Open Transportation Journal最新文献

{"title":"Fifty Years of Motor Vehicle Crashes in Saudi Arabia: A Way Forward","authors":"S. Bendak, N. Al-Shammari, In-Ju Kim","doi":"10.2174/18744478-v16-e2208180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18744478-v16-e2208180","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 This study involves an in-depth assessment of the state of traffic safety across the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia over the last fifty years.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 A comprehensive dataset of 59 published peer-reviewed journal articles, as well as 212 government reports and official statistics, was collated and critically assessed to determine major factors affecting traffic safety in the country.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Results reveal that some traffic safety indicators are still showing worsening trends despite the great efforts to improve road safety in Saudi Arabia, while few other areas have either stabilized or started showing some improvements over recent years. Findings also show that human losses (estimated to be 4.7% among all mortalities) and economic losses (estimated to be as high as $16b annually) are significantly higher than developed and most developing countries. Contributing factors to the high losses include risky behaviors of drivers and road users, speeding, unrestrained seatbelts, use of handheld electronic devices and/or mobile phones, high motor vehicle ownership rate, and others.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 It can be concluded that various traffic safety indicators have been giving mixed signs in Saudi Arabia over the last fifty years, and a change in safety behavior among road users is needed along with new strategies to minimize motor vehicle crashes.\u0000","PeriodicalId":38631,"journal":{"name":"Open Transportation Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42539408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MATLAB Simulation and Analysis of Effect of Stiffness to Damping Ratio and Variable Road Elevations on Vehicular Driving Comfort and Safety","authors":"M. Iskandarani","doi":"10.2174/18744478-v16-e2209200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18744478-v16-e2209200","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 In this work, it is proposed that the use of variation in Tire Spring Length (Ls (Tire)), Suspension Spring Length (Ls (Suspension)) together with changes in Sprung Mass Acceleration (SMA), all as a function of Suspension Stiffness to Damping Ratio (k:c) and Road Elevation (E), will provide the required indicators to enable vehicle drive strategy and optimize autonomous vehicle automatic selection.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 MATLAB simulation is performed using three main k:c ratios (1, 20, 0.27) and three main road elevations (1, 3, 5) to achieve the stated objective of this work.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 It is shown through this work that there is a relationship between spring length variation for both tire and suspension, road elevation, and sprung mass acceleration, such that driving strategy can be optimized according to road profile and k:c ratio using these parameters and the intersection of points between tire spring length variation and suspension spring length variation as a function of time and road elevation. Criteria are established in this research for the design and operation of driving strategy, such that three points of selection are used to enable either comfort or handling mode driving strategy.\u0000 \u0000\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The final findings confirmed that for better handling, the Spring Length Variation Ratio (SLVR) should be less than one, with a steady increase in SMA and a minimum number of intersections between the tire spring length variation curve and suspension spring variation length curve as a function of road elevation and time. The presented work suggested through Tables 6 and 7 criteria to enable design for mode switching of autonomous vehicles as a function of road conditions.\u0000","PeriodicalId":38631,"journal":{"name":"Open Transportation Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48939117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Back of Queue at Signalized Intersections in Erbil City using Different Software","authors":"D. H. Omar, Salar K. Hussein","doi":"10.2174/18744478-v16-e221024-2022-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18744478-v16-e221024-2022-3","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The aim of this study is to evaluate the queue length of isolated signalized intersections which used HCS2010, and SIDRA Intersection 8 traffic software.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 One of the important parameter to evaluate the performance of traffic management system is Queue length, especially in congested traffic situations. For the estimation of Back of Queue length, many traffic analyzing models are used based on Highway Capacity Manual (HCM2010).\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The values of queue length obtained from these two software to be compared with observed queue length from field. The study also aids to conduct a model of optimization for back of queue length to decrease the value of storage length of vehicles following GA procedure.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 In this study, four isolated signalized intersections were used in Erbil city, the capital of Iraqi Kurdistan Region. The values of the measured Back of Queue lengths are compared with the values obtained from Highway Capacity Software HCS2010(HCS+T7F) and Signalized and Unsignalized Intersection Design and Research (SIDRA Intersection 8) Aid Australian Road Research Board (ARRB) software.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The results of regression analysis showed that SIDRA Intersection 8 Back of Queue model with adjusted R2 0.8465 have a stronger relationship with the field measured Back of the Queue for linear relationship compered to HCS2010 Back of Queue model. Furthermore, the study tends to optimize the signalized intersections under study using HCS2010 and SIDRA Intersection 8 software based on the Genetic Algorithm (GA) to minimize the Back of Queue length. The percent of average reduction in HCS2010 and SIDRA Intersection 8 Back of Queue models are 36% and 29%, respectively. The main objective to optimize the timing plan was to minimize the average storage Queue length at signalized intersections that follow the Highway Capacity Manual (TRB 2010) procedure for Queue length calculation. Moreover, 95th and 98th values of the percentiles were chosen to estimate the expectancy of upstream lane blockage and the expectancy of short lane overflow that was related to the Back of the Queue percentile.