Journal of Emergency Management最新文献

{"title":"Improving flood resilience through coordination and collaboration: The 2022 New South Wales Floods in Australia.","authors":"Naim Kapucu, Qian Hu, Abdul-Akeem Sadiq, Samiul Hasan","doi":"10.5055/jem.0955","DOIUrl":"10.5055/jem.0955","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Flooding is the deadliest and most damaging natural hazard worldwide. Despite efforts to make communities more flood-resilient, global flood impacts are on the rise due to ongoing climate change. Amid the expected increase in the intensity and frequency of flood disasters, there is an urgent need to understand the roles of network governance in ensuring coordinated efforts in response to floods. The goal of this study is to examine interorganizational coordination and collaboration in the aftermath of the New South Wales (NSW) Floods in Australia in 2022. Specifically, this study addresses two primary research questions: (1) Which agencies coordinated and collaborated during the response to the NSW Floods? (2) What were the characteristics of the interorganizational coordination system in response to the NSW Floods in 2022? This study uses Natural Language Processing techniques to extract relevant information from the NSW Government (2022) Flood Inquiry Report and the NSW Legislative Council Report (2022) to answer the research questions. The findings indicate that several agencies played a critical coordinating role and collaborated during the response to the NSW Floods. In addition, the analysis of the collaborative networks indicates strong connections between certain entities and weak or absent connections among other entities in the response network. These results provide valuable insights into the relationships and thematic focus of flood-related policies in Australia and underscore the need for enhanced collaboration and coordination among key stakeholders, including government agencies, to ensure a unified and effective approach to flood resilience.</p>","PeriodicalId":38336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"24 1","pages":"7-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145935517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling hemorrhage control in the context of agent-based active shooter simulations.","authors":"Krassimir T Tzvetanov, Eric Yazel, Michael Kaufmann, J Eric Dietz","doi":"10.5055/jem.0886","DOIUrl":"10.5055/jem.0886","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Computer simulation modeling provides significant value in enhancing emergency preparedness policies for schools, businesses, and outdoor events. This is especially true for complex and unpredictable events like active shooter scenarios, which are difficult to physically replicate due to their diversity in terms of circumstances, venues, and challenges. Active shooter events can occur under various circumstances and take place in a wide range of venues including schools, offices, and outdoor events and create a wide range of unique challenges. According to a 2017 study, 15 percent of human-caused mass casualty incidents with over 10 fatalities are mass shootings. Therefore, our work focused on adding injury type, blood loss related to the function of placement of gunshot wounds, and time lapse from injury. These additional parameters significantly improve active shooter event simulation and changes the paradigm established by currently available simulations where the victims are either \"killed\" or \"unaffected.\" This traditional binary approach is unsuitable when the timeliness of interventions is of concern and does not help improve emergency preparedness and emergency response protocols. In a previous work, the authors demonstrated how simulating physiological decline can be quantified, improve realism, and lead to response protocol improvement. The current work proposes a model for simulated mitigation of gunshot wound injuries, which complements the previously presented exsanguination model. To simulate injury and blood loss mitigation, a number of data sources were consulted to quantify the blood outflow and how it can be limited by different measures, as well as the time required to apply them and their individual effectiveness. This work summarizes the findings and provides a practical guide for implementation. In an additional work, the authors provide a reference implementation in a software library for AnyLogic®. That research focused on the simulation of the initial injury, its mitigation, and the time for critical care transport during the proverbial golden hour of trauma. The human body is complex; the circulatory system alone has several compensatory mechanisms and a wide range of variability in every organism. In addition, the way it responds to coagulating agents and other blood loss control techniques may vary between different organisms and humans. In this work, the authors focus on the primary effectors of those variables and introduce a limited set of mitigations for a relatively short-term simulation. While the model is imperfect, it creates a common ground for further simulation work where different researchers can converge on a known unified deterministic model, allowing them to control that variable while testing hypotheses about other parts of the emergency response. Furthermore, by increasing fidelity, this model can help assess the effects of bystander volunteer hemorrhage control, medical first response, and criti","PeriodicalId":38336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"24 1","pages":"83-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145935543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial responses and displacements according to Hurricane Michael.","authors":"Seungil Yum","doi":"10.5055/jem.0875","DOIUrl":"10.5055/jem.0875","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study highlights spatial responses and displacements following Hurricane Michael by analyzing X® (formerly known as Twitter) data across various states in the United States over a multitude of periods, regions, and demographic characteristics. This study finds that the top three states damaged by the hurricane (Florida, Georgia, and North Carolina) show a significantly higher proportion of tweets during the hurricane week than the prehurricane and post-hurricane weeks. Furthermore, people's responses on social network services have some similar and dissimilar characteristics compared to the census data. For instance, Hispanics show significantly low responses to the hurricane event in all the three states compared to other races/ethnicities, as reflected in the census data. Finally, the gender and region variables play an important role in displacements within the binary logistic regression model, whereas the race/ethnicity and age variables are not related to displacements. To be specific, females show 0.4 times more displacements than males, and Georgia and North Carolina exhibit 1.3 and 0.8 times more displacements than Florida.