Food and Waterborne Parasitology最新文献

{"title":"Transcriptomic profiling of Kupffer cells exposed to Clonorchis sinensis extracellular vesicles: Unraveling the role of CSF3 in hepatic fibrosis","authors":"Zhuo Lan ,&nbsp;Xue Wang ,&nbsp;Yuxi Zhang ,&nbsp;Lu Zhou ,&nbsp;Xue Bai ,&nbsp;Xinhui Zhang ,&nbsp;Haokun Zhang ,&nbsp;Hongyu Qiu ,&nbsp;Junfeng Gao ,&nbsp;Guofeng Cheng ,&nbsp;Chunren Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00304","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00304","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Clonorchiasis, caused by <em>Clonorchis sinensis</em>, is a significant public health issue in China and East Asia. However, understanding its pathological mechanisms underlying this disease remains limited. Here, we isolated and characterized <em>C. sinensis</em> extracellular vesicles (CsEVs) and evaluated their uptake by Kupffer cells (KCs) <em>in vitro</em> in immortalized KC (ImKC) line and <em>in vivo</em> in a model of <em>C. sinensis</em> infection, investigating genes with altered gene expression after treatment with CsEVs and during progression to liver fibrosis. CsEVs were successfully taken up by KCs to regulate gene expression. RNA-sequencing analysis identified 694 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including upregulation of those encoding <em>colony-stimulating factor</em> 3 (<em>CSF</em>3), <em>IL1b</em>, and others. Further validation showed increased expressions of these genes in mice infected with <em>C. sinensis</em>. Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses suggested that these DEGs were involved in pathways such as TNF signaling, and NF-κB signaling. During liver fibrosis progression, <em>CSF</em>3 expression positively correlated with alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) levels in the liver, both of which were higher compared with negative controls. <em>CSF</em>3 inhibition caused a significant decrease in α-SMA expression. This study was the first to report differential gene expression changes in ImKCs stimulated by CsEVs, with <em>CSF</em>3, the most significantly upregulated gene, having a potential role in liver fibrosis. These findings provide important data for the pathology of clonorchiasis and could identify new targets for treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37941,"journal":{"name":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article e00304"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145623731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection and genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium in yaks in Xinjiang, China","authors":"Zhenjie Zhang ,&nbsp;Huigang Zhao ,&nbsp;Bowen Zhang ,&nbsp;Fuchang Yu ,&nbsp;Aiyun Zhao ,&nbsp;Junqiang Li ,&nbsp;Meng Qi ,&nbsp;Rongjun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00298","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00298","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Cryptosporidium</em> spp. is an important protozoan parasite that can cause diarrhea in both humans and animals worldwide. In the present study, a total of 826 yak fecal samples were collected from six counties in Xinjiang and tested for <em>Cryptosporidium</em> using PCR. Based on the <em>SSU</em> rRNA gene, 20 samples tested positive for <em>Cryptosporidium</em>, resulting in an overall infection rate of 2.4 % (20/826). Hejing County exhibited the highest infection rate at 5.6 % (16/288), with significant ``<em>Cryptosporidium</em> species and one genotype were identified: <em>C. bovis</em> (<em>n</em> = 12), <em>C. parvum</em> (<em>n</em> = 3), <em>C. ryanae</em> (n = 3), <em>C. occultus</em> (n = 1), and <em>Cryptosporidium</em> sp. rat genotype IV (n = 1). Subtyping via the <em>gp60</em> gene revealed two subtypes for <em>C. bovis</em> (XXVIb, <em>n</em> = 4; XXVIc, n = 4), one subtype for <em>C. ryanae</em> (XXIa, n = 1), and one subtype for <em>C. parvum</em> (IIdA19G1, n = 1). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these subtypes clustered with reference sequences from other regions and hosts, without distinct geographical or host specific isolation. In conclusion, the prevalence of <em>Cryptosporidium</em> infection in yaks in Xinjiang is low, and the subtypes of <em>Cryptosporidium</em> exhibit genetic diversity among different bovine species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37941,"journal":{"name":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article e00298"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145417687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and molecular identification of fish-borne trematodes in endemic communities in Caraga region, Mindanao, Philippines","authors":"Vachel Gay V. Paller ,&nbsp;Jasmine Renette D. Jimenez ,&nbsp;Allen Jethro I. Alonte ,&nbsp;Vicente Y. Belizario Jr. ,&nbsp;Billy P. Divina ,&nbsp;Kezia W. Kozel ,&nbsp;Martha E. Betson","doi":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00302","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00302","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fish-borne trematodes are a group of parasitic flatworms whose life cycle successively passes through various snails and fresh and brackish water fish, and terrestrial vertebrate hosts including humans. Human infection is common in countries where eating raw fish is practiced such as in the Philippines. Limited investigation in endemic areas along with misdiagnosis makes it challenging to address these infections. