Journal of Reproduction and Infertility最新文献

{"title":"The Impact of Growth Hormone Co-Treatment Duration on Outcomes in IVF/ICSI Cycles Among Poor Ovarian Responders.","authors":"Zahra Mohammadshirazi, Ashraf Alyasin, Marzieh Agha Hosseini, Vajihe Hazari","doi":"10.18502/jri.v24i4.14155","DOIUrl":"10.18502/jri.v24i4.14155","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The efficiency of in vitro fertilization is improved by growth hormone (GH) during ovarian stimulation. Additionally, patients with diabetes experience impaired insulin resistance and compromised glucose tolerance, which further exacerbate their condition. Due to these side effects, in this study, the duration of GH treatment was compared in IVF/ICSI cycles among poor ovarian responders.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, POSEIDON criteria were used to choose patients. Subcutaneous administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist was done beginning on the sixth day of the cycle and continuing through the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) injection. In one group, GH was administered 4 units/day from the 2nd day of the cycle until hCG injection, and in another group, the first dose was administered on the 6th day of the cycle. Following the administration of hCG, which lasted from 24 to 36 <i>hr</i>, oocytes were retrieved with the support of B-mode sonography.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In our analysis, no significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of the number of retrieved oocytes, metaphase II oocytes, and quality of grade A and B embryos. The results show that the treatment or conditions did not have a significant impact on the outcomes among the studied groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings indicate that a shorter duration of GH administration can yield similar outcomes compared to a longer duration in IVF/ICSI cycles involving poor ovarian responders. This result holds the potential for a more cost-effective and patient-friendly approach in managing assisted reproductive technology procedures. It may lead to reduced side effects and improved adherence to medication regimens in patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":38826,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reproduction and Infertility","volume":"24 4","pages":"279-286"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10757689/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139075339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Rare Case of 45,X/46,X,del(Y)(q12→qter) Mosaicism in An Infertile Male with Y Chromosome Microdeletion.","authors":"Sunny Kumar Jignesh Kumar Patel, Rahul Kabir, Ruchismita Nayak, Indira Palo, Birendranath Banerjee","doi":"10.18502/jri.v24i4.14157","DOIUrl":"10.18502/jri.v24i4.14157","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Males with 45,X/46,XY karyotype have two different types of cells. This condition is associated with a wide range of clinical phenotypes. In infertile males, the mosaic 45,X/46,XY karyotype is a frequent sex chromosome defect and they might be able to conceive with the help of assisted reproductive technology; nevertheless, there is a potential risk of transmission of azoospermia factor (AZF) microdeletions in addition to 45,X to all the male progeny. In this case report, the purpose was to present a rare sex chromosomal mosaicism of an infertile man.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>Comprehensive molecular and cytogenetic analysis of an infertile male was performed in this case study. A 27-year-old male was presented with history of azoospermia and was unable to conceive after being involved in five years of marriage. Cytogenetic investigation revealed a rare mosaic karyotype pattern of 45,X/46,X,del(Y)(q12→qter). Y chromosome microdeletion (YMD) analysis revealed notable deletions of 06 loci. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) microarray was performed to investigate probable functional genetic associations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Deletion of Y-linked genes leads to different testicular pathological conditions contributing to male infertility. Individuals with normal male phenotype harbor YMD, although size and location of the deletion do not always correspond well with quality of sperm. Therefore, in addition to semen analysis, identification of genetic variables is important which will play a crucial role in proper diagnosis and management of infertile couples. The present case study demonstrates the significance of comprehensive molecular testing and cytogenetic screening for individuals with idiopathic infertility.</p>","PeriodicalId":38826,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reproduction and Infertility","volume":"24 4","pages":"293-300"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10757685/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139075282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of MicroRNAs in Development of Endometrial Cancer: A Literature Review.","authors":"Somasundaram Indumati,&nbsp;Birajdar Apurva,&nbsp;Gaur Gaurav,&nbsp;Singh Nehakumari,&nbsp;Vyas Nishant","doi":"10.18502/jri.v24i3.13271","DOIUrl":"10.18502/jri.v24i3.13271","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Endometrial cancer (EC) ranks as the second most common gynaecological cancer worldwide. EC patients are diagnosed at an early clinical stage and generally have a good prognosis. Therefore, there is a dire need for