</p>","PeriodicalId":38336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"24 1","pages":"47-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145935510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Community Lifelines approach: Emergency management's role in ensuring access to water.","authors":"Alessandra Jerolleman, Paula R Buchanan, Jerry V Graves","doi":"10.5055/jem.0914","DOIUrl":"10.5055/jem.0914","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The critical importance of access to water has been recognized both nationally and internationally. In the United States, the National Infrastructure Protection Plan and other planning documents highlight the potentially dire public health implications of impacts on public water systems. According to the Fifth National Climate Assessment, safe and reliable potable water supplies are at risk due to climate change, flooding, drought, and sea level rise, and such risks are expected to increase going forward. Internationally, the Sustainable Development Goals include ensuring availability and sustainability of water and sanitation. Despite this fact, acute shocks and long-term stressors may cause contamination or otherwise limit access to safe drinking water. The Federal Emergency Management Agency's Community Lifelines approach encompasses access to water and other necessities, and requires emergency managers to take a whole-community approach to response and recovery. However, preparedness and mitigation efforts have not historically taken this same approach. Recent water crises, such as the ones in Flint, Michigan, and Jackson, Mississippi, have shown a disconnect between water system managers and emergency managers. Inclusive emergency management demands consideration of both current and future needs, and consideration of Community Lifelines, regardless of the circumstances surrounding the adverse event. The recent saltwater intrusion threat along the lower Mississippi River in southeast Louisiana has provided yet another example of vulnerability in the drinking water sector and the intersection of emergency management and public health.</p>","PeriodicalId":38336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"24 1","pages":"25-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145935535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Content analysis and audience impact measure of World Health Organization's press conferences on YouTube during the COVID-19 pandemic.","authors":"Christian Jara Amézaga","doi":"10.5055/jem.0963","DOIUrl":"10.5055/jem.0963","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This research analyzes the content and performance of the public relations tactic of press conferences published on the World Health Organization's YouTube® channel during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. This study examined 3,506 videos-focusing on 142 press conferences published between May 27, 2020, and May 5, 2023-and their audience impact and engagement correlations. In contrast, nonpress conference videos, spanning from the channel's inception up to the data collection date (March 16, 2024), were analyzed as a benchmark for evaluating the performance of press conferences. Moreover, the 13 most-viewed press conferences were qualitatively analyzed using framing theory to determine their dominant frames and sentiments. The analysis revealed that audiences who perceive a risky situation are willing to watch longer videos, post more comments than on other videos, and emit negative or neutral frames when they feel gaps in the official information.</p>","PeriodicalId":38336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"24 1","pages":"61-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145935458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Securitization of Hurricane Katrina: Slow violence and injustice in New Orleans.","authors":"Natalie Schirmacher","doi":"10.5055/jem.0970","DOIUrl":"10.5055/jem.0970","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Environmental disasters are inherently political phenomena, shaped by systemic inequalities and entrenched power dynamics. This article analyzes how the securitization paradigm and slow violence frameworks explain the disproportionate impact of Hurricane Katrina on marginalized communities. While the territorial securitization paradigm focuses on reactionary military preparedness, it fails to address the long-term systemic issues-such as racism, socioeconomic inequality, and inadequate -infrastructure-that exacerbate vulnerability to environmental events. Using qualitative case study analysis, this article draws on federal reports, congressional records, academic literature, and media sources to examine structural neglect and racialized disaster response, and it draws parallels between Hurricanes Katrina and Maria. The disproportionate impact of Katrina on New Orleans' Black and low-income communities underscores the intersection of structural violence, slow violence, and environmental vulnerability. By reframing environmental security within the context of systemic inequities, this article calls for a renewed focus on resilience-building measures and inclusive disaster planning to address the root causes of vulnerability and mitigate future disasters.</p>","PeriodicalId":38336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"24 1","pages":"35-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145935528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emergency preparedness planning for active shooter situations through higher-fidelity agent-based active shooter simulations: Framework for computational modeling of injury and blood loss.","authors":"Krassimir T Tzvetanov, Michael Kaufmann, Eric Yazel, J Eric Dietz","doi":"10.5055/jem.0929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5055/jem.0929","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The main goal of emergency preparedness is the creation of processes and procedures focused on the preservation of human life. One of the leading contributors to loss of life during multi-casualty incidents (MCIs) is the lack of adequate planning, preparation, and simulation. According to a 2017 study, approximately 15 percent of human-caused mass casualty events, with over 10 fatalities, are mass shootings. These events can occur under various circumstances and take place in a wide range of venues, such as schools, offices, and outdoor events, presenting a wide range of unique challenges. To address these more effectively through procedures and policies, more research is need, including simulation and creation of digital twins, all of which have proven beneficial in gathering insights. This is especially true when conducting drills that are not practical or possible, as they do not allow for the multitude of responses to active shooter events. Current research models in use today treat the victims of these simulations either as \"killed\" or \"unaffected.