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The improvement of vehicle storage for upstream lanes was conducted by the two software systems mentioned before. The results showed significant improvement in performance of the intersections under study with reduction of queue length.\u0000","PeriodicalId":38631,"journal":{"name":"Open Transportation Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41790203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining the Severity of Traffic Barriers Crashes, Mixed Model with Observed Heterogeneity","authors":"Mahdi Rezapour, K. Ksaibati","doi":"10.2174/18744478-v16-e2208200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18744478-v16-e2208200","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Due to the high involvement of traffic barriers in the severity of crashes, extensive efforts have been made to find factors to those crashes. In this study, the mixed logit model has been recognized and employed for modeling traffic barriers crash severity.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The method has shown an improvement over the standard logit model, which assumed the impacts of predictors are fixed across crash observations. However, most past studies assume constant distributional means across various crash observations despite the efforts. In this study, the random parameter model was extended to incorporate the heterogeneity in the taste of random parameters based on other observed factors. The consideration addresses the limitation of the standard mixed model, constraining the random effect means to be constant across all observations. In this study, the heterogeneity in taste highlights a significant difference across subpopulations of barrier crash severity based on various factors. The results of the goodness of fit also highlight significant improvements in model fits, moving from standard logit to the mixed and the mixed models with heterogeneity in tastes.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The results highlight that, for instance, the means of the random parameters of gender varies across crash population based on shoulder width, and average annual daily traffic (AADT), while the impact of the mean of the random parameter of AADT varies based on truck traffic.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Driver's restrain condition, rollover type of crashes, posted speed limit, and citation record were some of the factors that their effects on the severity of crashes were found to be fixed.\u0000","PeriodicalId":38631,"journal":{"name":"Open Transportation Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42669569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transport Poverty: A Comparative Study between South Africa and Nigeria","authors":"A. Popoola, Olawale Akogun, H. Magidimisha-Chipungu, L. Chipungu","doi":"10.2174/18744478-v16-e2207200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18744478-v16-e2207200","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and neighbourhood liveability is dependent on an improved transportation sector. Urban transport is conceptualized as either mobility or accessibility; thus, it remains an integral part in enhancing urban livelihood and serves as a hub connecting all sectors of a city's economy. Lack of access to opportunities and/or services, inadequate transport services, and physical or financial inaccessibility to transport options are prevailing in African cities and have been used to conceptualize transport poverty.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This study seeks the relationship between some dimensions of transport poverty and life satisfaction. The argument put forward in this study is that transport poverty predicts life satisfaction that is a vital aspect of subjective wellbeing.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The study utilise an exploratory, comparative design that will enable the comparison of dimensions of Transport Poverty in Ibadan, Nigeria, and Durban, South Africa. For this study, communities in both Ibadan and Durban were randomly selected; while data were collected through an online survey method. The hypothesis that spatial exclusion mediates the relationship between service availability and satisfaction with life, transport disadvantaged and satisfaction with life, and transport reliability and satisfaction with life were tested through mediation analysis.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 For the first hypothesis, partial mediation existed; for the second hypothesis, no mediation existed; for the third hypothesis, total mediation existed. Lastly, spatial exclusion varied between the two countries.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The study concludes that a transport network that is not reliable leads to spatial exclusion, which in turns affects satisfaction with life. Likewise, all dimensions of transport poverty are similar except for spatial exclusion which differs between the countries, with South Africans experiencing more cases of spatial exclusion as compared to Nigerians.\u0000","PeriodicalId":38631,"journal":{"name":"Open Transportation Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41693619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Research Trends in Air-rail Passenger Transport Relationships Through a Content-based Analysis","authors":"Waralee Rattanakijsuntorn, Nitjanan Sualoy, Kittiwadee Pienpookhao","doi":"10.2174/18744478-v16-e2208110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18744478-v16-e2208110","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Air and rail passenger transport was initially considered to be competitive. However, as both modes have been developed, several other forms of relationships have been introduced and become more complicated, leading to the investigation of research trends in the air-rail passenger transport relationship.