World Electric Vehicle Journal最新文献

{"title":"Research on Robust Control of Intelligent Vehicle Adaptive Cruise","authors":"Zhaoxin Zhu, Shaoyi Bei, Bo Li, Guosi Liu, Haoran Tang, Yunhai Zhu, Chencheng Gao","doi":"10.3390/wevj14100268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14100268","url":null,"abstract":"To improve the anti-interference and robustness of the adaptive cruise control system in car-following mode, this paper designs a robust controller for the automobile adaptive cruise control system which contains two layers, the upper and lower structures, based on the μ control theory. On the one hand, the upper controller calculates the theoretical safety distance between two automobiles based on the current working conditions, and it calculates the expected acceleration of the vehicle through an optimal control method based on the safety distance and two vehicle speeds. On the other hand, this paper constructs the lower μ integrated controller of an automobile longitudinal dynamics system based on the performance requirements of an adaptive cruise control system and solves it in Matlab. Then, through calculation and simulation, it demonstrates that the designed dual-layer LQR-μ controller has good performance robustness and robust stability, which can significantly improve the anti-interference ability and driving safety performance of the vehicle during the following cruise process.","PeriodicalId":38979,"journal":{"name":"World Electric Vehicle Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135864928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of the Electronic Control Unit of Electric-Powered Agricultural Vehicles","authors":"Ionuț Vasile, Emil Tudor, Ion-Cătălin Sburlan, Mihai-Gabriel Matache, Mario Cristea","doi":"10.3390/wevj14100267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14100267","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural vehicles, such as tractors, combines, and harvesters, are following the trend of commercial vehicles with a transition from diesel to electric propulsion. Seen as an integrated system, a full-electric tractor is a complex machine with many systems that have to be interconnected for efficient functionality; thus, the need for a central control unit arises. The purpose of this article is to present an electronic control unit that interconnects the powertrain, the hydraulic systems, and the auxiliary systems of a full-electric tractor, with an emphasis on optimization through software design. The article describes the hardware of the electronic control unit and the software state diagrams necessary to implement the functions required by the electric tractor. The results of this article show how, through software optimization, the performances of the tractor can be improved, with parameters such as the response time of the various equipment being a useful indicator of such an improvement. Furthermore, the implementation of trip memory and an easy-to-use human–machine interface allows for easy diagnostic of the electric tractor.","PeriodicalId":38979,"journal":{"name":"World Electric Vehicle Journal","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136094588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-Term Forecasting of Electric Vehicle Load Using Time Series, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning Techniques","authors":"Gayathry Vishnu, Deepa Kaliyaperumal, Peeta Basa Pati, Alagar Karthick, Nagesh Subbanna, Aritra Ghosh","doi":"10.3390/wevj14090266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14090266","url":null,"abstract":"Electric vehicles (EVs) are inducing revolutionary developments to the transportation and power sectors. Their innumerable benefits are forcing nations to adopt this sustainable mode of transport. Governments are framing and implementing various green energy policies. Nonetheless, there exist several critical challenges and concerns to be resolved in order to reap the complete benefits of E-mobility. The impacts of unplanned EV charging are a major concern. Accurate EV load forecasting followed by an efficient charge scheduling system could, to a large extent, solve this problem. This work focuses on short-term EV demand forecasting using three learning frameworks, which were applied to real-time adaptive charging network (ACN) data, and performance was analyzed. Auto-regressive (AR) forecasting, support vector regression (SVR), and long short-term memory (LSTM) frameworks demonstrated good performance in EV charging demand forecasting. Among these, LSTM showed the best performance with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 4 kW and a root-mean-squared error (RMSE) of 5.9 kW.","PeriodicalId":38979,"journal":{"name":"World Electric Vehicle Journal","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136314467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preliminary Design of the Fuel Cells Based Energy Systems for a Cruise Ship","authors":"Giuseppe De Lorenzo, Rosario Marzio Ruffo, Petronilla Fragiacomo","doi":"10.3390/wevj14090263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14090263","url":null,"abstract":"Over the years, attention to climate change has meant that international agreements have been drawn up and increasingly stringent regulations aimed at reducing the environmental impact of the marine sector have been issued. A possible alternative technology to the conventional and polluting diesel internal combustion engines is represented by the Fuel Cells. In the present article, the preliminary design of two energy systems based on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) fed by bio-methane was carried out for a particular cruise ship. The SOFC systems were sized to separately supply the electric energies required for the ship propulsion and to power the other ship electrical utilities. The SOFC systems