development of a specific marker for early detection of endometrial adenocarcinoma. The development of EC is conditioned by a multistep process of oncogenic upregulation and tumor suppressor downregulation as shown by molecular genetic evidence. In this setting, microRNAs appear as significant regulators of gene expression and several variations in the expression of microRNAs have been implicated in normal endometrium, endometrial tissue, metrorrhagia, and endometrial cancer. Furthermore, microRNAs act as highly precise, sensitive, and robust molecules, making them potential markers for diagnosing specific cancers and their progression. With the rising incidence of EC, its management remains a vexing challenge and diagnostic methods for the disease are limited to invasive, expensive, and inaccurate tools. Therefore, the prospect of exploiting the utility of microRNAs as potential candidates for diagnosis and therapeutic use in EC seems promising.</p>","PeriodicalId":38826,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reproduction and Infertility","volume":"24 3","pages":"147-165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10471942/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10149897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increased Risk of Infertility in Women Infected with Human Papillomavirus.","authors":"Parastou Heidari Pebdeni,&nbsp;Fereshteh Saffari,&nbsp;Hamid Reza Mollaei,&nbsp;Toraj Reza Mirshekari,&nbsp;Robabeh Hosseini Sadat,&nbsp;Victoria Habibzadeh,&nbsp;Lida Saeed,&nbsp;Moslem Taheri Soodejani,&nbsp;Roya Ahmadrajabi","doi":"10.18502/jri.v24i3.13275","DOIUrl":"10.18502/jri.v24i3.13275","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Among several causes of infertility, urogenital infections seem to be influencing factors. The effect of bacterial or viral sexually transmitted infections (STIs) on human fertility is not well understood. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of STIs in cervical samples of infertile and fertile women and study the relationship between these agents and infertility.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this case-control study, cytobrush was used for collecting of cervical sample from each infertile and fertile woman (n=95) who attended Research and Clinical Centers for Infertility in Kerman, Iran. PCR and real-time PCR methods were used to detect the presence of bacterial (genital <i>Ureaplasma</i> species, genital <i>Mycoplasma</i> species, <i>Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis)</i>, and <i>Gardnerella vaginalis</i>) and viral (herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus (HPV), and Epstein-Barr virus) agents, respectively. Fisher's exact test and the logistic regression with the significance level of ≤5% were used for statistical analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In general, 78.94% and 14.73% of specimens were positive for one or more studied <i>microorganisms</i>, respectively. Among studied agents, only the infection with HPV was significantly different between infertile and fertile groups (p=0.005) which may enhance the likelihood of female infertility (OR=5.30, 95% CI:1.47-19.11, p< 0.05). After adjusting for age, irregular menstrual cycle, abnormal vaginal discharge, and ectopic pregnancy, the odds ratio of infertility in HPV-infected women increased (OR=7.02, 95% CI:1.52-32.3, p<0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Since HPV infection is asymptomatic, periodic screening of women in reproductive age especially infertile couples is recommended for early diagnosis and prevention of infection progression and cross contamination.</p>","PeriodicalId":38826,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reproduction and Infertility","volume":"24 3","pages":"188-197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10471950/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10154746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sox2 Localization During Spermatogenesis and Its Association with other Spermatogenesis Markers Using Protein-Protein Network Analysis.","authors":"Emad Reza,&nbsp;Hossein Azizi,&nbsp;Thomas Skutella","doi":"10.18502/jri.v24i3.13273","DOIUrl":"10.18502/jri.v24i3.13273","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sox2 (SRY box2) is an essential transcription factor that plays a vital role in spermatogenesis and regulates the genes in this process. Sox2 is important for pluripotency, self-renewal, and even spermatogonial stem cell differentiation. This gene is found in pluripotent and specialized cells, and it is involved in their biological activities.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis was performed during spermatogenesis using NCBI, STRING, and Cytoscape databases. Then, after isolating spermatogonial stem cells from 6 C57BL/6 mice, mouse embryonic stem cells and ES-like cells were prepared. In the following, Sox2 expression was examined in differentiated and undifferentiated spermatogonia by immunohistochemistry (IMH), immunocytochemistry (ICC), and Fluidigm PCR (polymerase chain reaction). Finally, the results were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests at the significance level of p<0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results of this experiment showed that contrary to expectations, Sox2 has cytoplasmic expression in undifferentiated cells and nuclear expression in differentiated cells in <i>in vitro</i> conditions. In addition, the expression of Sox2 increased during differentiation. Fluidigm PCR showed a significantly higher expression of Sox2 (p<0.05) in differentiated compared to undifferentiated spermatogonia. Sox2 has an interaction with other genes during spermatogenesis such as Oct4, Nanog, Klf4, Stra8, Smad1, Tcf3, and Osm.