Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports最新文献

{"title":"Recent advances in catalysts and interface engineering for high-performance proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers","authors":"Muhammad Arshad ,&nbsp;Akbar Bashir ,&nbsp;Haseebul Hassan ,&nbsp;Shuiping Luo ,&nbsp;Muhammad Bilal ,&nbsp;Muhammad Wasim ,&nbsp;Wen Chen ,&nbsp;Lei Xie ,&nbsp;Jing-Li Luo ,&nbsp;Xian-Zhu Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.mser.2025.101124","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mser.2025.101124","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis has emerged as the most promising technology for sustainable hydrogen production, enabling the decarbonization of energy systems and hard-to-abate industrial sectors. This comprehensive review critically examines recent breakthroughs and persistent challenges across the entire PEMWE value chain, from advanced materials to system integration and large-scale deployment. We present a detailed analysis of cutting-edge developments in electrocatalysts, including atomically dispersed Ir/Ru oxides, high-entropy alloys, and non-precious metal alternatives that achieve superior activity and stability while reducing noble metal loadings to ≤ 0.1 mg cm⁻². This study systematically evaluates advanced membrane innovations, including ultrathin reinforced perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) and hydrocarbon-based alternatives, which achieve simultaneous high proton conductivity and exceptional mechanical durability. A special focus is placed on engineering solutions for porous transport layers and bipolar plates that address critical mass transport limitations at high current densities (≥ 3.0 A cm⁻²). Beyond component-level advances, we analyse system integration strategies, including dynamic operation (0–200 % rated power), hybrid renewable energy coupling, and high-pressure electrolysis (up to 100 bar), that enhance efficiency and economic viability. We provide a critical assessment of key technological barriers, including membrane degradation mechanisms, catalyst dissolution pathways, and the iridium supply chain crisis, while proposing mitigation strategies through advanced manufacturing and alternative approaches. By integrating fundamental research with industrial perspectives, we present a deployment roadmap that underscores the essential interplay of materials innovation, policy frameworks, and market mechanisms to unlock PEMWE’s potential for the global energy transition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":386,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 101124"},"PeriodicalIF":31.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145216345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Terpolymer donors incorporating Dichloroquinoxaline segments enable 19.10% efficiency all-polymer solar cells with extremely high open-circuit voltage of 0.986 V","authors":"Chentong Liao ,&nbsp;Wuke Qiu ,&nbsp;Xingjian Dai ,&nbsp;Zhaolong Liu ,&nbsp;Hongli Wang ,&nbsp;Min Deng ,&nbsp;Xiaopeng Xu ,&nbsp;Qiang Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.mser.2025.101127","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mser.2025.101127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>All-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs) possess mechanical flexibility and manufacturing advantages, yet their power conversion efficiency (PCE) still lags behind perovskite solar cells due to high energy loss (<em>E</em>_loss) and trade-off between open-circuit voltage (<em>V</em>_OC) and short-circuit current density (<em>J</em>_SC). This work addresses these limitations by developing terpolymers incorporating 6,7 difluoro-2-((2-hexyldecyl)oxy)-3-methylquinoxaline (Qx) segment (PM6-Qx5, PM6-Qx10, PM6-Qx15) into PM6 main chain. The introduced Qx is expected to lower the HOMO energy level, enhance quinoid resonance and strengthen intermolecular dipole interactions. The results confirm that all terpolymers achieve a lower-lying HOMO energy level, exhibited strong electrostatic potential and demonstrated excellent miscibility with the PY-DT. PM6-Qx10 has achieved the optimal balance between intramolecular and intermolecular interactions compared to PM6, forming a favorable fibrous network morphology for charge generation and transport, while simultaneously reducing non-radiative recombination. The PM6-Qx10:PY-DT device has achieved a high PCE of 19.10 %, with an extremely high <em>V</em>_OC of 0.986 V. Meanwhile, the <em>E</em>_loss is as low as 0.486 eV. Our study not only demonstrates an effective strategy for reducing <em>E</em>_loss in all-PSCs, optimizing active layer morphology, and simultaneously improving <em>V</em>_OC, <em>J</em>_SC and FF, but also provides valuable theoretical guidance for the molecular engineering principles of higher performance all-polymer photovoltaic cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":386,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 101127"},"PeriodicalIF":31.