Journal of Emergency Management最新文献

{"title":"Case studies in disaster management education: Bridging higher education and local practice.","authors":"Qingyu Jason Meng, Michelle A Ritchie","doi":"10.5055/jem.0987","DOIUrl":"10.5055/jem.0987","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Collaboration between higher education and local emergency management agencies remains underutilized in disaster management education. This paper presents three case studies formed from a partnership between an undergraduate student, a faculty member, and local emergency management professionals. The case studies include (1) an active shooter preparedness training at a long-term care facility, (2) an interactive field day introducing undergraduate students to careers and competencies in emergency services, and (3) a search-and-rescue demonstration using drones to support local response efforts. Each case study incorporated active learning and received positive feedback from participants and collaborators. Key findings suggest that undergraduate students and faculty can meaningfully contribute to local disaster risk reduction efforts through place-based disaster education and training. We conclude that academic-practitioner partnerships offer a valuable model for enhancing disaster preparedness and response while advancing educational and community outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":38336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"24 2","pages":"223-228"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147475680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward an international database for maritime search and rescue.","authors":"Robert J Rovetto","doi":"10.5055/jem.0984","DOIUrl":"10.5055/jem.0984","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper* develops a concept of the world&s first international database (DB) of maritime search and rescue (SAR). It expands on Rovetto&s earlier work, summarizing work to date, envisioning possible directions, introducing use cases, foreshadowing ongoing developments, and calling for greater cooperation from the global SAR community. DB features, architectures, and other aspects are discussed. The anticipated benefits of the described project include (i) improving information sharing, (ii) contributing to similar efforts, (iii) knowledge preservation, (iv) innovation, and (v) making sea rescue safer by sharing knowledge. Parallel work includes specialized techniques and products in artificial intelligence, namely, knowledge management, modeling, and representation. The application of these technologies is introduced, moving us from a maritime SAR DB to a knowledgebase, forming a project presently called \"Know-SAR.\" Readers may contribute content to an online prototype of the DB, or offer constructive input, via dedicated webpages: A simple prototype is accessible via https://purl.org/know-sar (description page with other links) or directly via https://purl.org/knowsar-contribute (as a public-facing testbed for user-supplied contributions). Together, we can save lives at sea through sharing knowledge.</p>","PeriodicalId":38336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"24 2","pages":"229-249"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147949824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overlooked responders: Addressing the overlooked role of nonuniformed responders in emergency management.","authors":"Maren Wright Voss, Subodh Potla, Erika L Sabbath, Gregory R Wagner, Susan E Peters","doi":"10.5055/jem.0965","DOIUrl":"10.5055/jem.0965","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Emergency preparedness and recovery efforts are being stretched to their limits as the world faces an unprecedented convergence of crises demanding rapid, coordinated, and highly adaptive responses. Uniformed and nonuniformed responders such as construction, utility, and transportation personnel work side-by-side to recover and restore affected disaster zones. From increased burdens in mental strain post-response cataloged over two decades, we draw on the experiences of nonuniformed responders involved in the World Trade Center 9/11 rescue and recovery who have been disproportionately impacted. Interviews with 26 key informants with deep knowledge of the nonuniformed responder experience document a critical theme, of responders who felt systematically overlooked, invisible, and disenfranchised, offering insights for intervention. These learnings have implications for preparing, equipping, and training nonuniformed responders for emergency preparedness as well as ensuring adequate systems, supports, policies, and programs to protect nonuniformed personnel both during and after future crises.</p>","PeriodicalId":38336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"24 2","pages":"137-143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147475721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"No warning-It's time to fix our broken public warning system: In the wake of California's deadly wildfires, we need a 21st-century solution-before it's too late.","authors":"Mona Curry, Kelly R McKinney","doi":"10.5055/jem.1001","DOIUrl":"10.5055/jem.1001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This commentary examines the systemic failures of the United States public warning system, using the January 2025 Palisades and Eaton wildfires in California as case studies. Despite advance warnings, local governments were unable to deliver timely evacuation alerts, exposing the limits of a fragmented, locallydriven alert infrastructure. The authors argue that the mantra \"all disasters are local\" has become a pretext for federal disengagement, leaving vulnerable populations at risk. They call for a federally led, interoperable, realtime national warning system capable of reaching all communities-before the next disaster strikes.