Indian Journal of Tuberculosis最新文献

{"title":"Coverage and utilization of Nikshay Poshan Yojana among patients with tuberculosis: Exploring patterns and influencing factors","authors":"Kartik Chadhar,&nbsp;Nagappan Madhappan,&nbsp;Ankit Chandra,&nbsp;Harshal Ramesh Salve,&nbsp;Kapil Yadav,&nbsp;Puneet Misra,&nbsp;Rakesh Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.ijtb.2023.09.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijtb.2023.09.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>India bears a burden of tuberculosis (TB) and undernutrition, both of which are interconnected, as undernutrition increases the susceptibility and affects the outcome of TB infection. To address this, government of India introduced Nikshay Poshan Yojana in 2018 to provide nutritional support to patients with TB. However, the end-usage and barriers of the monetary benefit under this scheme have not been extensively studied.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To address these gaps, our study aimed to estimate Nikshay Poshan Yojana coverage among patients with tuberculosis in the Ballabgarh tuberculosis unit, explore end-usage patterns, and identify facilitators and barriers for availing the monetary benefit.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted a mixed-methods study in Ballabgarh tuberculosis unit (TU) in Faridabad district of Haryana state, India. To assess the coverage, we randomly selected patients treated under the Ballabgarh TU between January 2019 and December 2021. We conducted telephonic interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire and collected data on the coverage and end usage of the Nikshay Poshan Yojana scheme. Descriptive analysis was conducted using R software. We conducted in-depth interviews with a senior treatment supervisor and a district tuberculosis officer and two focus group discussions with tuberculosis patients. Thematic analysis was used to identify the factors of end usage, facilitators, and barriers of the use of monetary benefits under the scheme.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among the 251 patients with TB enrolled in the study, 60.6% received at least one and 22.3% received all instalments. The median amount received was INR 2500 (USD 31.2), with 90.9% of the funds being spent on purchasing food items. Fruits and milk were the main food items purchased. Factors influencing the end usage included personal or family needs, awareness of the nutritional benefits in addressing the disease, advice from parents and Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS) providers, and the need for diagnostic tests or medications. Facilitators for utilization included assistance in creating bank accounts, centralized monitoring, and the flexibility of receiving the monetary benefit through parents' or family members' accounts. The barriers for utilization of Nikshay Poshan Yojana were non-availability of bank account, dormant bank account, delay due to bank related issues or administrative procedures.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The findings revealed a substantial partial coverage and poor full coverage of Nikshay Poshan Yojana. The monetary benefit received was primarily utilized for purchasing food items, indicating adherence to the intended purpose.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39346,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Tuberculosis","volume":"72 1","pages":"Pages 38-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135346857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enforcement of COTPA in India- current status, challenges and solutions","authors":"Rakesh Gupta ,&nbsp;Garima Bhatt ,&nbsp;Ranjit Singh ,&nbsp;Puneet Chahar ,&nbsp;Sonu Goel ,&nbsp;Rana J Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.ijtb.2024.06.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijtb.2024.06.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The key for public health programs to succeed is their successful implementation to achieve the desired outcomes. For integrating legislative measures such as the Cigarette and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA), which needs a component of enforcement, unless there is optimal engagement and empowerment of the assigned agencies, the outcomes are likely to be weak and incomplete at best.</div></div><div><h3>Current status</h3><div>Enforcement of COTPA under the National Tobacco Control Programme (NTCP) has succeeded only partly despite the best efforts of State Tobacco Control Cells (STCCs) countrywide. The lack of an execution plan, irregularity in the training schedules of the assigned agencies which lack ownership, suboptimal engagement of the stakeholders, including civil societies (CSOs), missing monitoring and evaluation of their outputs until recently and, above all, an absence of an accountability clause in COTPA for non-performance have led to varied but mostly poor compliance.</div></div><div><h3>Solutions</h3><div>For successful enforcement of COTPA, the Ministry of Health &amp; Family Welfare (MoHFW), besides integrated solutions proposed by several studies, should consider amending COTPA and strengthening the existing measures to control tobacco, such as setting of a dedicated COTPA-enforcement Police Unit at the State-level, a National Tobacco Control Organization (NTCO) or entrust it entirely to a third-party.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>In India, the strictest enforcement of COTPA is critical to reduce the burden of tobacco. The MoHFW, besides amending COTPA at the earliest, should specifically focus on adopting the proposed outcome-oriented strategies. Or else, it should consider working for an endgame of tobacco in India by the year 2030.