Journal of Reproduction and Infertility最新文献

{"title":"Mixed Gonadal Dysgenesis with 45,X/46,X,idic(Y)/46,XY Karyotype: A Case Report.","authors":"Reshma Ammu Shetty, Deyyanthody Prashanth Shetty, Pooja Swaroop Kulshreshtha, Jayarama Shanker Kadandale","doi":"10.18502/jri.v25i1.15203","DOIUrl":"10.18502/jri.v25i1.15203","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The purpose of the current study was to report a case with 45,X/46,XY/46,X,idic(Yp) mosaicism showing the male phenotype with mixed gonadal dysgenesis.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 27 year-old individual, phenotypically male, presented with azoospermia and a micropenis. Both testes were not visualized in the scrotal sac. Due to the presence of a small-sized uterus, the individual was referred to the KSHEMA Center for Genetic Services for chromosomal analysis. Karyotyping revealed a mosaic karyotype of 45,X[44]/46,XY[5]/46,X,idic(Yp)[1]. This finding was further confirmed through fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. The individual's mosaic karyotype consisted of three cell lines, with a higher proportion of the 45,X cell line and lower proportions of the idic(Yp) and 46,XY cell lines. It is worth noting that this mosaic condition in postnatal peripheral blood has not been reported in the literature thus far.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The case report demonstrated the importance of performing karyotype and FISH analysis in understanding genetic defects including mosaicism and other chromosomal aberrations, which can influence not only growth and puberty but also sexual development and maturation. Hence, performing cytogenetic and molecular cytogenetic analysis will help clinicians to take a further step in understanding and managing the condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":38826,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reproduction and Infertility","volume":"25 1","pages":"72-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11330203/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142000891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Amino Acid Profile in Seminal Plasma of Normozoospermic Men: A Correlation Analysis with Spermiogram Parameters and Total Antioxidant Capacity.","authors":"Naser Amirjannati, Ralf Henkel, Elham Hosseini, Peyman Choopanian, Hanieh Moghadasfar, Babak Arjmand, Lima Asgharpour Sarouey, Azadeh Haji Parvaneh, Kambiz Gilany","doi":"10.18502/jri.v24i4.14153","DOIUrl":"10.18502/jri.v24i4.14153","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Male infertility is usually determined by the manual evaluation of the semen, namely the standard semen analysis. It is currently impossible to predict sperm fertilizing ability based on the semen analysis alone. Therefore, a more sensitive and selective diagnosis tool is required.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twelve fresh semen samples were collected from fertile volunteers attending the Avicenna Fertility Center (Tehran, Iran). The seminal plasma (SP) was prepared and subjected to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was analysis. Thirty-four amino acids including essential amino acids (EAA), non-essential amino acids (NEAA), and non-proteinogenic amino acids (NPAA) relative concentration were determined, and the correlation between their concentration with spermiogram parameters and TAC of the SP was analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant positive correlations have been found between selected amino acids with the motility (Met and Gln, r_s=0.92; Cys, r_s=0.72; and Asn, r_s=0.82), normal sperm morphology (Met, r_s=0.92; Cys, r_s=0.72; Glu, r_s=0.92; and Asn, r_s=0.82), and sperm concentration (Trp, Phe, and Ala). In contrast, several AAs, including Gly, Ser, and Ile showed negative correlations with sperm concentration (r_s=-0.93, r=-0.92, and r=-0.89, respectively). Furthermore, TAC showed a positive association only with Tyr (r_s=0.79).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The strong positive/negative correlations between the seminal metabolic signature and spermiogram demonstrate the significance of determining metabolite levels under normal conditions for normal sperm functions. Combining the metabolome with the clinical characteristics of semen would enable clinicians to look beyond biomarkers toward the clinical interpretation of seminal parameters to explain the biological basis of sperm pathology.</p>","PeriodicalId":38826,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reproduction and Infertility","volume":"24 4","pages":"257-268"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10757683/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139075288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of the Administration of 150 or 75 <i>IU</i> of Recombinant LH in Agonist ICSI Cycles Stimulated with Recombinant FSH in Women Aged 35-39: A Comparative Study.","authors":"Roberto Matorras, Fermin Aspichueta, Begoña Prieto, Rosario Mendoza, Iker Malaina, Blanca Corral, Lorena Crisol, Alberto Vendrell, Antonia Exposito","doi":"10.18502/jri.v24i4.14154","DOIUrl":"10.18502/jri.v24i4.14154","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The purpose of the study was to assess whether the coadministration of 150 <i>IU</i> of recombinant LH instead of 75 <i>IU</i> in women aged 35-39 improves the results in agonist ICSI cycles stimulated with 300 <i>IU</i> of recombinant FSH.