 3","pages":"Pages 290-297"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140772688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: “AI in chest radiology, greater need for quality research”","authors":"Shabnam Bhandari Grover","doi":"10.1016/j.ijtb.2025.06.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijtb.2025.06.011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39346,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Tuberculosis","volume":"72 4","pages":"Pages 453-454"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145103149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinico-demographic profile of pre-extensively drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis patients in India","authors":"Bella Devaleenal Daniel ,&nbsp;Muthuvijayalakshmi M ,&nbsp;Vikas Oswal ,&nbsp;Chetan Kumar Jain ,&nbsp;Neeta Singla ,&nbsp;Santosh Kumar ,&nbsp;Anuj Bhatnagar ,&nbsp;Vikram Vohra ,&nbsp;Jigna Dave ,&nbsp;Namrata Kaur Bhui ,&nbsp;Rajesh Solanki ,&nbsp;Rathinam Sridhar ,&nbsp;Parul Vadgama ,&nbsp;Suryakant ,&nbsp;Rathinam Prabhakaran ,&nbsp;Paranchi Murugesan Ramesh ,&nbsp;Bharathi Jeyadeepa ,&nbsp;Shanmugapriya Kumaravadivelu ,&nbsp;Balaji Ramraj ,&nbsp;Jyoti Jaju ,&nbsp;Chandrasekaran Padmapriyadarsini","doi":"10.1016/j.ijtb.2025.04.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijtb.2025.04.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><span><span>Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR TB) is a major public health<span> problem and an important area of research. Identification of various risk factors is essential for its prevention and management. Adults weighing more than 30 kg, aged 18 years or more diagnosed with pre extensively drug resistant TB (pre-XDR TB) were initiated on </span></span>bedaquiline<span> and linezolid<span> based regimens along with pretomanid/delamanid as part of two multicentric clinical trials in India. Pre-XDR TB was defined as patients infected with </span></span></span><em>M. tb</em><span><span><span> strains resistant to rifampicin (may or may not be resistant to isoniazid) with additional resistance to </span>fluoroquinolones and/or second line injectable as per the existing World Health Organization (WHO) definitions during the trial period. We describe here the baseline demographic and clinical profile of patients with pre-XDR TB and enrolled in those two trials. Of 554 Pre-XDR TB patients, 297 (54 %) were males. Median age (IQR) was 27 years [22.0–36.3] and </span>body mass index was 17.4 [15.7–20.1] kg/m</span>². Of all, 326 (59 %) had BMI &lt;18.5 kg/m²<span>. History of previous episodes of TB was reported by 415 (75 %) patients. Among them, 142 (34 %) had taken treatment more than once, 279 (67 %) had treatment failure during the previous episodes. Persons with a known history of diabetes were 67 (12 %). Cough<span>, cough with expectoration, fever and weight loss were the presenting complaints in 539 (97 %) and 487 (88 %), 337 (61 %) and 314 (57 %) respectively. Sputum smear<span> microscopy showed more than ++ acid-fast bacilli in 264 (48 %). Chest x-ray showed bilateral lung involvement in 329 (60 %) with more than two zones involvement in 304 (55 %) and presence of cavities in 264 (48 %) patients. Persons in the younger age group, those with malnutrition and previous history of TB treatment were observed to be more in these cohort of patients with PreXDR TB. High rates of treatment failure during the earlier episodes of TB with increased disease severity and drug resistance during the current episode is a matter of grave concern. Improved treatment success during the management of drug sensitive TB, addressing the nutritional challenges are some of key areas of focus in the prevention of DRTB burden.</span></span></span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":39346,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Tuberculosis","volume":"72 4","pages":"Pages 562-565"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145103013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"India's 2021 differentiated TB care guidance: Is it feasible to implement and act upon?","authors":"Hemant Deepak Shewade ,&nbsp;Asha Frederick ,&nbsp;Madhanraj Kalyanasundaram ,&nbsp;Prabhadevi Ravichandran ,&nbsp;S. Lokesh ,&nbsp;K.V. Suma ,&nbsp;S. Aarthi ,&nbsp;G. Kiruthika ,&nbsp;Joshua Chadwick ,&nbsp;T. Daniel Rajasekar ,&nbsp;K. Gayathri ,&nbsp;R. Vijayaprabha ,&nbsp;Delphina Peter Pathinathan ,&nbsp;M. Bhavani Nivetha ,&nbsp;Deiveegan Chidambaram ,&nbsp;S. Kiran Pradeep ,&nbsp;Tarun Bhatnagar ,&nbsp;Shanmugasundaram Devika ,&nbsp;S. Rajkumar ,&nbsp;M. Sakthivel ,&nbsp;Manoj V. Murhekar","doi":"10.1016/j.ijtb.2023.12.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijtb.2023.12.