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39346,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Tuberculosis","volume":"72 1","pages":"Pages 94-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143075888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncommon presentation of gastrointestinal tuberculosis-A case series","authors":"Sapna Dixit ,&nbsp;Ajay Kumar Verma ,&nbsp;Jyoti Bajpai ,&nbsp;Surya Kant ,&nbsp;Riddhi Jaiswal ,&nbsp;Anjali Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.ijtb.2024.06.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijtb.2024.06.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><span><span>Tuberculosis (TB) is a common disease in underdeveloped countries. Of all tuberculosis cases worldwide, 28% were reported from India. The most prevalent site of infection is the lungs (pulmonary TB), whereas extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) is less common. The most common form of EPTB in India is </span>Lymph Node<span><span> TB, which accounts for around 35% of total EPTB cases. Splenic tuberculosis<span> incidence is 8 % whereas tuberculosis of pancreas and gall bladder is extremely rare. Pancreatic and </span></span>gallbladder tuberculosis (GT) is extremely rare and presents with non-specific features. The clinical manifestations of EPTB are variable, imitate other diseases, and are usually confused with other diseases. Thus, it is crucial to be cautious and highly suspicious of </span></span>EPTB infection<span> in endemic areas. Probability of developing EPTB in immunocompromised patients is higher than in immunocompetent patients. The burden of EPTB in HIV patients ranges from 15 to 20% of all TB cases in HIV-negative patients, while in HIV-positive people, it accounts for around 40–50% of new TB cases. Histopathological examination (HPE) and positive Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB) smears are used to make the diagnosis. ATT is given to such patients for 6 months. Due to such a diverse presentation of TB, here, we report a case series of extrapulmonary TB occurring in the abdomen in, pancreas, gallbladder, and spleen.</span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":39346,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Tuberculosis","volume":"72 1","pages":"Pages 133-138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143075906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Omalizumab with allergen immunotherapy in respiratory & food allergy","authors":"P.C. Kathuria ,&nbsp;Manisha Rai","doi":"10.1016/j.ijtb.2024.06.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijtb.2024.06.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><span>Allergen Immunotherapy<span> (AIT) is the only disease modifying treatment option for patient with IgE mediated allergic disorder. Conventional subcutaneous immunotherapy<span> is associated with adverse events during build-up and maintenance phase but cluster allergen immunotherapy with monoclonal anti-IgE antibody (omalizumab) has complementary and synergistic effect. </span></span></span><em>Omalizumab plus AIT</em><span> can significantly enhance the efficacy, safety, and steroid-sparing effect of AIT by increasing target maintenance dose (TMD) and sustained unresponsiveness (SU) to allergen while decreasing the adverse events and severe systemic reactions. This review aims to highlight that combination of </span><span><span>omalizumab</span><em> plus AIT</em></span> is superior than AIT alone.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39346,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Tuberculosis","volume":"72 1","pages":"Pages 98-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143075898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insight into tuberculosis of talus in children: A review of five cases","authors":"Anil Agarwal ,&nbsp;Sitanshu Barik ,&nbsp;Lokesh Sharma ,&nbsp;Yogesh Patel ,&nbsp;Mohit Gera ,&nbsp;Varun Garg","doi":"10.1016/j.ijtb.2023.11.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijtb.2023.11.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Tubercular affection of talus in children is considered extremely rare with literature limited to few case reports. This study reports five cases of tubercular infection of talus in children and traces the various presentations and the treatment outcome.</div><div>MethodsThe series describes five children with biopsy proven affection of tuberculosis of talus. Data reviewed included the demographic data, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and outcome at final follow up.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among the five cases described in this series, the majority were osseous (4/5). The location of the osseous lesions was noted in the head as well as the head-neck junction of the talus. The duration of symptoms varied from three to 12 months. Three of the five cases healed uneventfully after the initiation of standard anti-tubercular therapy with normal appearing radiographs at the latest follow up. Two cases still had small, geographic lytic lesions in the talus. These might represent healed cystic cavities filled with fibrous.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The diagnosis of tuberculosis of talus in children is challenging. A high index of suspicion is required for patients presenting pain around the ankle and hindfoot for more than four weeks. The involvement of the talar bone in tuberculosis can be osseous or synovial. Lesions in the head and neck should particularly be investigated for tubercular etiology. Once diagnosed, antitubercular drugs are effective in healing the lesions clinically as well as radiologically. The presence of lesions in the non-weight bearing area of the talus prevents bony collapse and eventual shape is maintained.