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence, identify risk factors for, and molecularly identify fish-borne trematodes in eight helminth-endemic communities in Mindanao, Philippines through a household-based cross-sectional study. Fecal samples were collected from 1152 residents (age 10–59 years) from 386 households in the study communities and from 92 dogs and cats. These were examined microscopically for trematode infections. Molecular analysis of microscopy-positive fecal samples was conducted using the internal transcribed spacer 2 region (ITS2) gene. Further, household-heads were surveyed to investigate risk factors for infection.</div><div>The overall prevalence of infection in humans was 4.1 % (<em>n</em> = 47), with higher infection prevalence in Surigao del Norte province, where fish is often eaten raw or undercooked (as <em>kinilaw</em> and <em>sugba</em>). Males and adults were found to be more at risk of infection. Only 2 animals were positive, both of which are dogs. Molecular findings revealed three fish-borne trematode species: <em>Haplorchis taichui</em>, <em>Stellanthchasmus falcatus</em>, and <em>Opisthorchis viverrini</em>. To our knowledge, this study reports the first molecular identification of fish-borne trematodes in the Philippines. The results help address knowledge gaps on fish-borne trematodes in the Philippines and can be employed to improve control using evidence-based and targeted approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37941,"journal":{"name":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article e00302"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145578786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of PCR, qPCR and LAMP methods for the detection of Spirometra mansoni (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) in the faeces of dogs and cats","authors":"Wen Li,&nbsp;Xuan Xuan Song,&nbsp;Si Si Ru,&nbsp;Jie Hao,&nbsp;Cheng Yue Cao,&nbsp;Xi Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00291","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00291","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Spirometra mansoni</em> is an important zoonotic parasitic tapeworm that is transmitted mainly through the faeces of definitive hosts such as cats and dogs. However, there is currently no molecular detection method for <em>S. mansoni</em> in the faeces of definitive hosts. Here, a PCR assay for <em>S. mansoni</em> in the faeces of definitive hosts was developed, and the effects of the sampling site, sample storage temperature and duration on the detection results were evaluated. qPCR assays and LAMP assays targeting the <em>cyt</em>b gene were performed with optimized primers, probe concentrations and annealing temperatures. The sensitivity and specificity of three assays, namely, PCR, qPCR and LAMP, were evaluated. Applications in the field were conducted using these established assays. The sensitivity of the <em>cox</em>1 gene to PCR was 0.7 ng/μL (egg-derived DNA) and 1.4 ng/μL (cat faecal DNA). The sampling site had no notable effect on the detection results, and target genes could still be effectively detected in samples after 180 days of storage at 37 °C, 25 °C, 4 °C, −20 °C and − 80 °C. The qPCR assay demonstrated a sensitivity of 100 copies/μL, with an amplification efficiency of 107.625 % (R² = 0.997), and the intrabatch/interbatch coefficients of variation (CVs) were &lt; 5 %, indicating good repeatability and suitability for quantitative detection. The sensitivity of the LAMP assay was 7.47 pg/μL (cat faecal DNA) and 355.5 fg/μL (egg-derived DNA). All three assays showed good specificity and no cross-reaction with the DNA of other common parasites in cat and dog faeces. A total of 218 stool samples were tested using three assays, all of which were negative. Our study successfully established PCR, qPCR and LAMP detection systems for <em>S. mansoni</em> in the faeces of definitive hosts, with the advantages of high sensitivity, strong specificity and operational simplicity, which are suitable for early diagnosis of infection of definitive hosts with <em>S. mansoni</em> and for epidemiological