World Electric Vehicle Journal最新文献

Vibration Performance Analysis of a Yokeless Stator Axial Flux PM Motor with Distributed Winding for Electric Vehicle Application 电动汽车应用中带有分布式绕组的无横向定子轴向磁通永磁电机的振动性能分析

IF 2.6

World Electric Vehicle Journal Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.3390/wevj15080335

Xue Yu, Qin Wang, Yu Fu, Hao Chen, Jianfu Zhang, Weiwei Geng

{"title":"Vibration Performance Analysis of a Yokeless Stator Axial Flux PM Motor with Distributed Winding for Electric Vehicle Application","authors":"Xue Yu, Qin Wang, Yu Fu, Hao Chen, Jianfu Zhang, Weiwei Geng","doi":"10.3390/wevj15080335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15080335","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a detailed analysis of the electromagnetic force and vibration behavior of a new axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) machine with a yokeless stator and interior PM rotor. Firstly, the configuration of an AFPM machine with a dual rotor and a sandwiched stator is introduced, including the structural design, fixation of the yokeless stator and segmented skew rotor structure. Then, the influence of anisotropic material and a fixed structure on stator modes is analyzed, including elastic modulus, shear model, the skew angle of slot and the thickness of stator yoke. Furthermore, a new non-equally segmented skew rotor structure is proposed and calculated for the reduction in vibration based on the multiphysics model. Three different segmented skew rotor schemes are compared to illustrate the influence of reducing vibration and noise. The predicted results show that the effect of the non-equally segmented skew rotor on reducing vibration is better than the other two schemes. Finally, a 120 kW AFPM motor is experimented with and the result matches well with the predicted data. The vibration performance of the AFPM motor with a dual rotor and sandwiched yokeless stator is revealed comprehensively.","PeriodicalId":38979,"journal":{"name":"World Electric Vehicle Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141798743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Research on the Driving Behavior and Decision-Making of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) in Mixed Traffic Flow by Integrating Bilayer-GRU-Att and GWO-XGBoost Models 通过整合双层-GRU-Att 和 GWO-XGBoost 模型研究混合交通流中自动驾驶汽车 (AV) 的驾驶行为和决策问题

IF 2.6

World Electric Vehicle Journal Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.3390/wevj15080333

Lei Wang, Zhiwei Guan, Jian Liu, Jianyou Zhao

{"title":"Research on the Driving Behavior and Decision-Making of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) in Mixed Traffic Flow by Integrating Bilayer-GRU-Att and GWO-XGBoost Models","authors":"Lei Wang, Zhiwei Guan, Jian Liu, Jianyou Zhao","doi":"10.3390/wevj15080333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15080333","url":null,"abstract":"The continuous increase in the penetration rate of autonomous vehicles in highway traffic flow has become an irreversible development trend; in this paper, a novel hybrid prediction model of deep sequence learning and an integrated decision tree is proposed for human–machine mixed driving heterogeneous traffic flow scenarios, so as to realize the accurate prediction of the driving intention of the target vehicle in the traffic environment by autonomous vehicles (AVs). Firstly, the hybrid model uses the attention mechanism-based double-layer gated network model (Bilayer-GRU-Att) to effectively capture the time sequence dependence of the target vehicle’s driving state, and then accurately calculate its trajectory data in different prediction time-domains (tpred). Furthermore, the hybrid model introduces the eXtreme Gradient Boosting decision tree optimized by the Grey Wolf Optimization model (GWO-XGBoost) to identify the lane-changing intention of the target vehicle, because the prediction information of the future trajectory data of the target vehicle by the aforementioned Bilayer-GRU-Att model is properly integrated. The GWO-XGBoost model can accurately predict the lane-changing intention of the target vehicle in different prediction time-domains. Finally, the efficacy of this hybrid model was tested using the HighD dataset for training, validation, and testing purposes. The results of a benchmark analysis indicate that the hybrid model proposed in this paper has the best error evaluation index and balanced prediction time consuming index under the six prediction time-domains. Meanwhile, the hybrid model demonstrates the best classifying performance in predicting the lane-changing intentions of “turning left”, “going straight”, and “turning right” driving behaviors.","PeriodicalId":38979,"journal":{"name":"World Electric Vehicle Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141804706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Investment Decision-Making to Select Converted Electric Motorcycle Tests in Indonesia 印度尼西亚选择改装电动摩托车测试的投资决策

