Journal of Emergency Management最新文献

{"title":"Hurricane season hindsight 2020: Applying the IDEA model toward local tropical cyclone forecasts.","authors":"Robert Eicher","doi":"10.5055/jem.0817","DOIUrl":"10.5055/jem.0817","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hurricane Laura began as a disorganized tropical depression in August 2020. Early forecast guidance showed that the tropical cyclone could either completely dissipate or strengthen to a major hurricane as it approached the United States Gulf Coast. While this uncertainty was known by meteorologists, it was not necessarily communicated to the public in a direct manner. As it turned out, the worst-case scenario was the correct one. The tropical depression rapidly intensified and made landfall near Cameron, Louisiana, with sustained winds of 150 mph, making Laura a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson scale. Laura's rapid intensification caught some people off guard. Ideally, weather forecasts would have begun warning Louisiana residents to prepare for the possibility of a devastating hurricane in the early stages of tropical cyclone development. No one is suggesting that meteorologists did anything wrong. However, with the benefit of hindsight and decades of scholarly research in risk communication, we can speculate how an ideal forecast would have been written. This paper demonstrates that there are some simple considerations that could be made that might better alert the public to future hurricane worst-case scenarios, even in uncertain situations.</p>","PeriodicalId":38336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"22 1","pages":"33-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140294857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social media-based demographic and sentiment analysis for disaster responses.","authors":"Seungil Yum","doi":"10.5055/jem.0781","DOIUrl":"10.5055/jem.0781","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study explores disaster responses across the United States for Winter Storm Jaxon in 2018 by utilizing demographic and sentiment analysis for Twitter®. This study finds that people show highly fluctuated responses across the study periods and highest natural sentiment, followed by positive sentiment and negative sentiment. Also, some sociodemographic and Twitter variables, such as gender and long text, are strongly related to human sentiment, whereas other sociodemographic and Twitter variables, such as age and the higher number of retweets, are not associated with it. The results show that governments and disaster experts should consider a multitude of sociodemographic and Twitter variables to understand human responses and sentiment during natural disaster events.</p>","PeriodicalId":38336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"22 1","pages":"89-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140294858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coping with COVID-19: Standing up a comprehensive behavioral health response to the pandemic.","authors":"Tona Lynn McGuire, Trevor Nathaniel Covington, Kira Brooke Mauseth, Mary Beth Brown","doi":"10.5055/jem.0783","DOIUrl":"10.5055/jem.0783","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Integrating behavioral health (BH) into disaster preparedness and response is essential to mitigate and address the BH impacts of disasters, support incident response personnel well-being, and to integrate disaster BH concepts into response strategies and communications. This article describes the development, implementation, and lessons learned from a statewide BH response to this disaster by the COVID-19 Behavioral Health Group (COVID-19 BHG). Operating within the Washington State Department of Health (WA DOH), the BHG is comprised of psychologists and psychiatrists with expertise in disaster BH and response, BH epidemiologists, data analysts, systems specialists, emergency managers, and other DOH staff. The wide array of expertise on the team allowed the COVID-19 BHG to build response functions to match the demands created by the pandemic. This included an Impact & Capacity Assessment function, which developed and distributed monthly impact forecasts and weekly BH situational reports. A Training and Guidance team then collaborated with partners to develop and deliver trainings, resource documents, and public messaging. Additionally, the COVID-19 BHG worked closely with the Health Care Authority (HCA) and BH organizations statewide to maintain the ability of the BH system to deliver care and expand services to meet additional needs. This article describes the development and deployment of an innovative and unique statewide BH response, within the WA DOH during the COVID-19 pandemic.</p>","PeriodicalId":38336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"21 6","pages":"577-589"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139378475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A paradigm shift in disaster management: Incorporating a human rights-based approach to disaster risk reduction.","authors":"Francesca Ficara, Monique Wheeler","doi":"10.5055/jem.0748","DOIUrl":"10.5055/jem.0748","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding disasters as socially constructed events represents a departure from current and historic ways in which disasters are characterized, requiring a focal shift in thinking from forces of nature toward social order. Changing societal reactions to evolving natural occurrences restores disasters within the social order, introducing law as an essential framework in approaching disasters as injustices as opposed to misfortunes. International attention is starting to shift strategies intended to reduce risks to natural or man-made hazards and increasing attention on methods toward minimizing their impact known as disaster risk reduction (DRR). DRR is \"a policy aimed at preventing new and reducing existing disaster risk and managing residual risk, all of which contribute to strengthening resilience and therefore to the achievement of sustainable development.\" The development of normative frameworks to reinforce disaster governance is a significant component in enhancing disaster management systems. Disaster law is an emerging tool to regulate \"governance, ethics, and decisions on the demands of a sustainable, inclusive, and healthy planet.