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>In 2021, India's national tuberculosis (TB) elimination programme recommended severity assessment using 16 indicators (involving clinical, laboratory and radiological assessment) for all TB patients at diagnosis. Patients with a total score more than one or emergency criteria were eligible for referral and inpatient care (called as severely ill). This guidance is yet to be implemented statewide in India. Even in ideal settings, we wanted to understand the feasibility of implementing and acting upon the findings of severity assessment using 16 indicators. Specifically, how many would be assessed and eligible for inpatient care, followed by early deaths (within two months) among those with and without severe illness.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this cross-sectional study, for a period of one month (June 5 and July 5, 2022), we intended to comprehensively assess all adults (≥15 y) with TB (drug-sensitive) notified from eight public teaching hospitals (tertiary care facilities) in Tamil Nadu (0.1 million TB notifications per year), a southern Indian state. We also followed them up for early deaths.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among 557 notified, 399 (71.6 %) were comprehensively assessed. Among 399, a total of 246 (61.7 %) were eligible for inpatient care. Early deaths were reported in 23 (9.3 %) of those with severe illness (n = 246), when compared to one (0.7 %) in those without (n = 153).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Even in facilities with clinical and diagnostic capacity, only seven in ten adults were comprehensively assessed. Nearly all the early TB deaths happened among those with severe illness. In future (especially in resource constrained settings), until clinical and diagnostic capacity improves up to the primary level, and bed and staff availability increase to admit every six in ten TB patients at diagnosis, implementing and acting upon the findings of severity assessment using 16 indicators appears non-feasible.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39346,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Tuberculosis","volume":"72 2","pages":"Pages 183-188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139190073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The development of self-care guidelines based: Self-care agency in tuberculosis patients at public health center, North Sumatra","authors":"Lina Berliana Togatorop ,&nbsp;Setiawan ,&nbsp;Cholina Trisa Siregar","doi":"10.1016/j.ijtb.2024.01.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijtb.2024.01.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that causes health problems and is the main cause of death in the world. TB caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis<span><span> Bacillus can spread in the air if a patient who is sick with TB exhales </span>coughs containing TB bacteria. One of the supporters of the success rate of TB recovery is the patient's ability to carry out independent care consisting of treatment, prevention and transmission, fulfillment of nutrition, and increasing the patient's self-confidence.</span></div></div><div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This study aims to produce self-care guidelines based: self-care agency for TB patients with output in the form of self-care guidelines for tuberculosis patients at the Sentosa Baru Public Health Center, North Sumatra.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>The method of this research is action research which consists of the stages of reconnaissance, planning, acting observation, and reflecting. Data collection methods used patient knowledge questionnaires about tuberculosis self-care, Focus Group Discussions (FGD), and in-depth interviews for participants' knowledge. The participants involved in this study were 22 participants using a purposive sampling technique from October 2018 to January 2019. Data analysis used qualitative methods. Qualitative data were obtained through the results of FGDs and in-depth interviews about self-care.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>This study has produced self-care agency-based self-care guidelines for tuberculosis patients. This study produced three themes, namely 1) the development of self-care guidelines for TB patients, 2) the benefits of self-care guidelines for TB patients, and 3) factors in supporting self-care for TB patients.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div><span>The successful treatment of TB patients at the Sentosa Baru Public Health Center, North Sumatra, requires agency-based self-care guidelines to produce high </span>tuberculosis care.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39346,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Tuberculosis","volume":"72 2","pages":"Pages 208-212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139393145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance of the QuantiFERON- TB gold test in children receiving immunosuppressive therapy for rheumatic diseases","authors":"Samantha Cheryl Kumar ,&nbsp;George Ipe Vettiyal MD, DCH ,&nbsp;Winsley Rose MD ,&nbsp;Joy Michael MD,PHD ,&nbsp;J Visalakshi MSc, PHD ,&nbsp;Sathish Kumar MD, DCH","doi":"10.1016/j.ijtb.2024.01.