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 There are few studies on the relationships between air and rail passenger transport, lacking research synthesis application.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This paper classifies and analyzes the relationships between air and rail passenger transport based on research publications between January 2006 and December 2020.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The objective of this study is 1) to investigate the possible forms of relationships the air-rail passenger transport based on existing studies, 2) to reveal research themes and trends, and 3) to propose research potentials in the air-rail passenger transport.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The study uses a content-based analysis by deriving research articles from transportation and databases. A total of 472 articles were initially identified and screened. One hundred and forty-five articles were included in the final synthesis.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Air-rail relationships were categorized as a modal comparison, competition, cooperation, integration and influence. Research has been found to rely heavily on the mixture of modal competition, integration and influence. Furthermore, it has been pointed out that the influence between air and rail passenger transport has a one-way effect; air carriers are affected by the entrance of high-speed trains but not in a reverse direction. China has been an emerging context of this topic over the past five years and is likely to dominate the air-rail research due to its extensive high-speed rail networks and vast developments in large airports.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 In terms of the air-rail infrastructure development, it was suggested that modal cooperation was outdated due to lacking seamless connectivity features. Future research might explore the deficient research disciplines, including transport sustainability, business practices and tourism, as well as the impact of the coronavirus disease pandemic in reshaping the air-rail passenger transport industry.\u0000","PeriodicalId":38631,"journal":{"name":"Open Transportation Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44459651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Causes of Variation Orders in Road Construction Projects in Tanzania","authors":"Roziana Saki, Chunho Yeom","doi":"10.2174/18744478-v16-e2208182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18744478-v16-e2208182","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Variation order has long been an essential component of road construction projects worldwide, being predominantly observed in Tanzania, where road projects are particularly vulnerable.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This study aimed to determine the sources of variation orders in Tanzanian road construction projects and provide a feasible remedy, such as reduction or eradication.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 A desk study and questionnaire were utilized as the research approach and analyzed using the relative importance index (RII) method.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The results reveal that the most significant circumstances causing variation orders are financial problems, weather conditions, differing site conditions, changes in design, poor scheduling, lack of coordination, delay in approval, unavailability of equipment, and lack of communication.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Recommended strategies to minimize variation orders were that all involved parties should plan before the commencement of on-site work and perform detailed site investigations. Consultants should ensure that the design and specifications are within the approved budget. All participants were required to spend adequate time in the pretender planning phase. Finally, accurate information and research should be obtained regarding procurement procedures, materials, and plants.\u0000","PeriodicalId":38631,"journal":{"name":"Open Transportation Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46799923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Intention to Actual Behavior to Adopt Battery Electric Vehicles: A Systematic Literature Review","authors":"Truong Trong Hoang, H. T. Pham, H. Vu","doi":"10.2174/18744478-v16-e2208100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18744478-v16-e2208100","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Climate change and global warming are severely impacting countries worldwide. Governments are being urged to promote Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) as an alternative to conventional vehicles, which are one of the main sources of emissions and pollution. Despite their environmental benefits, BEV adoption remains at a low level. Therefore, identifying the determinants of BEV adoption is necessary to promote greener transportation.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This study aims at identifying and synthesizing factors affecting BEV adoption intention and actual behavior. A comparison and analysis will be made to draw meaningful results and suggest future research areas.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 A systematic literature review was conducted. Data were collected from research articles in peer-reviewed journals of well-known publishers. After a strict qualification process, 45 studies were selected and their findings are critically discussed.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Most studies are quantitative in nature and conducted in BEV developed markets. Various determinants of BEV adoption intention were identified and classified into 5 categories: psychological, behavioral, product attributes, contextual, and demographic. Meanwhile, only a few studies examine BEV's actual adoption behavior. Antecedents of adoption behavior were categorized into 4 groups, namely, psychological, behavioral, contextual, and demographic.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 BEV adoption can be influenced by both internal and external factors. There is a gap in research between intention and behavior in previous studies related to BEV adoption. While determinants of intention are the topic of many studies, actual behavior is more important but limitedly explored. Future research can focus on adoption behavior in newly developed markets with real data rather than utilizing self-reported responses to better analyze actual behavior.