IF 2.6

World Electric Vehicle Journal Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.3390/wevj15080334

Tasya Santi Rahmawati, Wahyudi Sutopo, Hendro Wicaksono

{"title":"Investment Decision-Making to Select Converted Electric Motorcycle Tests in Indonesia","authors":"Tasya Santi Rahmawati, Wahyudi Sutopo, Hendro Wicaksono","doi":"10.3390/wevj15080334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15080334","url":null,"abstract":"The issue of carbon emissions can be addressed through environmentally friendly technological innovations, which contribute to the journey towards achieving net-zero emissions (NZE). The electrification of transportation by converting internal combustion engine (ICE) motorcycles to converted electric motorcycles (CEM) directly reduces the number of pollution sources from fossil-powered motors. In Indonesia, numerous government regulations support the commercialization of the CEM system, including the requirement for conversion workshops to be formal entities in the CEM process. Every CEM must pass a test to ensure its safety and suitability. Currently, the CEM testing process is conducted at only one location, making it inefficient and inaccessible. Therefore, most conversion workshops in Indonesia need to take investment steps in procuring CEM-type test tools. This research aims to determine the best alternative from several investment alternatives for CEM-type test tools. In selecting the investment, three criteria are considered: costs, operations, and specifications. By using the investment decision-making model, a hierarchical decision-making model is obtained, which is then processed using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and the technique for order of preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS). Criteria are weighted to establish a priority order. The final step involves ranking the alternatives and selecting Investment 2 (INV2) as the best investment tool with a relative closeness value of 0.6279. Investment 2 has the shortest time process (40 min), the lowest electricity requirement, and the smallest dimensions. This research aims to provide recommendations for the best investment alternatives that can be purchased by the conversion workshops.","PeriodicalId":38979,"journal":{"name":"World Electric Vehicle Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141804633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Comprehensive Analysis of Supercapacitors and Their Equivalent Circuits—A Review 超级电容器及其等效电路的全面分析--综述

IF 2.6

World Electric Vehicle Journal Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.3390/wevj15080332

Pranathi Mehra, Sahaj Saxena, Suman Bhullar

引用次数: 0

The Influence of Psychological Factors on Consumer Purchase Intention for Electric Vehicles: Case Study from China: Integrating the Necessary Condition Analysis Methodology from the Perspective of Self-Determination Theory 心理因素对消费者购买电动汽车意向的影响：中国案例研究从自我决定理论的视角整合必要条件分析方法

IF 2.6

World Electric Vehicle Journal Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.3390/wevj15080331

Haipeng Zhao, F. Furuoka, R. Rasiah

{"title":"The Influence of Psychological Factors on Consumer Purchase Intention for Electric Vehicles: Case Study from China: Integrating the Necessary Condition Analysis Methodology from the Perspective of Self-Determination Theory","authors":"Haipeng Zhao, F. Furuoka, R. Rasiah","doi":"10.3390/wevj15080331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15080331","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the impact of psychological factors on consumer purchase intention for electric vehicles (EVs) through the lens of Self-Determination Theory (SDT). By integrating the three dimensions of autonomy, relatedness, and competence, this study addresses a research gap in consumer innovative consumption, offering a deeper understanding of green transportation. The research reveals that psychological factors significantly influence innovative consumption and the purchase intention of EVs, aligning with the existing literature. In sustainable transportation, psychological factors such as motivation, attitude, and inner activities increasingly drive purchase decisions. This study examines the direct and indirect effects of psychological factors on purchase intention by employing Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) and Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA). It also considers the moderating role of driving experience in the relationship between psychological factors and innovative consumption. This combined data analysis approach provides a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms influencing purchase intention, highlighting the intricate interplay between psychological determinants and consumer behavior in the adoption of electric vehicles.","PeriodicalId":38979,"journal":{"name":"World Electric Vehicle Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141809769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Anti-Rollover Trajectory Planning Method for Heavy Vehicles in Human–Machine Cooperative Driving 人机协同驾驶中重型车辆的防侧翻轨迹规划方法