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijtb.2024.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div><span><span>The mainstay of treatment for pediatric<span> rheumatological disease is disease-modifying anti-rheumatic agents which are immunosuppressive in nature and increase the susceptibility to tuberculosis. The aims and objectives were to evaluate the performance of the QuantiFERON®-TB Gold test (QFT) and </span></span>Tuberculin<span> skin test (TST) to diagnose latent tuberculosis<span> in children receiving immunosuppressive therapy for </span></span></span>rheumatic diseases in a tertiary hospital in South India.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div><span>This was a prospective observational study. 60 consecutive children diagnosed with various rheumatic diseases attending the </span>Paediatric Rheumatology<span> clinic on immunosuppressive therapy were included. The QFT and TST were performed on the same day. Data regarding the demography, diagnosis, treatment received and test results were collected and analysed.</span></div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among patients included (n = 60), two children had positive QFT and one child had positive TST. The agreement between tests was <em>k</em><span><span><span> = 0.85 and the proportion of latent tuberculosis was 5 %. All the children included were on conventional DMARDs and 3.3 % were on biological DMARDs. There was a significant decrease in the </span>mitogen<span> induced interferon level in children on treatment with </span></span>hydroxychloroquine<span> (p = 0.022) and a significant increase in the level in children on azathioprine<span> (p = 0.006). Children on steroids had a lower range of mitogen-induced interferon levels.</span></span></span></div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div><span>QFT may be a more reliable test than TST for the detection of latent tuberculosis in children with rheumatic diseases receiving immunosuppressive treatment. The use of hydroxychloroquine and steroids might influence the mitogen-induced IFN-</span><em>γ</em> secretion and may interfere with the interpretation of the QFT test.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39346,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Tuberculosis","volume":"72 2","pages":"Pages 204-207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139393178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinico-epidemiological profile of 75 cases of TB meningitis in children and adoloscents","authors":"Stuti Sharma ,&nbsp;Anurag Agarwal ,&nbsp;Ashwani Khanna","doi":"10.1016/j.ijtb.2024.03.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijtb.2024.03.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Neurological involvement is one of the deadliest forms of tuberculosis especially in pediatric population.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>To study the clinico-epidemiological profile of 75 cases of pediatric TB meningitis and its co-relation with CBNAAT/TRUENAT positivity.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Prospective study in children and adolescents less than 18 years in Tertiary Health care centre in New Delhi.</div></div><div><h3>Subjects and methods</h3><div>75 Children and adolescents less than 18 years with Probable TBM as per NTEP guidelines were enrolled. Clinical, Radiological and CSF analysis were carried out in all the patients.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div><span><span>75 children were enrolled out of which 61% were females. The most common symptom at presentation was fever followed by loss of appetite<span> and weight loss. Neck rigidity was present in 66% cases followed by posturing in 25% cases. 46% patients presented in Stage 2. Tuberculin skin test was positive in 16% cases and 20% patients had evidence of pulmonary TB on </span></span>chest Xray. Hydrocephalous was the most common finding in neuroimaging present in 61% cases. In majority of the cases, CSF analysis revealed </span>pleocytosis<span> with lymphocyte predominance, low glucose and high protein values. Nucleic amplification tests (CBNAAT/TRUENAT) were positive in 33% cases and 4 out of 75 were detected to have rifampicin resistance. There was no co-relation identified between Stage at presentation, tuberculin positivity and CSF analysis with CBNAAT/TRUENAT positivity. Six patients expired within 2 weeks of presentation.</span></div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The diagnosis of TBM is a composite of clinical, radiological and CSF analysis parameters. Being a paucibacillary sample, the yield of TB bacilli<span> in NAAT studies remains moderately low. Moreover, detection of TB bacilli in CBNAAT/TRUENAT is independent of the CSF cytological and biochemical profile, and is also independent of the Stage of TBM.