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, two ovarian stimulation protocols coexisted which were identical except in the administered dose of recombinant LH, for which some patients received 150 <i>IU</i> (n=231) and some received 75 <i>IU</i> (n=216). Both groups received 300 <i>IU</i> of recombinant FSH. Gonadotropins were reimbursed by the National Health System. Statistical analysis was performed by Student's t test, χ², and ANCOVA. Significance level was established at p=0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The number of retrieved oocytes was slightly higher in the 300/150 group (9.06±5.53 <i>vs</i>. 8.61±5.11), but the differences were not significant. Results were similar with the number of metaphase II oocytes (7.18±4.86 <i>vs</i>. 6.72±4.72) and the number of fertilized oocytes (4.64±3.2 <i>vs</i>. 4.23±2.72). The per-transfer clinical pregnancy rates exhibited close similarity between both groups (32.84% <i>vs</i>. 32.46%), as did the per-transfer live birth rates (29.90% <i>vs</i>. 30.37%) and the implantation rate. The rate of hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) as well as the rate of cancellation due to OHHS risk was similar in both groups. There was also no difference in the miscarriage rate. When results were expressed by per started cycle or by oocyte pick-up, the results remained very similar in both groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In women aged 35-39 undergoing ovarian stimulation with recombinant FSH in agonist cycles, the coadministration of 75 or 150 <i>UI</i> of recombinant LH did not influence pregnancy rates. However, a slight increase in the number of retrieved oocytes should not be disregarded.</p>","PeriodicalId":38826,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reproduction and Infertility","volume":"24 4","pages":"269-278"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10757692/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139075283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Homozygosity for Robertsonian Translocation (14q;15q) in a Newborn with a Familial History of Recurrent Abortion and Newborns Affected by Hepatosplenomegaly: A Case Report.","authors":"Sahra Sahraeean, Asiyeh Jebelli, Zahra Shahbazi, Fahimeh Piryaei","doi":"10.18502/jri.v24i4.14158","DOIUrl":"10.18502/jri.v24i4.14158","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Robertsonian translocations (RobTs) are one of the major chromosomal abnormalities which lead to spontaneous abortion. They occur in the human population at the rate of 1 in 1000 live infants. In this paper, a family carrying one of the rare RobTs was presented and some features of all kinds of RobTs were reviewed.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A couple with a history of three miscarriages was referred to Omid Health Clinic of Hamadan, Iran. The karyotype of the woman was 45,XX, rob(14;15)(q10;q10) and she exhibited phenotypically good health. Karyotype analysis of proband's uncle and his wife with a consanguineous marriage revealed that they were both carriers of rob(14;15). This couple had six offspring, three of which were dead, and the other three were alive with a normal phenotype. Besides, this couple had an unborn child, with a karyotype of 44,XX,rob(14;15)(q10;q10).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These observations showed that genetic counseling, pedigree, and chromosomal analysis are needed to discover the cause of spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, congenital anomalies, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), <i>etc</i>. Moreover, families carrying RobTs would be offered prenatal diagnosis screening tests and, if necessary, assisted reproductive technology methods to assist with preimplantation genetic test for structural rearrangement (PGT-SR) reproduction.</p>","PeriodicalId":38826,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reproduction and Infertility","volume":"24 4","pages":"301-305"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10757691/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139075285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal and Fetal Factors Affecting Cell-Free Fetal DNA (cffDNA) Fraction: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Majid Zaki-Dizaji, Arman Shafiee, Omid Kohandel Gargari, Haniyeh Fathi, Zohreh Heidary","doi":"10.18502/jri.v24i4.14149","DOIUrl":"10.18502/jri.v24i4.14149","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) is a novel screening method for fetal aneuploidy that facilitated non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) through analysis of cffDNA in maternal plasma. However, despite increased sensitivity, it has a number of limitations that may complicate of its results interpretation. Therefore, elucidating factors affecting fetal fraction, as a critical limitation, guides its clinical application.