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145216346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fully photonic controlled flexible synapse for bionic machine vision and reconfigurable logic applications","authors":"Manoj Kumar Rajbhar ,&nbsp;Dayanand Kumar ,&nbsp;Hanrui Li ,&nbsp;Dhananjay D. Kumbhar ,&nbsp;Amit Singh ,&nbsp;Abdul Momin Syed ,&nbsp;Md Hasan Raza Ansari ,&nbsp;Serhii Tytov ,&nbsp;Bashayr Alqahtani ,&nbsp;Hoonkyung Lee ,&nbsp;Nazek El-Atab","doi":"10.1016/j.mser.2025.101088","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mser.2025.101088","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Optoelectronic synapses integrating sensing and synaptic functions are promising for neuromorphic computing, particularly in visual information processing. Traditional designs rely on electrical stimulation for bidirectional weight updating, limiting speed, bandwidth, and integration density. This work presents a wafer-scale, flexible silicon-based fully optical synaptic device capable of bidirectional optical response. This improvement facilitates excitatory and inhibitory synaptic behaviors under illumination with 465 nm and 785 nm wavelengths, respectively. The device demonstrates a range of optical synaptic features, including short-term plasticity, long-term plasticity, paired-pulse facilitation, paired-pulse depression, short-term memory (STM), long-term memory, and cognitive processes such as learning, forgetting, and relearning, particularly under 465 nm light stimulus. The system enables real-time image detection, in situ memorization, and processing within a single memory cell, reducing energy overhead and latency from traditional data conversion and transmission. Additionally, the device functions as a nonvolatile, reconfigurable logic gate. By leveraging three distinct wavelengths 465 nm and 532 nm, and 785 nm the system successfully implements logical operations such as “AND”, “OR”, “NAND” and “NOR”. It also integrates associative learning into the optical synaptic framework. This breakthrough marks a key step toward optogenetics-inspired neuromorphic computing, enabling adaptive processing networks and advancing next-generation wearable electronics and efficient computational systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":386,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 101088"},"PeriodicalIF":31.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144913220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"β–phase hydroxide-steered inner-hosted metal sites for exceptional hydrogen production","authors":"Jitendra N. Tiwari ,&nbsp;Muhammad Umer ,&nbsp;Gokul Bhaskaran ,&nbsp;Matthias Vandichel ,&nbsp;Min Gyu Kim ,&nbsp;Hionsuck Baik ,&nbsp;Yun Suk Huh ,&nbsp;Young-Kyu Han","doi":"10.1016/j.mser.2025.101130","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mser.2025.101130","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-density metal single-atom catalysts (M–SACs) tend to aggregate during synthesis and electrocatalytic processes. To prevent this aggregation, it is essential to develop ultra-low-density M–SACs that exhibit high catalytic activity and stability, which is highly challenging. Additionally, M–SACs maximize the utilization of the active sites and thus increase the atomic efficiency for electrocatalysis. Here, we present the <em>β</em>–phase and <em>α</em>–phase hydroxide-functionalized metals [<em>β</em>–Ni(OH)₂ and <em>α</em>–Co(OH)₂] as sacrificial templates to produce various M–SACs (M = Pt, Ir, Pd, and Ru) embedded in porous nitrogen-bonded carbon sheets, where the metal hydroxides interact strongly with dicyandiamide–metal complexes, effectively preventing the aggregation of isolated metal atoms. The <em>β</em>–Ni(OH)₂-driven platinum variant catalyst (Pt−0.38 wt%:<em><strong>β</strong></em><strong>–Pt</strong>_{<strong>SAs</strong>}<strong>/S</strong>_{<strong>800</strong>}; Pt−0.54 wt%:<em><strong>β</strong></em><strong>–Pt</strong>_{<strong>SAs</strong>}<strong>/S</strong>_{<strong>850</strong>}) demonstrates zero-onset potential, ultra-low overpotential (15 mV at 10 mA cm⁻²), exceptional stability over 10 days of operation, and unprecedented turnover frequencies of 3.68/3.38 H₂ s⁻¹/Pt-site, which are 78/72 times higher than that of 20 wt%Pt/C (0.047 H₂ s⁻¹/Pt-site) for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Notably, <em><strong>β</strong></em><strong>–Pt</strong>_{<strong>SAs</strong>}<strong>/S</strong>_{<strong>850</strong>}-based proton-exchange-membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) achieves a current density of 3.0 A cm⁻² at a low voltage of 1.75 V_cell@80 ℃ [exceeding the Department of Energy 2026 target], along with stable operation for over 200 h at a current density of 1.0 A cm⁻². Experimental observation and theoretical calculations indicate that the inner-hosted PtN₂ moieties remain intact within the graphitic sheets due to their lower formation energy under acidic conditions, effectively reducing the overall HER energy barriers and showcasing the true active sites responsible for the remarkable catalytic activity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":386,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports","volume":"168 ","pages":"Article 101130"},"PeriodicalIF":31.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145374611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fatigue and damage tolerance performance of additively-manufactured titanium alloys for structural application: A comprehensive review","authors":"Jianwen Liu ,&nbsp;Kai Zhang ,&nbsp;Michael J. Bermingham ,&nbsp;Hamish L. Fraser ,&nbsp;Peter Hodgson ,&nbsp;Martin Heilmaier ,&nbsp;Alberto Boretti ,&nbsp;Yuman Zhu ,&nbsp;Aijun Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.mser.2025.101135","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mser.2025.101135","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Titanium (Ti) alloys have emerged as one of the most sought-after metallic materials for additive manufacturing (AM). This originates from the unparalleled synergy of AM's capability to produce intricate geometries and the superior mechanical properties and corrosion resistance inherent to Ti alloys. Despite these benefits, AM Ti alloys continue to face persistent challenges that hinder their in-service reliability and broader adoption. Unlike conventionally manufacturing, AM introduces unique microstructural features such as non-uniform residual stresses and inhomogeneous grain structures, which often result in pronounced variability in material properties. Crucially, this variability underscores an urgent need for thorough performance evaluation of AM-produced parts, especially for critical structural applications where