assessment of the spillover risk of sparganosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37941,"journal":{"name":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article e00291"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular detection and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in goats’ milk and aborted goat kid tissues from Pakistan","authors":"Muhammad Yaser Khan ,&nbsp;Alessandra Barlaam ,&nbsp;Nicola Ferrari ,&nbsp;Alessia Libera Gazzonis ,&nbsp;Giovanni Giuseppe Normanno ,&nbsp;Alejandro Jiménez-Meléndez ,&nbsp;Lucy Jane Robertson ,&nbsp;Annunziata Giangaspero","doi":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00295","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00295","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Toxoplasmosis is one of the most widespread foodborne diseases in humans and one of the major abortive pathogens in small ruminants. In South Punjab, Pakistan, the goat sector is pivotal in the economy and goat milk is commonly consumed raw. The aim of our study was to investigate the prevalence of <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> DNA in goat milk and to genotype any isolates; additionally, the prevalence and genotype of <em>T. gondii</em> in aborted goat kid foetuses were investigated. From three farms, previously identified as highly seropositive, milk samples were collected from 40 goats at three different lactation intervals: 15–30, 90, and &gt; 120 days after parturition (360 samples in total). Foetal brain and placenta tissue samples were also collected from three aborted goats. A 162 bp fragment of the 529-bp repeat element was targeted for detection of <em>Toxoplasma</em> DNA by real-time PCR. Positive samples were genotyped using nested-PCR targeting four genetic markers (GRA6, SAG1, 5’-SAG2, CS3). <em>T. gondii</em> DNA was detected in 14 milk samples (3.9 %), with higher detection in samples &gt;120 days lactation stage (6.7 %). Between farm detection ranged from 2.5 % to 5.8 %. All aborted tissues were positive, except one foetal brain tissue (83.3 %). DNA isolates revealed type II in all samples, except one milk sample, and four aborted tissues, with either type I or III. Our results highlight that consumption of raw milk poses a potential risk to the health of consumers in this region, and the importance of implementing sanitary and/or management measures among herds to reduce <em>Toxoplasma</em> transmission.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37941,"journal":{"name":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article e00295"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145363643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular characteristics and zoonotic potential of enteric protozoans in domestic small ruminants in Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China","authors":"Meiru Hou,&nbsp;Xuewei Liu,&nbsp;Lu Zhou,&nbsp;Jiawang Zhou,&nbsp;Yuxi Zhang,&nbsp;Tianshuai Ma,&nbsp;Hongyu Qiu,&nbsp;Chunren Wang,&nbsp;Junfeng Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00296","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00296","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Cryptosporidium</em> spp., <em>Giardia duodenalis</em>, <em>Enterocytozoon bieneusi</em>, and <em>Blastocystis</em> sp. are four common zoonotic intestinal protozoa, that cause frequent foodborne and waterborne outbreaks worldwide. Despite their public health importance, epidemiological data remain scarce from Heilongjiang Province in China. Fecal samples were collected from 845 sheep and 166 goats across 13 regions of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China. PCR-based methods were used to detect these pathogens and PCR products were sequenced to determine the species/genotypes. The overall infection rates for <em>Cryptosporidium</em> spp., <em>G. duodenalis</em>, <em>E. bieneusi</em>, and <em>Blastocystis</em> sp. were 4.15 % (42/1011), 2.67 % (27/1011), 12.15 % (127/1011), and 3.56 % (36/1011), respectively. The mixed infections with two or more protozoa occurred in 2.97 % (30/1011). The geographic location was a significant risk factor for the prevalence of <em>Cryptosporidium</em> spp., <em>E. bieneusi</em>, and <em>Blastocystis</em> sp. in domestic small ruminants. Four <em>Cryptosporidium</em> genotypes (<em>C. xiaoi</em>, <em>C. ubiquitum</em>, <em>C. bovis</em>, <em>C. andersoni</em>), seven <em>E. bieneusi</em> genotypes (BEB6, COS-I, CHS8, CHS7, CHG1, CHG3, J), two <em>G. duodenalis</em> assemblages (assemblage E, assemblage A), and six <em>Blastocystis</em> subtypes (ST10, ST14, ST26, ST5, ST15, ST30) were identified. This study provides critical data for developing control strategies with significant implications for zoonotic risk assessment in Heilongjiang Province.