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Sox2, which is known as a pluripotency marker, has a vital role in spermatogenesis and could be a differential marker. Sox2 has strong connections with other genes such as Oct4, Nanog, Klf4, Tcf3, Osm, Stra8, Lim2, Smad1, Gdnf, and Kit.</p>","PeriodicalId":38826,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reproduction and Infertility","volume":"24 3","pages":"171-180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10471949/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10149892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment of Immature Teratoma Associated with Ovarian Endometrioma: A Case Report.","authors":"Soheila Amini Moghaddam,&nbsp;Niloufar Sarchami,&nbsp;Ali Rahbari","doi":"10.18502/jri.v24i3.13278","DOIUrl":"10.18502/jri.v24i3.13278","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mature teratoma is a benign neoplasm, mostly composed of well-differentiated derivations of almost two or three germ cell layers, while immature teratoma is a malignant neoplasm composed of immature neural and embryonic tissue. Immature teratoma in the context of ovarian endometrioma has not been reported yet.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 34-year-old woman with primary infertility is reported in this study who suffered from immature teratoma associated with ovarian endometrioma. After several rounds of fertility treatment, the patient was referred for severe abdominal pain and underwent emergency surgery for the rupture of ovarian endometrioma. To preserve the ovary, the cyst was not resected in areas attached to the ovary. Some months later, the patient noticed a progressive abdominal enlargement. The sonographic evaluation revealed multiple solid-cystic lobulated masses on the abdominal wall and throughout the pelvic cavity. The histologic diagnosis was consistent with immature teratoma. The patient was treated with high-dose neoadjuvant chemotherapy and fertility-sparing surgery (FSS). The histologic evaluation of the extracted masses revealed teratoma maturation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study reveals the importance of complete removal of endometrioma and highlights the role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in fertility-sparing surgery and potentiating teratoma maturation.</p>","PeriodicalId":38826,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reproduction and Infertility","volume":"24 3","pages":"212-215"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10471947/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10149890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) as a Predictor of Decreased Oocyte Yield in Patients with Normal Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) and Antral Follicle Count (AFC).","authors":"Colleen Marie Miller,&nbsp;Ryan Elizabeth Margaret Melikian,&nbsp;Tiffanny LaTrice Jones,&nbsp;Mackenzie Phyllice Purdy,&nbsp;Zaraq Khan,&nbsp;Jessica Lee Bleess,&nbsp;Elizabeth AnNella Stewart,&nbsp;Charles Campbell Coddington,&nbsp;Chandra Camilla Shenoy","doi":"10.18502/jri.v24i3.13274","DOIUrl":"10.18502/jri.v24i3.13274","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The purpose of the current study was to determine the utility of early follicular phase follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) testing in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a retrospective review of patients from 2012 to 2015 at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, USA. Included subjects had a normal anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) of 1 to 9 <i>ng/ml</i> and antral follicle count (AFC) of 10 to 29. Patients were stratified by FSH level when associated estradiol was less than 50 <i>ng/ml</i>. In total, 225 patients were categorized into three groups: high FSH (FSH ≥10 <i>IU/L</i>; n= 36), normal FSH (>5 <i>IU/L</i> and <10 <i>IU/L</i>; n=170), and low FSH (FSH ≤5 <i>IU/L</i>; n= 19). ANOVA and multiple logistic regression were used for statistical comparisons and for evaluation of the relationships between variables; significance level was set at <0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were no significant differences in demographics, IVF cycle type, or peak estradiol level between the groups. Patients with a high basal FSH level had a similar clinical pregnancy rate and live birth rate compared to controls and patients with low FSH. High FSH level was associated with decreased follicular development (17 versus 22; p<0.01), oocyte yield (15 versus 18; p=0.02), and embryo yield (8 versus 10; p=0.04) despite higher total doses of gonadotropins.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Patients with normal AMH and AFC levels could be further stratified into lower responders and starting doses of medications can be adjusted based on high basal FSH levels. Therefore, it is suggested to counsel patients on pregnancy outcomes which seem to be quite similar regardless of the FSH level.