\" International legal frameworks heavily influence disaster prevention and preparedness with an increased central focus on implementing International Human Rights Law in DRR practices. Legal structures protecting human rights in DRR initiatives positively obligate states to take proper and necessary actions to prevent harm from future disasters. The application of human rights standards fosters the paradigm shift from evaluation of the hazards impact toward assessments of states' negligence of risks. Interactions among the natural environment, socio-demographics, and the built environment are strong predictors for disaster losses, thus \"the regulatory potential for avoiding disasters and reducing their consequence is obvious.\" Preventative action becomes a crucial element if the catalyst of the disaster event is failure to adequately prepare and social vulnerability. Disaster law encompasses participation, damage control, and local habitat management as mandatory conditions of governance, assigning criminal liability to public administrators' negligence toward disaster planning and/or enforcement. Disaster law produces a \"sustainable, reliable, and cost-effective model for addressing disasters,\" empowering communities to participate in disaster management efforts, one of the strongest methods of building resilience and reducing risk to disasters.</p>","PeriodicalId":38336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"21 6","pages":"557-576"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139378470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the living environment of persons displaced following a strong earthquake sequence in Puerto Rico, 2020.","authors":"Miguel A Cruz, Richard Garfield, Jessica Irizarry, Norma I Torres-Delgado, Melanie Z Rodriguez-Rivera, Martin Montoya-Zavala, Leslie Maas Cortes, Gabriela Algarín, Tesfaye Bayleyegn, Renee H Funk, Jose F Rodriguez-Orengo, Diego E Zavala","doi":"10.5055/jem.0719","DOIUrl":"10.5055/jem.0719","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the public health portfolio of disaster tools, rapid needs assessments are essential intelligence data mining resources that can assess immediate needs in almost all hazard scenarios. Following prolonged and unusual seismic activity that caused significant structural damage, mainly in the southwest part of the island of Puerto Rico, thousands of area residents were forced to leave their homes and establish improvised camps. The austere environmental exposure and limited access to safety and hygiene services prompted public health authorities to request assistance with conducting a rapid needs assessment of those encampments. This report summarizes the design, organization, and execution of a rapid needs assessment of improvised camps following a strong sequence of earthquakes in Puerto Rico.</p>","PeriodicalId":38336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"21 6","pages":"487-495"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11190956/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139378472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Continuity planning for public health crises: Designing workplace redundancies for organizational resilience.","authors":"Rob Grace, Sanjana Gautam, Andrea Tapia","doi":"10.5055/jem.0769","DOIUrl":"10.5055/jem.0769","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Continuity planning prepares organizations to maintain essential functions despite disruptions to critical infrastructure that occur during crises. Continuity planning is especially important for Public-Safety Answering Points (PSAPs), which must prepare to answer 911 calls and dispatch first responders in all-hazard environments, including public health crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic. However, continuity planning typically focuses on disruptions to cyber-physical infrastructure rather than social infrastructure disruptions that occur when outbreaks of communicable disease limit the ability of essential personnel to perform an organization's essential functions. Reporting findings from interviews with US officials, this study examines how PSAPs decentralized essential personnel by designing redundant workplaces during the COVID-19 pandemic. Realizing existing continuity plans prepared PSAPs to relocate and recentralize essential personnel in a single, shared workplace, officials developed new plans to protect and decentralize telecommunicators across multiple, separate workplaces. To do so, PSAPs achieved passive, standby, and active workplace redundancies that recommend continuity planning objectives and requirements for organizations preparing for future public health crises.</p>","PeriodicalId":38336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"21 6","pages":"523-537"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139378474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving residential care amid COVID-19: The link between risk factors and hospitalization.","authors":"Masaatsu Kuwahara, Tetsunori Kawase, Soichiro Kai, Kazuhisa Shimadzu, Satoshi Ishihara, Jun-Ichi Hirata, Shinichi Nakayama","doi":"10.5055/jem.0795","DOIUrl":"10.5055/jem.0795","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the hospitalizations and backgrounds of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 to identify specific risk factors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study used health observation records to analyze the relationship between certain risk factors and the subsequent hospitalization of 321 patients who were discharged from a residential care facility between January 16 and February 8, 2021. The usefulness of a hospitalization prediction score, created based on the presence of comorbidities and sex, was examined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Being older, male, and having a history of high blood pressure or vascular disease were all risk factors. A multivariate analysis with age and hospitalization predictive score as independent variables and hospitalization as the dependent variable showed that age (odds ratio: 1.07, 95 percent confidence interval: 1.03-1.11, p < 0.01) significantly increased hospitalization risk by 7 percent for every 1-year age increase. The median time from illness onset to hospitalization for all patients was 9 days (interquartile range: 8-10). Hypoxia was the most common cause of hospitalization. However, hypoxia and other symptoms, such as cough and dyspnea, were not correlated.