IF 2.6

World Electric Vehicle Journal Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.3390/wevj15080328

Haixiao Wu, Zhongming Wu, Junfeng Lu, Li Sun

{"title":"Anti-Rollover Trajectory Planning Method for Heavy Vehicles in Human–Machine Cooperative Driving","authors":"Haixiao Wu, Zhongming Wu, Junfeng Lu, Li Sun","doi":"10.3390/wevj15080328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15080328","url":null,"abstract":"The existing trajectory planning research mainly considers the safety of the obstacle avoidance process rather than the anti-rollover requirements of heavy vehicles. When there are driving risks such as rollover and collision, how to coordinate the game relationship between the two is the key technical problem to realizing the anti-rollover trajectory planning under the condition of driving risk triggering. Given the above problems, this paper studies the non-cooperative game model construction method of the obstacle avoidance process that integrates the vehicle driving risk in a complex traffic environment. Then it obtains the obstacle avoidance area that satisfies both the collision and rollover profit requirements based on the Nash equilibrium. A Kmeans-SMOTE risk clustering fusion is proposed in this paper, in which more sampling points are supplemented by the SMOTE oversampling method, and then the ideal obstacle avoidance area is obtained through clustering algorithm fusion to determine the optimal feasible area for obstacle avoidance trajectory planning. On this basis, to solve the convergence problems of the existing multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm and analyze the influence of weight parameters and the diversity of the optimization process, this paper proposes an anti-rollover trajectory planning method based on the improved cosine variable weight factor MOPSO algorithm. The simulation results show that the trajectory obtained based on the method proposed in this paper can effectively improve the anti-rollover performance of the controlled vehicle while avoiding obstacles.","PeriodicalId":38979,"journal":{"name":"World Electric Vehicle Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141806514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Technology Innovation of Hybrid Electric Vehicles: A Patent-Based Study 混合动力电动汽车的技术创新：基于专利的研究

IF 2.6

World Electric Vehicle Journal Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.3390/wevj15080329

Yan Zhu, Jie Wu, Oleg Gaidai

{"title":"The Technology Innovation of Hybrid Electric Vehicles: A Patent-Based Study","authors":"Yan Zhu, Jie Wu, Oleg Gaidai","doi":"10.3390/wevj15080329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15080329","url":null,"abstract":"A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a relatively practical technology that has emerged as electric vehicle technology has gradually matured. The analysis of the HEV patent lifecycle is crucial for understanding its impact on the development of this technology. This lifecycle tracks the progress of HEV technologies from their inception and patenting, through their market adoption, and to the expiration of their patent protection. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the technology lifecycle of the HEV industry using the growth S-curve method. The purpose of this study is to describe the technological lifecycle trajectory and current stage of the HEV industry, as well as the technical stages of each sub-technology, to facilitate better decision making. As part of this study, we used patent family data collected from the Derwent Innovation Index database from 1975 to 2022 and established an S-curve model for HEVs and their sub-technologies using logistic regression. In 2022, the technological maturity of HEVs reached 44%. The sub-technologies with the most substantial diffusion capabilities are energy management, propulsion systems, and cooling circuits. According to predictions, the saturation period for the patent family quantity related to HEVs is estimated to be around 53 years.","PeriodicalId":38979,"journal":{"name":"World Electric Vehicle Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141807280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Optimal Fast-Charging Strategy for Cylindrical Li-Ion Cells at Different Temperatures 不同温度下圆柱形锂离子电池的最佳快速充电策略