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this report, systematic search was carried out through PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases until February 11, 2022 by using keywords consist of \"noninvasive prenatal screening\", \"NIPT\", \"noninvasive prenatal\", \"cell free DNA\" and \"fetal fraction\". The articles were screened for eligibility criteria before data extraction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 39 eligible studies, most published between 2010 and 2020, were included. Based on the results of studies, a negative correlation between maternal age and BMI/body weight with fetal fraction was found. Furthermore, LDL, cholesterol, triglyceride level, metformin, heparin and enoxaparin therapy, hemoglobin-related hemoglobinopathies, and physical activity showed to have negative associations. Interestingly, it seems the ethnicity of patients from South and East Asia has a correlation with fetal fraction compared to Caucasians. Positive correlation was observed between gestational age, free β-hCG, PAPP-A, living in high altitude, and twin pregnancy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Considering each factor, there was significant inconsistency and controversy regarding their impact on outcomes. Indeed, multiple factors can influence the accuracy of NIPS results, and it is worth noting that the impact of these factors may vary depending on the individual's ethnic background. Therefore, it is important to recognize that NIPS remains a screening test, and comprehensive pre- and post-NIPS counseling should be conducted as part of standard clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":38826,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reproduction and Infertility","volume":"24 4","pages":"219-231"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10757682/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139075287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Intersection of Ethics, Law, and Professionalism in Third-Party Reproduction for the Elderly.","authors":"Mohammad Reza Sadeghi","doi":"10.18502/jri.v24i4.14148","DOIUrl":"10.18502/jri.v24i4.14148","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38826,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reproduction and Infertility","volume":"24 4","pages":"217-218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10757688/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139075340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infertility Burden Across Indian States: Insights from a Nationally Representative Survey Conducted During 2019-21.","authors":"Varun Agiwal, R Sai Madhuri, Sirshendu Chaudhuri","doi":"10.18502/jri.v24i4.14156","DOIUrl":"10.18502/jri.v24i4.14156","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Infertility is an escalating global concern, impacting approximately one-sixth of the reproductive age population worldwide. Employing data from the National Family Health Survey-5 (NFHS-5, 2019-21), this study assessed the prevalence of primary infertility at both national and state levels in India.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The data of the study was extracted from the National Family Health Survey and Individual file (women file) of the fifth round of NFHS encompassing a sample of 491,484 currently married women in the age group of 15-49 years.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The findings showed that the prevalence of infertility is 18.7 per 1,000 women among those married for at least five years and currently in union. This prevalence increases as the duration of marriage decreases. On a state-level analysis, regions such as Goa, Lakshadweep, and Chhattisgarh exhibit the highest burdens.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings underscore the growing challenge posed by primary infertility in India, calling for targeted interventions and policy measures. The establishment of a national infertility surveillance system is of pivotal importance in addressing this pressing public health issue.</p>","PeriodicalId":38826,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reproduction and Infertility","volume":"24 4","pages":"287-292"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10757690/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139075286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Endometriosis on Intracellular Calcium Levels, Cyclic Dependent Kinase 1 (Cdk1) Expression, and Cyclin B Expression in Post-Ovulation Oocytes of Mice Model.","authors":"Teguh Wiyono, Sri Ratna Dwiningsih, Widjiati Widjiati","doi":"10.18502/jri.v24i4.14150","DOIUrl":"10.18502/jri.v24i4.14150","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Since endometriosis causes a decrease in oocyte quality, the success rate of in vitro fertilization cycles decreases. The purpose of the current study was to analyze the effect of endometriosis on intracellular calcium levels, Cdk1 expression, and cyclin B expression in oocytes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty-two mice (Mus musculus) were divided into control and endometriosis groups. The cumulus oocyte complex (COC) were obtained in all groups. Denudated cells were assessed for calcium levels by calorimetric examinations. Complex oocytes were examined for Cdk1 and cyclin B expression by immune-cytochemistry and were read under a microscope.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Intercellular calcium levels, Cdk1, and cyclin B expression were significantly lower in the endometriosis group than in the control group. There was a significant relationship between calcium levels and Cdk1 expression (p<0.05, r=0.659), a significant relationship between calcium levels and cyclin B expression (p<0.05, r=0.885), and also a significant correlation between Cdk1 and cyclin B expression (p<0.05, r=0.537).