</span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":39346,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Tuberculosis","volume":"72 2","pages":"Pages 240-242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140269536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Empowering care: Unleashing pharmaceutical care to confront MDR-TB transmission risks-A prospective interventional study","authors":"Vishwa Rajakumar Byakod,&nbsp;Madiwalayya Shivakantayya Ganachari","doi":"10.1016/j.ijtb.2024.03.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijtb.2024.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div><span>According to recent NTEP report it was estimated that in India the MDR-TB cases were 9.1/lakh population. Patients undergoing the pulmonary TB are known to cause MDR-TB due to </span>multi drug resistance. Early identification of risk elements in Multidrug resistant-TB patients is crucial to managing and preventing the disease.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To evaluate risk variables that contribute to cause Multidrug resistant tuberculosis and to providing patient counselling to TB patients regarding risk factors.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>ology: A Prospective interventional study to assess the various Risk factors involved in cause of Multi drug resistance tuberculosis. This study was conducted for period of 09 months. The study is conducted with standard validated questionnaires which are prepared to assess the risk factors among Multidrug resistant-TB patients. Study site includes the tertiary care hospitals in Belagavi.</div></div><div><h3>Result</h3><div>Overall, 120 Multidrug resistant tuberculosis patients were recruited from the district tuberculosis centre, Belagavi District, Karnataka. India. Most patients (47.50%) were aged 25–44 years. Of the 120 MDR-TB patients, 67.50% are male and 32.5% are female. Of 120 MDR-TB patients, 7.50% are HIV positive. As part of the study, smoking (26.67%), chewing tobacco (50%), and alcohol consumption (33.33%) were found to be other major risk factors. 24.17% of patients had a family history of tuberculosis, of which 5% had contact with an infected person as a source of infection.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study documented various risk variables involved in the emergence of Multidrug resistant TB. This research also highlighted the significance of pharmaceutical care in the effective management of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). This study identified risk variables that contribute to MDR-TB and helped educate tuberculosis patients about these risk factors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39346,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Tuberculosis","volume":"72 2","pages":"Pages 233-239"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140279221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacteria infection in Asia: A narrative review","authors":"Leong Tung Ong","doi":"10.1016/j.ijtb.2024.08.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijtb.2024.08.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent population-based studies conducted in Asia have revealed a notable increase in the overall incidence of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infection, coinciding with a decline in tuberculosis (TB) cases. The incidence of NTM infection has exceeded that of TB in Japan, with a prevalence rate showing a substantial increase over the years. Similarly, South Korea and Taiwan have witnessed an increase of NTM infection rates, particularly in pulmonary disease. The NTM species isolation rate has increased in the past years globally. The most common NTM species isolated in Asia was <em>Mycobacterium avium</em> complex (MAC) at 16.5%, followed by M. <em>abscessus</em> at 12.2%, and M. <em>intracellulare</em> at 11.1 %. Furthermore, the prevalence of co-infection of NTM and TB has been explored, highlighting a prevalence of 4.2% in patients diagnosed with TB infection and 7.6% in patients diagnosed with NTM infection. Extrapulmonary NTM infection manifests in diverse form, including pleuritis, peritonitis, ocular infections, central nervous system infections, skin and soft-tissue infections, lymphadenitis, genitourinary infections, and disseminated disease. The prevalence and manifestations of these extrapulmonary manifestations varies across countries, emphasizing the complex clinical spectrum of NTM infection. Increased awareness of NTM infection, their microbiological characteristics, and co-infection with TB in Asia provide valuable insights for effective diagnosis and management. This comprehensive review enhances the understanding of NTM infection in Asia, providing insights that may differ from Western countries and could contribute to the development of public health interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39346,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Tuberculosis","volume":"72 2","pages":"Pages 259-265"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144270464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}