</p>","PeriodicalId":38336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"24 2","pages":"118-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147475670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An emerging training and communication book for first responders in communicating with Deaf people during disasters.","authors":"Jason Rotoli, Jeremy Cushman, Susan Demers, Kelly Phelan, Jasmine McLeish, Henna Purewal, Brian Tomaszewski, Qing Miao, Sandra Rothenberg, Courtney Jones","doi":"10.5055/jem.0993","DOIUrl":"10.5055/jem.0993","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Due to communication barriers, Deaf people are at risk of limited information acquisition during all disaster phases. Communication barriers between emergency first responders (EFRs) and Deaf sign language users perpetuate disaster preparation and response disparities. This study compared pre/post-educational intervention EFR knowledge about Deaf culture and their comfort communicating with Deaf people during (written) disaster scenarios. Additionally, EFRs provided a preliminary acceptability rating of a disaster communication book.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective study assessed the impact of an EFR educational intervention and Deaf Communication Catalog (DC3), a comprehensive emergency/disaster communication book designed specifically for improving disaster communication. Key outcomes were assessed at three timepoints: pre-, immediately post-, and 3 months post-educational intervention. Generalized linear models were used to assess changes over time for Likert variables. Descriptive statistics characterized the sample.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 167 participants, the majority were male (88 percent) and White (91 percent). Immediate post-educational intervention comfort improved for many EFR duties (scale = 1 very uncomfortable, 4 = very comfortable): plan explanation (mean 2.8 vs 3.0, p = .002), disaster explanation (mean 2.9 vs 3.0, p = .017), and determining Deaf people's needs (mean 2.8 vs 3, p = .002). Compared to pre-educational intervention, at 3 months, EFRs were more aware of barriers to communicating information during disasters (p < 0.05) and of greater information loss during disasters with Deaf people (p < 0.02). An increase in Deaf culture knowledge was demonstrated across all three assessments (69 percent vs 88 percent vs 93 percent, p < 0.0001). Nearly all (96 percent) reported DC3 was useful for bridging communication gaps.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>EFRs had Deaf culture knowledge improvements, increased awareness of communication barriers, and improved comfort in communicating with Deaf people during disaster scenarios after an educational training. DC3, a comprehensive emergency/disaster communication book, was reported to be useful in fostering communication with Deaf people.</p>","PeriodicalId":38336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"24 2","pages":"121-135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147475597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compliance or competitive advantage? Unlocking \"blue-sky\" benefits of business continuity and emergency planning.","authors":"Erik Xavier Wood","doi":"10.5055/jem.0983","DOIUrl":"10.5055/jem.0983","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Business continuity plans and emergency operations plans have traditionally been viewed as tools for crisis mitigation. However, emerging evidence suggests that when integrated strategically, these plans can enhance operational efficiency, reduce costs, and improve organizational learning, even during noncrisis periods. This paper explores how embedding continuity and emergency preparedness frameworks into core business strategy can generate measurable performance benefits. Drawing on industry reports, organizational case studies, and academic literature, the study examines the mechanisms through which continuity planning contributes to \"blue-sky\" efficiency. A case study analysis of select organizations during the coronavirus pandemic and other disruptions provides grounded insights into best practices and limitations. Based on these findings, the study produced five practical recommendations for aligning continuity planning with organizational performance, including strategies for integration, cross-functional exercises, supply chain management, feedback loops, and internal communication. The results are nationally and internationally translative and support reframing continuity planning as not only a resilience strategy but also a competitive business asset.