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39346,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Tuberculosis","volume":"72 1","pages":"Pages 74-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135664409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strategic diagnosis- Unraveling Tuberculosis- A comprehensive approach","authors":"Rushna Wazahat","doi":"10.1016/j.ijtb.2024.08.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijtb.2024.08.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tuberculosis, an airborne-infectious disease caused by <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> remains a perpetual threat globally. It claims over 1.4 million lives per year. Various diagnostic strategies including smear microscopy, culture methods, immunochromatographic assays and molecular methods have paved the way for tuberculosis diagnosis. The Government of India has introduced National Strategic Plan (NSP) for TB elimination, aiming to achieve a rapid decline in the incidence, morbidity, and mortality of TB by the year 2030. In its quest for TB elimination, the plan is structured around four strategic pillars: “Detect-Treat-Prevent-Build.” To achieve these pillars and progress towards TB elimination, the government encourages adoption of novel point-of- care diagnostics techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39346,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Tuberculosis","volume":"72 1","pages":"Pages 112-132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143075901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Gene Xpert MTB/RIF assay for detecting tuberculous spondylitis in specimens obtained by CT-guided aspiration/biopsy and spectrum of imaging findings in spinal tuberculosis","authors":"Richa Misra ,&nbsp;Anil Kumar Singh ,&nbsp;Zafar Neyaz ,&nbsp;Vivek Kumar Singh ,&nbsp;Vimal K. Paliwal ,&nbsp;Prabhakar Mishra","doi":"10.1016/j.ijtb.2023.10.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijtb.2023.10.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To evaluate the utility of the GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of tuberculous spondylitis in samples obtained by CT-guided aspiration/biopsy. The effect of anti-tubercular treatment, specimen type, and imaging findings on laboratory results was also assessed along with a comparison of imaging findings in tubercular versus non-tubercular cases.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div><span>This prospective observational study, planned for CT-guided aspiration/ biopsy, included 70 adults with suspected tuberculous spondylitis. Specimens were sent for microscopy, </span>histopathology, TB culture, and Gene Xpert MTB/RIF assay. The correlation of sampling location, specimen type, anti-tubercular treatment, and imaging findings on microbiology results was documented.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A definite diagnosis of tuberculous spondylitis was obtained in 50 cases. The assay had a 100 % agreement for smear-positive, culture-positive, specimens while the overall agreement was 41.3 %. Rifampicin resistance was detected in 8 cases. Seventy-one percent of patients were on empiric ATT. Imaging findings such as end plate destruction, paravertebral soft tissue thickening and abscess, disc involvement, sequestrum, and bony fragments were significantly associated with a final diagnosis of spinal tuberculosis.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The Gene Xpert MTB/RIF assay performed on specimens obtained by CT-guided aspiration/biopsy is a sensitive and rapid method of establishing a diagnosis of tuberculous spondylitis even in cases on ATT.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39346,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Tuberculosis","volume":"72 1","pages":"Pages 61-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135372156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The prevalence of urogenital tuberculosis in people living with HIV","authors":"Bruno Duque Ramos ,&nbsp;Victor Silvestre Soares Fanni ,&nbsp;André Netto Bastos ,&nbsp;José Murillo Bastos Netto ,&nbsp;André Avarese de Figueiredo","doi":"10.1016/j.ijtb.2024.03.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijtb.2024.03.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The prevalence of urogenital tuberculosis<span><span> (UGT) is not well known, especially in people living with HIV, therefore, our aim was to identify the prevalence of urogenital tuberculosis in HIV-infected individuals and characterize the clinical and laboratory risk factors associated with UGT. A </span>cross sectional study<span><span><span> was conducted to characterize the prevalence of UGT in people living with HIV. PCR tests and specific culture were performed on samples from 181 patients living with HIV, divided into two groups: A) patients with suggestive UGT symptoms and b) hospitalized patients without any suggestive UGT symptoms. Only one case of UGT was diagnosed, with a positive PCR but negative specific culture, resulting in a prevalence of 0.55%. The patient had disseminated tuberculosis (miliary pulmonary, intestinal, and urogenital with bilateral nephromegaly) with acute febrile syndrome, no urogenital symptoms, but with microscopic </span>hematuria<span> and sterile pyuria. This patient had poorly controlled </span></span>HIV infection<span> with positive viral load and CD4 count below 200 cells/mm³. The prevalence of UGT in patients living with HIV is very low. However, patients with poorly controlled disease may present disseminated tuberculosis associated with UGT. Urine screening for UGT may be relevant for diagnosing disseminated tuberculosis in patients living with HIV with acute infectious syndrome.