safety and durability are paramount. Previous reviews have broadly addressed AM Ti alloys' static properties and general processing challenges. In contrast, this review takes a comprehensive approach to examine the dynamic performance aspects—specifically, fatigue and damage tolerance—which remain insufficiently summarized yet vital for real-world applications. It deepens into the underlying mechanisms governing these properties, emphasizing the influence of key defects (e.g., porosity, segregation) as well as microstructural characteristics such as grain morphology and residual stresses. Additionally, this work expands the discussion to assess the behavior of AM Ti alloys under extreme environmental conditions (high-temperature and cryogenic operations), which are increasing demand in the automotive and energy sectors. By providing a detailed evaluation of these critical aspects, this review aims to bridge existing knowledge gaps, offering actionable insights to refine AM Ti alloy processing and enhance their structural reliability for demanding applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":386,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 101135"},"PeriodicalIF":31.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145358217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in oxygen-containing functional groups-modified hard carbon anodes for sodium-ion batteries","authors":"Yufei He,&nbsp;Da Liu,&nbsp;Qinyu Li,&nbsp;Zeyu Zhu,&nbsp;Renbing Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.mser.2025.101143","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mser.2025.101143","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The incorporation of oxygen-containing functional groups (OFGs) into hard carbon (HC) has emerged as a key strategy to enhance its performance for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). OFGs such as hydroxy, carbonyl, carboxy, and epoxy groups can effectively modulate the microstructure, surface characteristics, and electrochemical properties of HC. Nevertheless, the regulatory role of certain OFGs remains the subject of controversy, and there is a paucity of systematic summaries of their modulating mechanisms, which hinders efforts to regulate the microstructure of hard carbon. This review begins with the introduction of role of OFGs in the graphitization process, pore structure formation, defect configuration, and solid electrolyte interface regulation (SEI) with an emphasis on the relationship between the microstructure and the sodium storage performances of HC anodes. Discussion is then made on various origins and strategies to modulate OFGs, including the selection of precursor, pre- and post-treatment, and carbonization process. Finally, this review highlights the significance of OFGs in HC anodes and outlines the associated challenges and opportunities for future development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":386,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports","volume":"168 ","pages":"Article 101143"},"PeriodicalIF":31.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145475290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unresolved controversies in perovskite-based antiferroelectrics: Fundamentals and frontiers","authors":"Tianfu Zhang ,&nbsp;Yangyang Si","doi":"10.1016/j.mser.2025.101121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mser.2025.101121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Antiferroelectrics have emerged as a critical material in condensed matter physics, holding transformative potential for next-generation technologies including high energy-density capacitor, electromechanical systems, and electric field-modulated thermal switching devices. Since the theoretical postulation of antiferroelectricity and the identification of PbZrO₃ as the first prototypical antiferroelectric, this field has evolved through seven decades of interdisciplinary research. Nevertheless, enduring ambiguities in fundamental principles continue to impede both theoretical comprehension and technological utilization. In this review, we revisit the intricate landscape of antiferroelectric fundamentals, examining prevailing debates and unresolved controversies. Moreover, we critically address the ambiguous definitions of antiferroelectricity, structural complexities, the elusive origins, and the intricate mechanisms underlying phase transitions. By integrating historical context with recent experimental and theoretical progress, this review aims to stimulate innovative solutions to long-standing questions, thereby bridging the gap between fundamental antiferroelectric phenomena and their practical applications in energy storage, electronic devices, and quantum technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":386,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 101121"},"PeriodicalIF":31.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioinspired C/C composites with long-duration ablation resistance for thermal protection up to 2400 °C","authors":"Yi Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaoshuang Wang ,&nbsp;Bing Liu ,&nbsp;Menglin Zhang ,&nbsp;Qiangang Fu ,&nbsp;Xuemin Yin ,&nbsp;Hejun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.mser.2025.101157","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mser.2025.101157","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of ultrahigh-temperature thermal protection materials (TPMs) with long-term ablation resistance is crucial for high-speed aircraft, where surface heat accumulation and protective layer instability remain key limiting factors for service lifetime. Ultrahigh-temperature TPMs face a critical challenge in balancing active cooling and passive protection during long-term servicing. Inspired by human skin’s thermoregulation and tree rings’ functional partitioning, we present a dual-biomimetic