\" This binary approach is suitable for many simulations when the timeliness of interventions is of no concern, but it does not allow for higher-fidelity simulation, which may be beneficial when developing response and safety protocols for a specific event or specific facility. Simulating physiological decline is beneficial to improving realism and will lead to response protocol improvement. Increased fidelity can help assess the effects of active bystanders voluntarily and opportunistically providing medical first response. Furthermore, this allows us to assess the response of others who have different primary functions during those events, such as the School Resource Officer, or a tactical medic attached to Special Weapons And Tactics during the process of building clearing. Last but not least, this type of simulation can inform and improve how a lockdown is conducted. In mass shooting events, uncontrolled bleeding is often the proximate cause of death for victims. Several data sources were consulted to simulate exsanguination, which helped quantify and describe blood loss based on different types of injuries. This work summarizes our findings and provides a practical guide for the implementation of these findings. In additional papers, the authors cover the process of blood loss mitigation and provide a reference library for implementation in AnyLogic. This research focuses on the simulation of the initial injury and bleeding control mitigation, efforts which by historical context are limited to the first hour of treatment, the so-called golden hour of trauma management. The circulatory system is complex and has several compensatory mechanisms. The efficiency and timing of each are predictable but have some variability to every individual. This work mainly focuses on the primary effectors and simulates the overall process defined by statistical data from peer-reviewed studies. Ultimately, t","PeriodicalId":38336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"23 6","pages":"753-764"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145935442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survey on Texas IT initiatives for disaster preparedness.","authors":"Alexandra G Paulsen, Qi Zhu","doi":"10.5055/jem.0916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5055/jem.0916","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, Texas has experienced intensified damage and increasing costs from natural disasters due to climate change. This highlights the need to evaluate ongoing information technology (IT) initiatives that can guide better preparedness and mitigation strategies. In this paper, we establish a baseline by showcasing the benefits of humanitarian free and open-source software in addressing critical challenges faced by IT-driven relief efforts during Hurricane Harvey. Additionally, flooding has emerged as Texas' most pressing disaster, prompting a complete examination of existing IT, data, and free and open-source software initiatives focused on both inland and coastal flooding. Finally, we will analyze the most promising current initiative and offer insights into future developments.</p>","PeriodicalId":38336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"23 6","pages":"725-735"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145935443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leading through disaster: A case study of the response to the Francis Scott Key Bridge in Baltimore collapse on March 26, 2024, and Governor Wes Moore's charismatic leadership.","authors":"Eda Jane Matchak","doi":"10.5055/jem.0934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5055/jem.0934","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Charismatic leadership has long been attributed to a select few individuals with exceptional personal qualities, often described as possessing a mysterious and extraordinary capability. The collapse of the Francis Scott Key Bridge presents a case study of leadership during an emergency. Crises such as this not only affect organizational effectiveness but also shape leaders' behavior and influence the outcomes of their actions. The increasing frequency of natural disasters in the United States, with an average of 18-billion-dollar climate-related events annually in recent years, provides growing opportunities for leadership emergence. In the case of the Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse, Maryland Governor Wes Moore demonstrated charismatic leadership, earning public recognition for his response efforts. According to Judge, self-confidence is one of the few traits consistently associated with leadership emergence, closely linking it to charisma and the ability to attract and inspire others. Applying Judge's theory and those of others, this study argues that charisma plays a critical role in shaping how leaders are portrayed and remembered by both the public and the media. Through a qualitative analysis of Governor Wes Moore's communications, this study explores the lasting impact of charismatic leadership during emergency management situations.</p>","PeriodicalId":38336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"23 6","pages":"765-783"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145935381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating flood loss data into an empirical model for community estimates of risk.","authors":"Jennifer L Whytlaw","doi":"10.5055/jem.0946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5055/jem.0946","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With an increase and intensification of tropical storm events in the future, it becomes paramount for individual communities and homeowners to understand their potential risks of impacts from these events. This study describes an empirical modeling methodology using the City of Norfolk in southeastern Virginia to indicate areas of higher risk based on built infrastructure, property exposure, and temporal records of previous losses. Under this new empirical modeling methodology, a risk score is defined as the properties that may be at higher risk from future flooding events based on elevation differences, the number of flood insurance payouts a property has received, and whether a property has an active flood insurance policy. Results make evident how the methodology can be used to characterize a community's risk and highlight higher-risk hot spots that can in turn be used for future resilience planning and hazard mitigation. Future work to further refine the model can reduce the overall uncertainty levels as data become more publicly accessible.</p>","PeriodicalId":38336,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Emergency Management","volume":"23 6","pages":"673-684"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145935436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}