</span></span></span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":39346,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Tuberculosis","volume":"72 1","pages":"Pages 83-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140401007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of probable post-COVID cardiac sequelae and its health seeking behaviour among health care workers: A cross-sectional analytical study","authors":"Yamini Marimuthu ,&nbsp;Greshma Chandrasekharan Nair ,&nbsp;Umesh Nagesh ,&nbsp;Amal Anand ,&nbsp;Kamal Kishore Chopra ,&nbsp;Bharathnag Nagappa ,&nbsp;Nandini Sharma ,&nbsp;Gopinath Sivashankar ,&nbsp;Neha Nagaraj","doi":"10.1016/j.ijtb.2023.06.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijtb.2023.06.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Post-COVID Sequelae are considered as the signs and symptoms that develop during or after an infection consistent with COVID-19 which continue for more than 12 weeks and are not explained by alternative diagnosis. The prevalence of post-COVID cardiac sequelae ranges from 2% to 71% across the globe and it is reported to be around 22% in India. With this background, the study was conducted to assess the prevalence of probable post-COVID cardiac sequelae (PCCS) and delay in health-seeking for post-COVID cardiac sequelae among healthcare workers.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among health workers and students in a medical educational institute in Karnataka from May 2022 to July 2022. Health workers and students who had a past history of COVID-19 during the COVID pandemic were included in the study. Socio-demographic details, clinical profile, symptoms of post-COVID cardiac sequelae, and health-seeking behavior were collected. Data were collected in Epicollect5 and analyzed using STATA statistical software. The prevalence of probable PCCS was expressed with 95% confidence interval. Univariate binomial logistic regression was done to assess the determinants of probable post-COVID sequelae.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 336 health workers were included in the study with a mean (SD) age of 25.6 (8.6) years. A majority (68.2%) of them were females and only 25 (7.4%) belonged to the age group of 45–60 years. The prevalence of probable post-COVID cardiac sequelae among health workers and medical students was 11.9% (95% CI: 8.76–15.7). Among the 40 participants who had probable post-COVID cardiac sequelae, 55% (95% CI: 40%–70%) were not evaluated further which was their treatment-seeking behavior. Females, hypertensive individuals, and those who had moderate-severe disease during acute COVID-19 disease were at higher risk of developing probable post-COVID cardiac sequelae.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Around one out of ten individuals had experienced probable post-COVID cardiac sequelae, but only half of them got evaluated for it. An appropriate screening program for post-COVID cardiac sequelae needs to be implemented along with awareness-raising activities about long COVID to prevent the morbidity and mortality associated with it.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39346,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Tuberculosis","volume":"72 1","pages":"Pages 5-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121950242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prospective evaluation of ethambutol toxic optic neuropathy in patients of pulmonary tuberculosis","authors":"Neharika Sharma ,&nbsp;Abha Gahlot ,&nbsp;Jawahar Lal Goyal ,&nbsp;Devendra Kumar singh ,&nbsp;Divya Singh ,&nbsp;Arushi Gupta ,&nbsp;Pulkit Gandhi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijtb.2023.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijtb.2023.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aim</h3><div>The aim of the study was to evaluate visual parameters for early detection of ethambutol<span> toxicity to prevent irreversible optic nerve damage.</span></div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div><span>This cohort study included 50 newly diagnosed cases of pulmonary tuberculosis, i.e. 100 eyes, in people aged 18–72 years, who received ethambutol as part of the antitubercular therapy. Before starting antitubercular treatment, at each monthly visit, </span>ophthalmic<span> examination was done that included best corrected visual acuity, optic disc evaluation, colour vision, contrast sensitivity, pupil cycle time and automated perimetry for a period of six months. Ethambutol was discontinued in patients who showed signs of visual impairment. These patients were observed for another three months for reversibility of toxicity.</span></div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Visual functions were normal in all patients at baseline. Out of 50 patients, 47 didn't show any signs of deterioration in visual functions even after six months of oral administration of ethambutol. However, 3 out of 50 patients, i.e. 6 eyes (6 %), showed signs of toxicity after 4–5 months – LogMAR visual acuity deteriorated from 0.00 to 1.08 (±0.40); mean contrast sensitivity deteriorated from 1.725 (±0.075) to 1.12 (±0.18); mean deviation in visual fields got impaired from −1.37 (±0.15) to −10.93 (±2.66); and colour vision got severely affected. All the affected patients were aged above 65.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>In the present study, six percent of 50 patients showed ethambutol toxic optic neuropathy. It was concluded that patients should be comprehensively evaluated for visual parameters before starting the ethambutol treatment. They should be closely monitored by an ophthalmologist for visual functions every month to detect ethambutol toxicity at the early reversible stage to prevent irreversible damage to the optic nerve. Patients should be asked to report immediately if they detect any blurring of vision or colour vision abnormality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39346,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Tuberculosis","volume":"72 1","pages":"Pages 69-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139295896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}