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Medical Management of Obesity: Current Trends and Future Perspectives.
Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal Pub Date : 2025-02-18 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.14797/mdcvj.1503
Andres Calderon Valladares, Maria Aguilera Astudillo, Alexsandra Rojas Drinnon, Samaneh Dowlatshahi, Abhishek Kansara, Jawairia Shakil, Bhargavi Patham
{"title":"Medical Management of Obesity: Current Trends and Future Perspectives.","authors":"Andres Calderon Valladares, Maria Aguilera Astudillo, Alexsandra Rojas Drinnon, Samaneh Dowlatshahi, Abhishek Kansara, Jawairia Shakil, Bhargavi Patham","doi":"10.14797/mdcvj.1503","DOIUrl":"10.14797/mdcvj.1503","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Obesity and overweight have become increasingly significant conditions, affecting more than 70% of the adult population in the United States. These conditions are caused by a combination of factors, including genetic, behavioral, environmental, and medical influences. Obesity is a major risk factor for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. A comprehensive treatment plan for individuals with obesity must recognize the chronic nature of the condition and offer strategies for weight reduction and long-term cardiometabolic benefits. Over the past several decades, multiple therapeutic options have been implemented to address weight loss, appetite regulation, and caloric expenditure, with the goal of reducing the burden of obesity and improving cardiovascular outcomes. Pharmacological treatment of obesity has focused primarily on the central regulation of appetite and food intake behavior. The introduction of incretin agonists for obesity treatment has ushered in a new era of cardiometabolic health, with a multitargeted mechanism that achieves weight loss, glycemic control, decreased cardiovascular mortality, and other metabolic benefits. This review explores the current pharmacological options and the future of obesity treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":39207,"journal":{"name":"Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal","volume":"21 2","pages":"62-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11844017/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143484243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Strategies to Manage Obesity: Endoscopic Bariatric and Metabolic Therapies.
Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal Pub Date : 2025-02-18 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.14797/mdcvj.1518
Ronan P Allencherril, Thomas R McCarty
{"title":"Strategies to Manage Obesity: Endoscopic Bariatric and Metabolic Therapies.","authors":"Ronan P Allencherril, Thomas R McCarty","doi":"10.14797/mdcvj.1518","DOIUrl":"10.14797/mdcvj.1518","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Over the past two decades, numerous endoscopic bariatric and metabolic therapies (EBMTs) have been developed with the goal of providing additional effective and safe tools for the treatment of obesity. These treatments are an ultra-minimally invasive option for patients with class I, class II, and class III obesity. Many of these EBMTs can be utilized as primary therapies for treatment-naïve patients or as a treatment for weight regain after bariatric surgery. While the role of EBMTs is not to compete with bariatric surgery, which provides the most effective treatment of obesity, they provide greater weight loss than lifestyle modifications and pharmacotherapy; additionally, when combined with pharmacotherapy, they may help achieve surgical weight loss without the risk of invasive surgery. This review summarizes the most currently available EBMTs, including intragastric balloons (IGBs), endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty (ESG), and endoscopic surgical revision procedures for treating obesity.</p>","PeriodicalId":39207,"journal":{"name":"Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal","volume":"21 2","pages":"74-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11844021/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143484346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Surgical Strategies for the Management of Obesity.
Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal Pub Date : 2025-02-18 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.14797/mdcvj.1513
Connie Au, Robert Brumer, Julia Schroer, Nabil Tariq
{"title":"Surgical Strategies for the Management of Obesity.","authors":"Connie Au, Robert Brumer, Julia Schroer, Nabil Tariq","doi":"10.14797/mdcvj.1513","DOIUrl":"10.14797/mdcvj.1513","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Obesity is one of the most difficult medical conditions to treat in the United States (US) and requires multidisciplinary treatment. Bariatric surgery is one of the most effective treatment options for morbid obesity. In this review, we describe the most up-to-date information regarding the impact of obesity on cardiovascular disease and other comorbidities as well as the various surgical approaches for treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":39207,"journal":{"name":"Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal","volume":"21 2","pages":"84-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11844048/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143484353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Obesity and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: A Review of Social and Biobehavioral Pathways.
Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal Pub Date : 2025-02-18 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.14797/mdcvj.1528
Izza Shahid, Faiza Zakaria, Ryan Chang, Umair Javed, Zahir Malik Amin, Sadeer Al-Kindi, Khurram Nasir, Zulqarnain Javed
{"title":"Obesity and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: A Review of Social and Biobehavioral Pathways.","authors":"Izza Shahid, Faiza Zakaria, Ryan Chang, Umair Javed, Zahir Malik Amin, Sadeer Al-Kindi, Khurram Nasir, Zulqarnain Javed","doi":"10.14797/mdcvj.1528","DOIUrl":"10.14797/mdcvj.1528","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the United States, two out of every five adults have obesity. The obesity epidemic is a significant public health concern and a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), contributing to its development through a complex interplay of social, biologic and behavioral mechanisms. It exacerbates traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes, while visceral and epicardial fat deposition promotes inflammation and insulin resistance, thereby accelerating atherosclerosis. Beyond traditional pathophysiologic pathways, social determinants of health (SDoH) significantly contribute to obesity-related disparities, particularly among racial and ethnic minorities. SDoH factors such as socioeconomic status, access to health care, and limited availability of nutritious food and safe spaces for physical activity not only increase obesity prevalence but also exacerbate its psychological toll, including stress and anxiety, which further elevate cardiovascular risk. Environmental factors, such as limited green spaces and air pollution, further promote obesogenic behaviors and worsen cardiovascular outcomes. In this review, we explore the association between obesity and ASCVD and key mediating pathways including the role of SDoH and environmental risk factors. We also discuss potential strategies-including patient education, community engagement to address SDoH, and establishment of dedicated cardiometabolic and cardiovascular prevention clinics-to mitigate the population burden of obesity and improve downstream cardiovascular outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":39207,"journal":{"name":"Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal","volume":"21 2","pages":"23-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11843985/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143484336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Strategies to Manage Obesity: Lifestyle.
Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal Pub Date : 2025-02-18 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.14797/mdcvj.1510
Ramiro Saavedra, Betsy Ramirez, Brandon Jay
{"title":"Strategies to Manage Obesity: Lifestyle.","authors":"Ramiro Saavedra, Betsy Ramirez, Brandon Jay","doi":"10.14797/mdcvj.1510","DOIUrl":"10.14797/mdcvj.1510","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The treatment of obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is complex, and a variety of strategies are effective in the lifestyle interventions associated with these disease states. An interdisciplinary approach is the most effective treatment with the best results and outcomes. The lifestyle management of obesity includes interventions in nutrition, exercise, and behavioral health-all key components in managing most chronic illnesses. Effective nutrition interventions include the Mediterranean diet, DASH diet, and incorporation of more plant-based food options. Exercise is tailored to individual needs and emphasizes a gradual progression and incremental change with both aerobic and resistance training to manage weight and cardiovascular disease. Behavioral health focuses on practicing mindfulness, active self-awareness, sleep quality, stress management, and the use of therapy in overcoming barriers to success. These lifestyle factors are key in managing weight and cardiovascular disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":39207,"journal":{"name":"Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal","volume":"21 2","pages":"53-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11843922/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143484349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Obesity as a Disease: A Primer on Clinical and Physiological Insights.
Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal Pub Date : 2025-02-18 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.14797/mdcvj.1515
Aayush Shah, Orhun Davarci, Peter Chaftari, Eleonora Avenatti
{"title":"Obesity as a Disease: A Primer on Clinical and Physiological Insights.","authors":"Aayush Shah, Orhun Davarci, Peter Chaftari, Eleonora Avenatti","doi":"10.14797/mdcvj.1515","DOIUrl":"10.14797/mdcvj.1515","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Obesity is now recognized as a multifaceted chronic disease that is intricately linked to metabolic, biochemical, and psychosocial dysfunction. In this article, we review the epidemiology of obesity, current understanding of its physiopathology, and the recommended staging system used to approach it as a chronic disease, and we include an overview of its health implications.</p>","PeriodicalId":39207,"journal":{"name":"Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal","volume":"21 2","pages":"4-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11843931/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143484342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Lovely, Dark and Deep: Robert Frost and His Most Famous Poem.
Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal Pub Date : 2025-02-18 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.14797/mdcvj.1483
Justin C Cordova, James B Young
{"title":"Lovely, Dark and Deep: Robert Frost and His Most Famous Poem.","authors":"Justin C Cordova, James B Young","doi":"10.14797/mdcvj.1483","DOIUrl":"10.14797/mdcvj.1483","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Robert Frost (1874-1963) had a lengthy and distinguished career as one of America's favorite poets. \"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening\" is perhaps his best-known work and was published as part of a collection that garnered him the first of his record-setting four Pulitzer Prizes in poetry. Though written in 1922, the poem continues to have relevance more than a century later. It is especially germane for members of the medical community, who have their own \"promises to keep\" in ensuring the best care possible for patients and their families, both now and in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":39207,"journal":{"name":"Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal","volume":"21 2","pages":"100-103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11844020/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143484316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Patent Foramen Ovale with a Straddling Thrombus.
Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal Pub Date : 2025-02-18 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.14797/mdcvj.1532
Yehia Saleh, Ola Abdelkarim, Samarth Thakkar, Nadeen Faza
{"title":"Patent Foramen Ovale with a Straddling Thrombus.","authors":"Yehia Saleh, Ola Abdelkarim, Samarth Thakkar, Nadeen Faza","doi":"10.14797/mdcvj.1532","DOIUrl":"10.14797/mdcvj.1532","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A 78-year-old man presented with shortness of breath and lower limb edema. Echocardiogram showed severely decreased biventricular function with a large clot straddling the patent foramen ovale extending from the right atrium into the left atrium and ventricle.</p>","PeriodicalId":39207,"journal":{"name":"Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal","volume":"21 2","pages":"97-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11844037/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143484343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Food Chain and Food Policies: Causes and Solutions for the Obesity Pandemic.
Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal Pub Date : 2025-02-18 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.14797/mdcvj.1509
Nishtha Sareen, Shivani Watson, Nina E Hill, Eric J Brandt, Krishnaswami Vijayaraghavan
{"title":"Food Chain and Food Policies: Causes and Solutions for the Obesity Pandemic.","authors":"Nishtha Sareen, Shivani Watson, Nina E Hill, Eric J Brandt, Krishnaswami Vijayaraghavan","doi":"10.14797/mdcvj.1509","DOIUrl":"10.14797/mdcvj.1509","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article highlights the prevalence, epidemiology, and pathophysiology of obesity in the United States, including its increasing link to cardiovascular disease (CVD). We discuss food policies-ranging from societal to regional, state, and federal levels-and their healthcare impact. While multiple examples show some success in reducing the global obesity pandemic via the food chain, much research is still needed to demonstrate the robust impact of these multi-prong interventions and their ability to decrease the CVD burden.<sup>8</sup>.</p>","PeriodicalId":39207,"journal":{"name":"Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal","volume":"21 2","pages":"14-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11843978/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143484313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Obesity and Atrial Fibrillation: A Comprehensive Review.
Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal Pub Date : 2025-02-18 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.14797/mdcvj.1516
Jonathan Na, Sai Sita Garapati, Adi Lador
{"title":"Obesity and Atrial Fibrillation: A Comprehensive Review.","authors":"Jonathan Na, Sai Sita Garapati, Adi Lador","doi":"10.14797/mdcvj.1516","DOIUrl":"10.14797/mdcvj.1516","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) remains the most common arrhythmia worldwide, but its pathophysiology remains complex and multifactorial. As obesity has increased over the past couple of decades, much interest has been generated about its relationship with other diseases. As a result, the interplay between AF and obesity has been rigorously investigated as risk factor modification has become more important for the management of AF. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology of AF and obesity, the pathophysiology connecting these two diseases, and how obesity affects the management of AF.</p>","PeriodicalId":39207,"journal":{"name":"Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal","volume":"21 2","pages":"35-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11843930/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143484325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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