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The data presented in this study suggested that the intracellular oocyte calcium level, Cdk1 expression, and cyclin B expression were lower in mice with endometriosis. A positive correlation was observed between calcium levels and the expression of Cdk1 and cyclin B. Furthermore, a positive correlation was also found between Cdk1 and cyclin B expression.</p>","PeriodicalId":38826,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reproduction and Infertility","volume":"24 4","pages":"232-239"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10757684/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139075338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of FSHR (G2039A) Polymorphism on Müllerian Duct Development and Hormonal Profile of Women with Primary Amenorrhea.","authors":"Priyanka Sanghavi, Divya Chandel","doi":"10.18502/jri.v24i4.14151","DOIUrl":"10.18502/jri.v24i4.14151","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The function of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is mediated by binding to its G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) which is expressed on granulosa cells of the ovary. The purpose of the current study was to examine the impact of FSHR G2039A polymorphism (rs6166; Ser⁶⁸⁰Asn) on clinical and radiology profiles of women with primary amenorrhea (PA) in Gujarat, India.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 90 women (45 controls and 45 cases) were recruited for the study after obtaining informed consent. The DNA extraction was performed on the venous blood samples collected from the participants, followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The presence of polymorphism was then analyzed using restriction fragment polymorphism (RFLP) with the BSeNI enzyme. The statistical analysis was conducted using an independent t-test, chi-square test, and ANOVA. Significance was determined by a p<0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results revealed that homozygous wild type genotype was observed in 46.7% (n=21) of the control group and 11.1% (n=5) of the case group. Heterozygous genotype was observed in 33.3% (n=15) of the control group and 55.6% (n=25) of the case group (p<0.001). Homozygous mutant genotype was observed in 20% (n=9) of the control group and 33.3% (n=15) of the case group (p<0.01). The hormonal profile revealed that serum levels of FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH) were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the AA and AG genotypes compared to the GG genotypes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The FSHR rs6166 G2039A was associated with PA in women, and the A allele could be considered a causative risk factor in developing the condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":38826,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reproduction and Infertility","volume":"24 4","pages":"240-247"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10757686/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139075337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establishment of Cut-off Values for Uterine and Peripheral Blood Natural Killer Cells During the Peri-implantation Period in Fertile Controls and Women with Unexplained Recurrent Implantation Failure.","authors":"Neeta Singh, Yogita Dogra, Pawan Kumar, Sandeep Mathur, Ashok Sharma, Garima Patel","doi":"10.18502/jri.v24i4.14152","DOIUrl":"10.18502/jri.v24i4.14152","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The purpose of the study was to determine the cut-off values for peripheral and uterine natural killer (pNK, uNK) cells in fertile controls and in women with recurrent implantation failure (RIF).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, 50 women with RIF and 50 fertile controls were enrolled. Midluteal endometrial biopsy samples from both cases and controls were obtained for CD 56+ cell immunohistochemistry labeling to identify uNK cells. Peripheral venous blood was also taken during the biopsy to detect pNK cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells using flow cytometry. Cut-off values were obtained from fertile controls. Using a non-parametric Mann-Whitney U-test, the medians of the data sets were compared.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The median values for uNK and pNK cell levels in the control group were 7% and 11.6%, respectively. The median value for uNK cells in RIF patients was 9%, which was higher than the one in controls but not statistically significant (p-value of 0.689). The median pNK levels (11.6% <i>vs</i>. 12.4%) were comparable between the RIF group and the controls. Moreover, it was found that 68% of individuals had uNK cell counts below the reference value, while 32% had excessive levels exceeding 7%. Additionally, only 51.4% of the RIF group had increased pNK cells.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The pNK cell cut-off values need to be used with caution because there was no difference between fertile controls and RIF women. If immunotherapy is recommended for RIF women, uNK cell testing should be used as the preferred approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":38826,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reproduction and Infertility","volume":"24 4","pages":"248-256"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10757687/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139075284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}