\u0000","PeriodicalId":38631,"journal":{"name":"Open Transportation Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46310529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Importance of Motorcycle Taxi Transport of Agricultural Products and Operator Income in Indonesia","authors":"Hakzah Hakzah, S. Yusuf, A. I. Pawelloi","doi":"10.2174/18744478-v16-e2201071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18744478-v16-e2201071","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The purpose of this research is to analyze the operator profile, operational transportation profile and operational costs, as well as the additional income of the operator.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 South Sulawesi, Indonesia, is known as the city of rice or rice granaries with extensive agricultural areas or rice fields, but road infrastructure is still limited, and there are still many unconnected road networks and the absence of fast, cheap and efficient modes of transportation for agricultural products that can operate. In addition, the level of education and skills of the community is low; limited employment opportunities cause unemployment. Therefore, farming communities create jobs by modifying their two-wheeled motorcycle and becoming operators of motorcycle taxis transporting agricultural products as a livelihood to earn additional income.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The object of the study is motorcycle taxis operator as a means of transporting agricultural products operating in the Sidenreng Rappang Regency, with a very large agricultural area.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The interview survey is conducted on motorcycle taxi operators. A total of 227 operator respondents were surveyed randomly using a survey form that had been previously designed and tested. Primary data is collected through interview surveys which are analyzed and described.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The results of the study show that the majority of operators have a relatively low education profile, 96% with an education level below high school, 99% working as an operator is a side job, 100% of taxi motorcycles are owned by themselves, the time spent per motorcycle taxi transporting to the destination on average between 100 – 200 minutes per 1,000 – 3,000 kg, operating time used per day is 98% less than 5 hours, operator operating costs per day on average IDR30,600 (equivalent to US$2.1/day), provide additional income per day of IDR173,400 (equivalent to US$12/day) or month between IDR3,500,000 – IDR4,500,000 (equivalent to US$ 241 – US$ 310/month).\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Motorcycle taxis are one of the solutions for transporting agricultural products in this region and created additional jobs become operators to increase income.\u0000","PeriodicalId":38631,"journal":{"name":"Open Transportation Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41947686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Bayesian Semi-Parametric and Hierarchical Models for Analyzing Dispersed Traffic Barriers Crash Data","authors":"Mahdi Rezapour, K. Ksaibati","doi":"10.2174/18744478-v16-e2207140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18744478-v16-e2207140","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Despite the traffic barriers effectiveness in reduction of the severity of run-off road crashes, the severity of barrier crashes still accounts for a significant fraction of road fatalities. Although extensive research has already been conducted in studying traffic barrier crashes, those studies mostly either consider the severity or frequency of crashes. Here, the equivalent property damage only (EPDO) was used to account for both aspects of crashes. While modeling EPDO crashes, there are challenges associated with that type of dataset including its sparse distribution, and the presence of heterogeneity in the dataset due to aggregation of various crash types.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Ignoring the sparse nature of the data might result in biased or even erroneous results. Thus, in this study we identify factors to barriers EPDO crashes while considering the discussed challenges. Those consideration are especially important as in the next step we will employ the modeling results for conducting the cost-benefit analysis. Two main methods were considered in this study to address the discussed challenges including parametric and non-parametric Bayesian hierarchical models. A semiparametric Bayesian approach was used to relax the normality assumption by using a mixture of multivariate Dirichlet prior, defining a flexible nonparametric model for the random effects’ distribution, and using grouping to account for the heterogeneity due to the structure of the dataset. On the other hand, Bayesian hierarchical models with two distributions of Poisson and negative binomial with similar levels of hierarchy were considered. These models were chosen as closest models to the Bayesian semiparametric model. The incorporated models were compared in terms of deviance information criterion (DIC).\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The results highlighted that although the semi-parametric method outperforms the Bayesian hierarchical model with Poisson distribution, the Bayesian hierarchical model with negative binomial (NB) distribution outperform the semi-parametric model. The findings might be related to the severe sparse nature of the EPDO, which cannot optimally be accounted by semiparametric approach, and the model needs more flexibility.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 It was found that being unrestrained, driving in interstate system, driving in clear weather, light conditions, and driving in a higher traffic all increase the likelihood of EPDO crashes. Also, while some predictors were significant in less accommodative models of semi-parametric or Poisson models, they were not for Negative binomial model.\u0000","PeriodicalId":38631,"journal":{"name":"Open Transportation Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48882267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}