</p>","PeriodicalId":38826,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reproduction and Infertility","volume":"24 3","pages":"181-187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10471944/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10149893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Diff-Quick and Spermac Staining Methods for Sperm Morphology Evaluation.","authors":"Lincoln Bastos Farias,&nbsp;André Rodrigues da Cunha Barreto-Vianna,&nbsp;Mariana Duque de Mello,&nbsp;Alexandre Leseur Dos Santos,&nbsp;Cristiane da Fonte Ramos,&nbsp;Paula Fontoura","doi":"10.18502/jri.v24i3.13272","DOIUrl":"10.18502/jri.v24i3.13272","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The objective of the current study was comparing the impact of two staining techniques on semen morphological parameters and their influence on patient diagnosis. The ideal staining method should preserve cell integrity while providing detailed information.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Semen samples from fifty men were stained using Diff-Quick or Spermac methods. Morphological parameters were classified based on the Tygerberg criteria, and final diagnosis was according to WHO manual guidelines. Statistical analysis was performed through conducting paired t-tests or Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, with GLIMMIX and Fisher's exact test for determining the significance (p≤0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both staining methods highlighted head and tail regions, with Spermac offering better visualization of the midpiece. Spermac demonstrated fewer normal spermatozoa (2.8±0.3%) compared to Diff-Quick (3.98±0.4%; p=0.0385). Midpiece abnormalities were more evident with Spermac (55.7±2.1%) than Diff-Quick (24.8±2.0%; p<0.0001). No significant difference was found in head and tail abnormalities (p>0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Diff-Quick staining resulted in a higher proportion of normal spermatozoa, primarily due to its midpiece evaluation. The choice of staining method significantly impacts the diagnosis of infertile males. These findings have important implications for clinical practice and future research, suggesting the need for further investigations to assess different staining methods and determine optimal diagnostic thresholds.</p>","PeriodicalId":38826,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reproduction and Infertility","volume":"24 3","pages":"166-170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10471943/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10149894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technical Problems and Ethical Concerns Regarding Gene Editing in Human Germlines and Embryos.","authors":"Mohammad Reza Sadeghi","doi":"10.18502/jri.v24i3.13270","DOIUrl":"10.18502/jri.v24i3.13270","url":null,"abstract":"The Article Abstract is not Available.","PeriodicalId":38826,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reproduction and Infertility","volume":"24 3","pages":"145-146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10471948/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10153231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Child's Right to Know Versus the Parents' Right Not to Tell: The Attitudes of Couples Undergoing Fertility Treatments Towards Identity-Release Gamete Donation.","authors":"Douglas Oliveira Rocha, Rose Marie Massaro Melamed, Daniela Paes de Almeida Ferreira Braga, Amanada Souza Setti, Assumpto Iaconelli, Edson Borges","doi":"10.18502/jri.v24i3.13276","DOIUrl":"10.18502/jri.v24i3.13276","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In Brazil, donor anonymity is mandatory; however, the tendency of Brazilians towards the practice is unknown. In this study, an attempt was made to investigate whether couples undergoing assisted reproductive technology (ART) have a different perception of anonymous versus identity-release gamete donation than a target population in Brazil.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study was performed from September 1, 2020 to December 15, 2020. For that purpose, surveys through online platforms were conducted, including either patients undergoing ART (ART-group, n=400) or subjects interested in the theme (interested-group, n=100) randomized by age at a 1:4 ratio. The survey collected information on the participants' attitudes towards anonymity of gamete donors, and answers were compared between the groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most participants stated that the relationship between children and their parents would be affected by the child's knowledge of the origin of its conception. Most participants in the ART-group believed that the gamete donor's identity should not be revealed to the child, while only half of the interested-group stated the same. Most of the participants stated that \"the donor's identity should be revealed if the child questions its biological origin\". \"From birth\" was the second most common response, while \"when the child turns 18 years old\" and \"sometime during teenage years\" were less common answers.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The attitudes of ART patients about anonymity are conservative, with most participants believing that family relationships may be affected if the child is aware of the origin of his/her conception. These patients also believe that the identity of the gamete donor should not be revealed to the child.</p>","PeriodicalId":38826,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Reproduction and Infertility","volume":"24 3","pages":"198-205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10471945/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10149891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}