operate in nominal conditions at constant load and other electrical storage systems (batteries) cover the fluctuations in the electrical energy demand. Furthermore, the heat produced by the SOFCs is exploited for co-/tri-generation purposes, to satisfy the ship thermal energy needs. The preliminary design of the new energy systems was made using electronic spreadsheets. The new energy system has obtained the primary energy consumption and CO2 emissions reductions of 12.74% and 40.23% compared to the conventional energy system. Furthermore, if bio-methane is used, a reduction of 95.50% could be obtained in net CO2 emissions.","PeriodicalId":38979,"journal":{"name":"World Electric Vehicle Journal","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135153382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on Electric Vehicle Braking Intention Recognition Based on Sample Entropy and Probabilistic Neural Network","authors":"Jianping Wen, Haodong Zhang, Zhensheng Li, Xiurong Fang","doi":"10.3390/wevj14090264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14090264","url":null,"abstract":"The accurate identification of a driver’s braking intention is crucial to the formulation of regenerative braking control strategies for electric vehicles. In this paper, a braking intention recognition model based on the sample entropy of the braking signal and a probabilistic neural network (PNN) is proposed to achieve the accurate recognition of different braking intentions. Firstly, the brake pedal travel signal is decomposed to extract the effective components via variational modal decomposition (VMD); then, the features of the decomposed signal are extracted using sample entropy to obtain the multidimensional feature vector of the braking signal; finally, the sparrow search algorithm (SSA) and probabilistic neural network are combined to optimize the smoothing factor with the sparrow search algorithm and the cross-entropy loss function as the fitness function to establish a braking intention recognition model. The experimental validation results show that combining the sample entropy features of the braking signal with the probabilistic neural network can effectively identify the braking intention, and the SSA-PNN algorithm has higher recognition accuracy compared with the traditional machine learning algorithm.","PeriodicalId":38979,"journal":{"name":"World Electric Vehicle Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135207391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Battery Electric Vehicles and Fuel Cell Vehicles","authors":"Daniel De Wolf, Yves Smeers","doi":"10.3390/wevj14090262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14090262","url":null,"abstract":"In the current context of the ban on fossil fuel vehicles (diesel and petrol) adopted by several European cities, the question arises of the development of the infrastructure for the distribution of alternative energies, namely hydrogen (for fuel cell electric vehicles) and electricity (for battery electric vehicles). First, we compare the main advantages/constraints of the two alternative propulsion modes for the user. The main advantages of hydrogen vehicles are autonomy and fast recharging. The main advantages of battery-powered vehicles are the lower price and the wide availability of the electricity grid. We then review the existing studies on the deployment of new hydrogen distribution networks and compare the deployment costs of hydrogen and electricity distribution networks. Finally, we conclude with some personal conclusions on the benefits of developing both modes and ideas for future studies on the subject.","PeriodicalId":38979,"journal":{"name":"World Electric Vehicle Journal","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135153206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance Evaluation of You Only Look Once v4 in Road Anomaly Detection and Visual Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping for Autonomous Vehicles","authors":"Jibril Abdullahi Bala, Steve Adetunji Adeshina, Abiodun Musa Aibinu","doi":"10.3390/wevj14090265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14090265","url":null,"abstract":"The proliferation of autonomous vehicles (AVs) emphasises the pressing need to navigate challenging road networks riddled with anomalies like unapproved speed bumps, potholes, and other hazardous conditions, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. These anomalies not only contribute to driving stress, vehicle damage, and financial implications for users but also elevate the risk of accidents. A significant hurdle for AV deployment is the vehicle’s environmental awareness and the capacity to localise effectively without excessive dependence on pre-defined maps in dynamically evolving contexts. Addressing this overarching challenge, this paper introduces a specialised deep learning model, leveraging YOLO v4, which profiles road surfaces by pinpointing defects, demonstrating a mean average precision (mAP@0.5) of 95.34%. Concurrently, a comprehensive solution—RA-SLAM, which is an enhanced Visual Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping (V-SLAM) mechanism for road scene modeling, integrated with the YOLO v4 algorithm—was developed. This approach precisely detects road anomalies, further refining V-SLAM through a keypoint aggregation algorithm. Collectively, these advancements underscore the potential for a holistic integration into AV’s intelligent navigation systems, ensuring safer and more efficient traversal across intricate road terrains.","PeriodicalId":38979,"journal":{"name":"World Electric Vehicle Journal","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135207394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prototype of a System for Tracking Transit Service Based on IoV, ITS, and Machine Learning","authors":"Camilo Andrés