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37941,"journal":{"name":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article e00296"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145363644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survival of Anisakis simplex (s.s.) L3 exposed to different combinations of acetic acid and sodium chloride: In vitro observations","authors":"Kaan Kumas,&nbsp;Cyril Henard,&nbsp;Per Walter Kania,&nbsp;Kurt Buchmann","doi":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00293","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00293","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Parasitic nematode larvae within the family Anisakidae are important food-borne parasites with importance for consumer health and international trade. Apart from inactivation of larvae in fish products by heating and/or freezing, marination of herring fillets is widely used. The preferred marination process applies a solution with high contents of sodium chloride and acetic acid. We here describe the direct lethal effect on <em>Anisakis simplex</em> (sensu stricto) of different combinations of sodium chloride and acetic acid. We incubated a total of 1440 isolated worm larvae in 36 different combinations of sodium chloride and acetic acid over 8 weeks (w) at 5 °C. Worm mortality was correlated to incubation time, but acetic acid showed the strongest effect when compared to sodium chloride. Full worm mortality was induced by acetic acid (10 %) within 2 w and by 6 % acetic acid after 8 w. Sodium chloride was less effective as worms were alive in 10 % sodium chloride until 4 w and in 8 % until 8 w. A synergistic effect was noted as a combination of 4 % acetic acid and at least 2 % sodium chloride was effective within 6 w. At 8 w 2 % acetic acid combined with 6 % sodium chloride was found lethal for larvae. It cannot be excluded that worm larvae in host tissues will exhibit different mortality rates due to the protective effect of host cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37941,"journal":{"name":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article e00293"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anisakis spp. larvae in black scabbardfish (Aphanopus carbo) muscle: Consumer health risk and recommendations along the value chain","authors":"P. Ramos ,&nbsp;C. Ayra-Pardo ,&nbsp;M.M. Oliveira ,&nbsp;L.F. Rangel ,&nbsp;F. Atroch ,&nbsp;C. Sirin ,&nbsp;M.J. Santos","doi":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00305","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00305","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The black scabbardfish, <em>Aphanopus carbo</em>, is a deep-sea Atlantic fish with socioeconomic value, but it is often heavily infected with <em>Anisakis</em> spp. larvae. The aim of the present work was to ascertain the distribution and quantification of <em>Anisakis</em> spp. larvae in the viscera and muscle of <em>A. carbo</em>, and to evaluate whether larval intensity in the viscera can be used to predict parasite load in the muscle. UV-press and pepsin-HCl digestion methods were complemented by molecular techniques to detect and identify the larvae. Four batches of four individuals each, one batch per season (<em>n</em> = 64), were obtained. Each batch, with a different parasite intensity based on visual inspection, was selected for comparison. Larval subsamples randomly selected from the viscera, belly flaps, and dorsal muscle were identified by PCR-RFLP, marking the first study of this kind in this species. Data showed that the higher the larval load in the visceral cavity and internal organs, the greater the number of larvae in the belly flaps, allowing us to predict <em>Anisakis</em> burden in this site. The low number and unpredictability of the zoonotic <em>A. simplex s.s</em> in the dorsal muscle pose a risk to consumers. Epidemiological data support discarding the belly flaps from fish with relatively high parasite intensity. Additional recommendations to mitigate anisakids presence in fishery products are presented for improvement and implementation along the black scabbardfish value chain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37941,"journal":{"name":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article e00305"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145690793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seroprevalence of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in suspected human angiostrongyliasis cases and clinical manifestations in a tertiary care hospital in Thailand: a retrospective 18-year longitudinal study","authors":"Lakkhana Sadaow ,&nbsp;Thidarat K. Prasongdee ,&nbsp;Phuangphaka Sadee ,&nbsp;Sureeporn Naonongwai ,&nbsp;Patcharaporn Boonroumkaew ,&nbsp;Rutchanee Rodpai ,&nbsp;Oranuch Sanpool ,&nbsp;Amnat Kitkhuandee ,&nbsp;Verajit