</p>","PeriodicalId":38336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"24 2","pages":"145-155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147475728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Out in the cold: Testing a multi-agency approach to working in extreme cold emergency situations.","authors":"Amanda L Farrell, Steve Jones, Sergeant Rob Simpson","doi":"10.5055/jem.0953","DOIUrl":"10.5055/jem.0953","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Climate change has amplified the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, including snow, floods, and heatwaves, which pose significant challenges to emergency service provision. While existing literature on the impacts of extreme weather on emergency services is limited, the United Kingdom (UK), with its varying weather patterns, faces considerable risks to infrastructure, health, and service delivery during these events, which are no longer extremely rare occurrences. This study investigates the effectiveness of multiagency, immersive simulation training in preparing emergency responders for extreme weather scenarios. Specifically, it evaluates the 2024 Winter Storm Exercise organized by Cheshire Constabulary, focusing on how extreme cold weather conditions (below 0 °C) affect operational responses. Using an exploratory quasi-experimental design, we employed pre- and post-surveys to assess changes in participants' knowledge, preparedness, and confidence. The exercise involved a series of realistic simulations, including medical trauma care and a multivehicle crash response in snowy conditions, followed by debriefing sessions. Data from 32 pre-survey and 22 post-survey respondents were analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative methods. Preliminary results indicate that the training improved participants' confidence in handling extreme weather, although challenges such as equipment limitations and communication difficulties in cold weather persisted. This research highlights the importance of tailored, evidence-based training and underscores the need for ongoing development of policies and equipment to improve resilience in emergency service delivery amidst climate change-induced extreme weather events in the UK.</p>","PeriodicalId":38336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"24 2","pages":"201-222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147475703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dos and don'ts for developing resilience to extreme rainfall-induced Indian Himalayan flash floods.","authors":"Aniruddha Uniyal","doi":"10.5055/jem.0956","DOIUrl":"10.5055/jem.0956","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Flash floods are becoming annual events in various Himalayan valleys (India). This study aims to identify and delineate the flash flood hazard-prone landforms and terrain features as unsuitable areas for setting up new habitations and also reveals the risk posed to the existing human habitations in such hazardous areas. Enhancing resilience to cope with the extreme rainfall-induced Himalayan flash floods calls for developing a thorough understanding of the terrain, followed by the safe siting of new habitations and reducing the risk to the existing ones. This study delves into the survey of flash flood-prone landforms through various means, namely, available past records and/or historical records on locations of past flash flood incidents, followed by the examination of satellite images, available topographical maps, and field investigations. The major finding of this study is the identification of flash flood-prone Himalayan landforms, namely, lower terraces of rivers, alluvial cones (drained by perennial or dry streams), flow lobes or the downslope areas of debris flows or flow slides, solifluction lobes, and abandoned channels. Anthropogenic actions, namely, constructions within the floodplains of hill rivers, blocking or diverting the course of even small seasonal drains, have been identified as risk enhancers. The investigation highlights the avoidance of these flash flood risk-prone landforms for setting up new habitations or even for new constructions in parts of Bhagirathi, Yamuna, Mandakini, and Pinder valleys of Uttarakhand Himalaya. The disaster management strategy elaborated for coping with Himalayan flash floods proposes a national program on extreme climatic event-induced flood forewarning and emphasizes the need for developing a robust system for the dissemination of flash flood warnings. Capacity building of village disaster management committees and mechanisms for the rehabilitation of hamlets of villages located in the high-risk zones, strict adherence to the land use regulations, and training of vulnerable communities of high-risk areas in reading signs of extreme rainfall-induced flash floods have also been discussed. Identification of extreme rainfall-induced flash flood-prone landforms and discouraging them as sites for human settlements is the new finding of this study. The signs of extreme rainfall-induced flash floods elaborated in this study can be relied upon to a limited extent only because the time window between extreme rainfall and consequent flash floods or debris flow slides is so narrow that it hardly leaves much time for emergency evacuation of the immediate downstream area. Overall, an attempt has been made toward evolving a holistic approach for advising the dos and don'ts for developing resilience to extreme rainfall-induced hazards in the Himalayan region through the combined efforts of all the stakeholders, including the scientific fraternity, disaster managers, and the community. The dos and don'ts d","PeriodicalId":38336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"24 2","pages":"185-199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147475662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emergency department security challenges during civil unrest: A narrative review.","authors":"Gregory Jasani, Jamil D Bayram, Edbert B Hsu","doi":"10.5055/jem.0959","DOIUrl":"10.5055/jem.0959","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Periods of civil unrest pose significant operational and security challenges to those seeking to provide emergency care to patients. For emergency departments (EDs) and their staff, effectively operating in this potentially hostile environment requires careful planning. Understanding the challenges posed during periods of civil unrest is paramount for emergency medicine staff and emergency planners to ensure continuity of care.