Sánchez Díaz, Anderson Stive Díaz Lucio, Ricardo Salazar-Cabrera, Álvaro Pachón de la Cruz, Juan Manuel Madrid Molina","doi":"10.3390/wevj14090261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14090261","url":null,"abstract":"The transit service in a city should be the most efficient, least polluting, most accessible, and sustainable means of transportation for its citizens. However, serious shortcomings have been detected, mainly in medium-sized cities in developing countries. These shortcomings are related to a lack of user information, insecurity, low service availability, and repeated stops in inappropriate and/or unauthorized places. Some of these shortcomings contribute to high accident rates and traffic congestion. The development of tools to improve the characteristics and conditions of transit service in cities has become an imperative need to improve the quality of life of citizens and city sustainability. Transit service tracking is relevant in aspects such as online location information to travelers and control by transport companies for compliance with speed limits, schedules, routes, and stops. This research proposes a transit vehicle tracking system based on the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) in Vehicle-to-Roadside (V2R) classification. The proposed system is ideal for the use of electric vehicles due to the low power consumption of the tracking device. This system uses Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) tracking service architecture, Long Range (LoRa) communication technology, and its LoRa Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) protocol. Additionally, the system offers real-time location prediction in the absence of position data. The IoV tracking device integrates a GPS-LoRa module card with an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). A location prediction algorithm was implemented to train and store a prediction model with previously collected data from tracking devices. To evaluate the developed model, a case study in the city of Popayán (Colombia) was implemented, using three routes for testing. The results of the system implementation were satisfactory, obtaining an average coverage of 60.4% of the routes in the final field tests through LoRa communication. For the remaining 39.6% of the routes, location data prediction was used, with an average accuracy of 177 m with respect to the real location. Considering the obtained results, a tracking system such as the one proposed in this article can be used in the transit systems of medium-sized cities in developing countries to improve service quality and fleet control.","PeriodicalId":38979,"journal":{"name":"World Electric Vehicle Journal","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134913569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parameter Optimization of the Power and Energy System of Unmanned Electric Drive Chassis Based on Improved Genetic Algorithms of the KOHONEN Network","authors":"Weina Wang, Shiwei Xu, Hong Ouyang, Xinyu Zeng","doi":"10.3390/wevj14090260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14090260","url":null,"abstract":"For unmanned electric drive chassis parameter optimization problems, an unmanned electric drive chassis model containing power systems and energy systems was built using CRUISE, and as the traditional genetic algorithm is prone to falling into the local optima, an improved isolation niche genetic algorithm based on KOHONEN network clustering (KIGA) is proposed. The simulation results show that the proposed KIGA can reasonably divide the initial niche populations. Compared with the traditional genetic algorithm (GA) and the isolation niche genetic algorithm (IGA), KIGA can achieve faster convergence and a better global search ability. The comprehensive performance of the unmanned electric drive chassis in terms of power and economy was increased by 8.26% with a set of better solutions. The results show that simultaneous power system and energy system parameter optimization can enhance unmanned electric drive chassis performance and that KIGA is an efficient method for optimizing the parameters of unmanned electric drive chassis.","PeriodicalId":38979,"journal":{"name":"World Electric Vehicle Journal","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134913570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of Challenges and Opportunities in the Integration of Electric Vehicles to the Grid","authors":"Gayathry Vishnu, Deepa Kaliyaperumal, Ramprabhakar Jayaprakash, Alagar Karthick, V. Kumar Chinnaiyan, Aritra Ghosh","doi":"10.3390/wevj14090259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14090259","url":null,"abstract":"Electric vehicle (EV) technology has revolutionized the transportation sector in the last few decades. The adoption of EVs, along with the advancement of smart grid technologies and Renewable Energy Sources (RES), has introduced new concepts in the automobile and power industries. Vehicle-Grid Integration (VGI) or Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) is a technology revolutionizing both the transport and electric power sectors. From a V2G perspective, these sectors are complementary and mutually beneficial. For the power sector, mitigation of voltage and frequency excursions and the prospect of grid stabilization on the brink of uncertainties owing to the dynamics in the grid scenario are very important. This article focuses on various aspects of EV-power grid integration. The tremendous benefits of this technology, as presented in the literature, are reviewed. Furthermore, the concerns and the implementation challenges are reviewed in detail in this work.","PeriodicalId":38979,"journal":{"name":"World Electric Vehicle Journal","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135982229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}