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Given the pandemic, there may come another time when hospitals are not able to accommodate all patients who require care. In such instances, age, sex, the presence of comorbidities, and checking oxygen saturation regularly using a pulse oximeter around 9 days after the onset of the disease should all be considered important, as it may lead to improved and safer operation of overnight care facilities.</p>","PeriodicalId":38336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"21 6","pages":"591-596"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139378476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accidental release of chlorine from a cylinder during transport and an emergency response plan: A scenario-based study.","authors":"Mohammad Reza Fallah Ghanbari, Zohre Ghomian","doi":"10.5055/jem.0780","DOIUrl":"10.5055/jem.0780","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This article summarizes our research study on the scenario of an accidental chlorine gas release during transportation and preparing emergency response plan to mitigate the subsequent hazards in urban areas.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>To conduct the research study, the event tree analysis (ETA), a series of brain storming sessions, and a modeling of consequences of an accident using the Phylogenetic Analysis with Space/Time models (PHAST) software were employed.</p><p><strong>Results and discussion: </strong>Based on the result of the event tree, 32 initial occurring paths and 20 eventual occurring paths are identified as the outcome. The evacuation time is about 41 seconds, which is very short, and the odds of casualties are estimated at 99 percent within a radius of 140-192 m from the release site, 50 percent within a radius of 202-599 m, and 1 percent within a radius of 758 m.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Along with the use of consequence modeling, the development of the ETA can be effective in emergency preparedness. In the case of a chlorine gas release, it would not be possible to effectively control the source of release. Furthermore, the result indicates that in a major city like Tehran, the application and transport of chlorine gas can be a serious challenge.</p>","PeriodicalId":38336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"21 6","pages":"511-521"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139378471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Community Assessment for Public Health Emergency Response (CASPER) following Hurricane Michael: Gadsden, Calhoun, and Jackson Counties, Florida, 2020.","authors":"Edda Rodriguez, Chris Duclos, Jessica Joiner, Keshia Reid, Melissa Jordan, Kristina W Kintziger","doi":"10.5055/jem.0810","DOIUrl":"10.5055/jem.0810","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To assess community preparedness and ongoing recovery efforts in the rural counties most severely impacted by Hurricane Michael, including structural and economic losses, injury and illness, healthcare access, and suicide risk and ideation.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>The Florida Department of Health conducted a Community Assessment for Public Health Emergency Response (CASPER) in January 2020, 15 months after Hurricane Michael made landfall in October 2018.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>A total of 30 clusters were randomly selected from three rural counties in the Panhandle of Florida, including Jackson (15 clusters), Gadsden (11), and Calhoun (four) counties.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>A total of 185 face-to-face and two phone interviews were conducted with residents 18 years of age or older.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measure: </strong>Hurricane preparedness, structural and economic losses, access to care, and physical and mental health.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Around 43 percent of respondents evacuated as a result of Hurricane Michael, and at least two-thirds of all respondents reported having an emergency supply kit and enough nonperishable food, water, and medication. Structural damage was extensive with 63 percent reporting home damage, averaging over $32,000. Few injuries or illnesses were reported post-landfall (9 percent), with the most common being minor injuries and bacterial infections. Most respondents reported continued access to healthcare if needed. The most common stress-related issues reported were difficulty sleeping (19 percent) and agitated behaviors (10 percent). Seven percent of respondents reported being at moderate to high risk for suicide.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Rural areas may lack resources, such as healthcare facilities, skilled workers, and supplies, that hinder their ability to recover from storms when compared to more urban counties. Many residents reported that 15 months after the storm, their homes were still not fully repaired. A majority of residents were prepared with adequate supplies, had minimal disruption in employment or healthcare access, and had few illnesses or injuries during the storm or the recovery efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":38336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"21 6","pages":"497-509"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139378473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The \"judicialization\" of emergency management in Belgium: From a safety regime toward a security one.","authors":"Colin Glesner, Catherine Fallon","doi":"10.5055/jem.0738","DOIUrl":"10.5055/jem.0738","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper analyzes changes in emergency management in Belgium that have accompanied growing security concerns in Western countries since the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the United States. Using an instrumentation approach, we show how the adoption of a particular regulatory instrument helped put police and judicial actors center stage and gave a more prominent place to the inquiry. We show how the instrument is hampering cooperation, communication, and trust in rescue services and may undermine the collective intelligence at the core of emergency responses. We argue that these changes are indicators of the rise of a new \"emergency management security regime\" that contradicts the original safety regime applied since the 1960s.</p>","PeriodicalId":38336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"21 6","pages":"539-555"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139378477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}