IF 2.6

World Electric Vehicle Journal Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.3390/wevj15080330

J. Jaguemont, Ali Darwiche, Fanny Bardé

{"title":"Optimal Fast-Charging Strategy for Cylindrical Li-Ion Cells at Different Temperatures","authors":"J. Jaguemont, Ali Darwiche, Fanny Bardé","doi":"10.3390/wevj15080330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15080330","url":null,"abstract":"Ensuring efficiency and safety is critical when developing charging strategies for lithium-ion batteries. This paper introduces a novel method to optimize fast charging for cylindrical Li-ion NMC 3Ah cells, enhancing both their charging efficiency and thermal safety. Using Model Predictive Control (MPC), this study presents a cost function that estimates the thermal safety boundary of Li-ion batteries, emphasizing the relationship between the temperature gradient and the state of charge (SoC) at different temperatures. The charging control framework combines an equivalent circuit model (ECM) with minimal electro-thermal equations to estimate battery state and temperature. Optimization results indicate that at ambient temperatures, the optimal charging allows the cell’s temperature to self-regulate within a safe operating range, requiring only one additional minute to reach 80% SoC compared to a typical fast-charging protocol (high current profile). Validation through numerical simulations and real experimental data from an NMC 3Ah cylindrical cell demonstrates that the simple approach adheres to the battery’s electrical and thermal limitations during the charging process.","PeriodicalId":38979,"journal":{"name":"World Electric Vehicle Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141807598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Optimization of Charging Station Capacity Based on Energy Storage Scheduling and Bi-Level Planning Model 基于储能调度和双层规划模型的充电站容量优化

IF 2.6

World Electric Vehicle Journal Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.3390/wevj15080327

Wenwen Wang, Yan Liu, Xinglong Fan, Zhengmei Zhang

引用次数: 0

A Study on an Energy-Regenerative Braking Model Using Supercapacitors and DC Motors 使用超级电容器和直流电机的能量再生制动模型研究

IF 2.6

World Electric Vehicle Journal Pub Date : 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.3390/wevj15070326

Alistair Teasdale, Lucky A. Ishaku, C. Amaechi, Ibitoye Adelusi, Abdelrahman Abdelazim

{"title":"A Study on an Energy-Regenerative Braking Model Using Supercapacitors and DC Motors","authors":"Alistair Teasdale, Lucky A. Ishaku, C. Amaechi, Ibitoye Adelusi, Abdelrahman Abdelazim","doi":"10.3390/wevj15070326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15070326","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents an energy regeneration model and some theory required to construct a regeneration braking system. Due to the effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, there is increasing interest in the use of electric vehicles (EVs), electric bikes, electric bicycles, electric buses and electric aircraft globally. In order to promote the use of electric transportation systems, there is a need to underscore the impact of net zero emissions. The development of EVs requires regenerating braking system. This study presents the advantages of regenerative braking. This system is globally seen in applications such as electric cars, trams, and trains. In this study, the design specification, design methodology, testing configurations, Simulink model, and recommendations will be outlined. A unique element of this work is the practical experiment that was carried out using 1.5 Amps with no load and 2.15 Amps with a load. The discharge voltage was purely from the 22 W bulb load connected to the capacitor bank as we limited this study to the use of 1.5 Amps and it took 15 min for a full discharge cycle, after which no charge was left in the capacitor bank. The results showed that the discharge rate and charging rate for the regenerative braking system were effective but could be improved. The objective of this paper is to investigate how a supercapacitor works alongside a battery in regenerative braking applications. This study demonstrates that the superconductor used can deliver maximum power when required. Also, it can also withstand elevated peaks in charging or discharging current via the supercapacitor. Combining a battery with a supercapacitor reduces the abrupt load on the battery by shifting it to the capacitor. When these two combinations are used in tandem, the battery pack’s endurance and lifespan are both boosted.","PeriodicalId":38979,"journal":{"name":"World Electric Vehicle Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141817206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0