structural design strategy for carbon/carbon (C/C) composites that overcomes this limitation. Through a novel selective-area reactive melt infiltration method and design of thermal conductive rods, we engineered bioinspired C/C composites featuring: (1) high-thermal-conductivity Cu channels mimicking hair shafts for enhanced heat dissipation, (2) a functional partitioning architecture effectively mitigating thermal stress with an ablation-resistant ZrC-Cu core and sweat-cooling SiC-Cu-Cu_xSi_y periphery, and (3) highly stable oxide protective film at ablation surface. This dual-biomimetic structure design synergistically reduces surface heat accumulation and surface temperature (active cooling via heat conduction and dissipation), and promotes a formation of La-stabilized oxide films (relying on regulating the phase transition), enabling the bioinspired C/C composites to achieve thermal protection for 720 s with negligible ablation damage at a high heat flux of 4.18 MW/m² and a temperature exceeding 2400 °C, which surpass most reported C/C-based TPMs. Our work establishes a new paradigm for designing long-duration TPMs through bioinspired multifunctional integration, with broad implications for aerospace applications and extreme environment materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":386,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports","volume":"168 ","pages":"Article 101157"},"PeriodicalIF":31.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145690290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in stimuli-responsive polymers for biomedical and environmental applications","authors":"Tae Woong Kang ,&nbsp;Kinam Park ,&nbsp;Moon Suk Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.mser.2025.101140","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mser.2025.101140","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stimuli-responsive polymers (SRPs), also known as “smart polymers,” have transformed biomedical and environmental applications by enabling dynamic and adaptable material properties. These polymers respond to external stimuli such as pH, temperature, light, and magnetic fields, allowing precise control over drug delivery, biosensing, pollutant removal, and sustainable material design. This review explores the fundamental principles behind SRP design, their response mechanisms, and cutting-edge fabrication strategies, highlighting their growing impact across multiple disciplines. In biomedicine, SRPs are advancing site-specific drug release, injectable scaffolds for regenerative therapies, and real-time biosensing, contributing to the evolution of personalized medicine. In environmental science, they play a crucial role in water purification, heavy metal adsorption, and biodegradable materials, offering innovative solutions to pressing sustainability challenges. Unlike previous reviews, this work emphasizes the latest breakthroughs in modular synthesis, hybrid nanostructuring, and 4D printing with a particular focus on the advances achieved over the past decade, while addressing key challenges such as scalability, stability, and cost-effectiveness. By integrating molecular engineering with green chemistry and state-of-the-art fabrication techniques, this review provides a forward-looking perspective on the future of SRPs in medicine, industry, and environmental sustainability. As research continues to advance, SRPs are set to redefine next-generation solutions for healthcare, ecological preservation, and smart material applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":386,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports","volume":"168 ","pages":"Article 101140"},"PeriodicalIF":31.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145415009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent progress in the synthesis, scaling, processing and technoeconomic analysis of metal-organic frameworks towards industrial applications","authors":"Zi Li ,&nbsp;Xinyu Yang ,&nbsp;Chuanzhi Ju ,&nbsp;Tian Tian ,&nbsp;Jingwei Hou ,&nbsp;Zhigang Hu ,&nbsp;Jianxin Zou","doi":"10.1016/j.mser.2025.101123","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mser.2025.101123","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Economical and efficient synthesis and processing technologies are essential for industrial-level applications of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). To bridge the gap between lab-scale synthesis and commercial applications, we here provide a comprehensive and holistic review on the challenges of transitioning MOF materials from the laboratory agent to commercial products, and further to industrial-scale applications, with an emphasis on existing approaches and technologies for the large-scale synthesis and processing and technoeconomic feasibility of MOFs. We also pinpoint the fundamental principles on the metal-ligand reaction mechanism and elaborate on their impact on MOF synthesis and stability. In addition, novel synthesis mechanisms and processing methods and technologies are covered, such as electron-beam radiation method, melt-quench method, sol-gel method, liquid-phase sintering technology, monolithic technology, plasma/laser-assisted technology, etc. In particular, the importance of AI in the design, fabrication and processing of MOFs is highlignted in the current milieu of AI+materials paradigm. We thus aim to provide in-depth insights into the design and development of efficient and versatile synthetic and processing approaches and technologies to promote practical MOF-based applications in addressing the current global energy and environment challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":386,"journal":{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 101123"},"PeriodicalIF":31.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145216371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}