Chotmongkol ,&nbsp;Kittisak Sawanyawisuth ,&nbsp;Pewpan M. Intapan ,&nbsp;Wanchai Maleewong","doi":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00290","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00290","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Human angiostrongyliasis, a foodborne parasitosis caused by <em>Angiostrongylus cantonensis</em>, is primarily characterized by eosinophilic meningitis (EOM), meningoencephalitis or myelitis. This study reports the seroprevalence of <em>A. cantonensis</em> among suspected cases of angiostrongyliasis and describes the clinical manifestations in patients with positive serological tests at a Thai tertiary care hospital over an 18-year period (2006–2023). Among 768 patients suspected of eosinophilic meningitis related to <em>A. cantonensis</em> infection, 353 (46 %) tested positive for <em>A. cantonensis</em> IgG antibodies. Most seropositive patients were from the northeast region of Thailand (308/353; 87.2 %). Among the seropositive patients, 13 % reported a history of consuming uncooked freshwater snails or other paratenic hosts. Headache was reported in 23.5 % of the patients, with 31.3 % (<em>n</em> = 26) experiencing acute severe headache. Fever and neck stiffness were present in 6.8 % and 6.5 % of the patients, respectively, while nausea and vomiting were observed in 7.9 %. In a subset of 56 seropositive patients who underwent lumbar puncture, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination was clear in 49 (87.5 %), cloudy in six (10.7 %), and xanthochromic in one case (1.8 %). The highest recorded CSF opening pressure was 600 mmHg, with a median pressure of 210 mmHg. The average CSF white blood cell count was 200 cells/mm³ (range: 0–2250 cells/mm³), with eosinophils constituting an average of 35 % (range: 1–90 %). These findings may be useful for clinicians in endemic regions as supportive information for clinical diagnosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37941,"journal":{"name":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article e00290"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decision-making and public health: How the prevalence of Contracaecum spp. larvae in market-size tilapia may influence fish sample-size to be inspected prior marketing","authors":"Nadav Davidovich ,&nbsp;Perla Tedesco ,&nbsp;Monica Caffara ,&nbsp;Ekaterina Minkova ,&nbsp;Ortal Aflalo ,&nbsp;Shoshi Hadar ,&nbsp;Vicotoria Baramboim ,&nbsp;Gavriel Goldstein ,&nbsp;Ofer Cohen ,&nbsp;Shani Glasner ,&nbsp;Michal Perry Markovich ,&nbsp;Danny Morick ,&nbsp;Aurora Lattanzi ,&nbsp;Andrea Gustinelli","doi":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00288","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00288","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Human consumption of raw or undercooked fish and fishery products may cause infection with foodborne parasitic nematodes, particularly of the family Anisakidae. <em>Contracaecum</em> species are cosmopolitan parasitic nematodes with numerous marine and freshwater fish species as intermediate or paratenic hosts, rarely reported as zoonotic agents. Tilapia, of great importance to human nutrition in many countries, can harbor larval stages of diverse <em>Contracaecum</em> species. Accurate examination of fish before marketing is crucial to ensure public health. We conducted a two-year survey of market-size tilapia farmed in Israel originating from 17 tilapia farms to assess the presence of <em>Contracaecum</em> larvae, including a retrospective calculation of infection prevalence and analysis of the accuracy of larval detection with various sample sizes. Between June 2020 and May 2022, <em>Contracaecum</em> larvae were found in 269/3605 (7.5 %) tilapia shipments. In 217 of these 269 (80.7 %) shipments, only a single larva was found. Among 380 <em>Contracaecum</em> larvae collected, only two were identified as <em>C. quadripapillatum</em>; all others were identified as <em>C. multipapillatum</em> E. The probability of tilapia being parasitized with <em>C. multipapillatum</em> E larvae is much higher than with <em>C. quadripapillatum</em>. Moreover, in the vast majority of tilapia shipments infected with <em>Contracaecum</em> larvae, only a single specimen was infected. Considering this relatively low prevalence, in a sample size of 30 fish tested for the presence of nematode larvae, there is only a 40 % probability of finding an infected specimen. Decision-makers should consider, among other factors, the sample size of tilapia to be inspected before marketing to reduce the chances of parasitized fish reaching the end consumer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37941,"journal":{"name":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article e00288"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}