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To provide ED and hospital staff with an understanding of the challenges faced during periods of civil unrest and to offer recommendations to maintain safety and operational viability.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Preplanning before any anticipated civil unrest is essential to a well-coordinated response. During the period of civil unrest, maintaining effective communication between command elements and clinicians in the ED is vital to ensure bidirectional sharing of information. Deviations from normal operating procedures should be expected and relayed to clinicians as quickly as possible. Similarly, staff may need to shelter in place or relocate to a more secure area within the hospital. Civil unrest is highly dynamic, and hospital leadership must follow developments closely to protect staff and facilities.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This review provides ED and hospital staff with an understanding of the significant challenges during periods of civil unrest.</p>","PeriodicalId":38336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"24 1","pages":"101-111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145935485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling hemorrhage control in the context of agent-based active shooter simulations.","authors":"Krassimir T Tzvetanov, Eric Yazel, Michael Kaufmann, J Eric Dietz","doi":"10.5055/jem.0886","DOIUrl":"10.5055/jem.0886","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Computer simulation modeling provides significant value in enhancing emergency preparedness policies for schools, businesses, and outdoor events. This is especially true for complex and unpredictable events like active shooter scenarios, which are difficult to physically replicate due to their diversity in terms of circumstances, venues, and challenges. Active shooter events can occur under various circumstances and take place in a wide range of venues including schools, offices, and outdoor events and create a wide range of unique challenges. According to a 2017 study, 15 percent of human-caused mass casualty incidents with over 10 fatalities are mass shootings. Therefore, our work focused on adding injury type, blood loss related to the function of placement of gunshot wounds, and time lapse from injury. These additional parameters significantly improve active shooter event simulation and changes the paradigm established by currently available simulations where the victims are either \"killed\" or \"unaffected.\" This traditional binary approach is unsuitable when the timeliness of interventions is of concern and does not help improve emergency preparedness and emergency response protocols. In a previous work, the authors demonstrated how simulating physiological decline can be quantified, improve realism, and lead to response protocol improvement. The current work proposes a model for simulated mitigation of gunshot wound injuries, which complements the previously presented exsanguination model. To simulate injury and blood loss mitigation, a number of data sources were consulted to quantify the blood outflow and how it can be limited by different measures, as well as the time required to apply them and their individual effectiveness. This work summarizes the findings and provides a practical guide for implementation. In an additional work, the authors provide a reference implementation in a software library for AnyLogic®. That research focused on the simulation of the initial injury, its mitigation, and the time for critical care transport during the proverbial golden hour of trauma. The human body is complex; the circulatory system alone has several compensatory mechanisms and a wide range of variability in every organism. In addition, the way it responds to coagulating agents and other blood loss control techniques may vary between different organisms and humans. In this work, the authors focus on the primary effectors of those variables and introduce a limited set of mitigations for a relatively short-term simulation. While the model is imperfect, it creates a common ground for further simulation work where different researchers can converge on a known unified deterministic model, allowing them to control that variable while testing hypotheses about other parts of the emergency response. Furthermore, by increasing fidelity, this model can help assess the effects of bystander volunteer hemorrhage control, medical first response, and criti","PeriodicalId":38336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"24 1","pages":"83-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145935543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}