Food and Waterborne Parasitology最新文献

{"title":"Ten-year experience with pediatric splenic Hydatidosis: Clinical profiles, surgical outcomes, and prognostic indicators","authors":"M. Forooghi ,&nbsp;H. Hosseini ,&nbsp;Sh. Yousufzai ,&nbsp;D. Ebrahimi ,&nbsp;R. Shahrokhi ,&nbsp;A. Ebrahimi ,&nbsp;R. Abdollahzade ,&nbsp;S. Hooshmandi ,&nbsp;M.G. Gahromi ,&nbsp;S. Sharifi ,&nbsp;Z. Sharifi ,&nbsp;A. Tadayon","doi":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00266","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00266","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydatidosis, caused by <em>Echinococcus granulosus</em>, poses significant public health challenges, particularly in endemic regions. While hepatic and pulmonary involvement are common, splenic hydatidosis in pediatric populations is rare and frequently underreported. In this retrospective observational study, we present a decade-long single-center experience (2014–2024) in pediatric splenic hydatidosis, detailing demographic profiles, clinical presentations, imaging characteristics, and surgical outcomes. Ten patients (mean age: 11.3 years) were evaluated, with abdominal pain as the predominant symptom and cyst sizes ranging from 40 to 220 mm (WHO-IWGE classification: 1CE–CE3b). Total splenectomy was performed in nine cases, with one patient undergoing partial splenectomy. Preoperative albendazole was administered to eight patients, and postoperative albendazole to nine patients; long-term therapy (2–8 months) was provided in seven cases. Prophylactic measures, including pneumococcal vaccination and postoperative antibiotic prophylaxis, were implemented, resulting in no cases of overwhelming post-splenectomy infection or hydatid recurrence during a mean follow-up of approximately four years. These findings underscore the importance of early diagnosis, appropriate surgical intervention, and diligent long-term follow-up, as well as the need for strengthened public health initiatives to reduce the disease burden in endemic regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37941,"journal":{"name":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article e00266"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143882856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of parasites in food and water matrices by shotgun metagenomics: A narrative review","authors":"Paolo Vatta,&nbsp;Simone M. Cacciò","doi":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00265","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00265","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Many helminths and protozoa are transmitted to humans through the consumption of contaminated food or water, and this underlines the importance of methods for their detection in these matrices. Due to the difficulties in isolating parasites prior to their identification, indirect detection methods are used, mostly relying upon targeted amplification of nucleic acids via PCR and/or qPCR. With the development of high throughput sequencing technologies, an untargeted detection method, shotgun metagenomics, became available. By sequencing the total DNA extracted from a given source, and through bioinformatics analyses of the sequencing reads, shotgun metagenomics allows profiling the entire microbial community therein present, including eukaryotes and, therefore, parasites. In this article, we reviewed the studies that specifically addressed the detection of parasites in food (<em>n</em> = 2) and water matrices (<em>n</em> = 10) by shotgun metagenomics. Most studies focused on wastewater samples and reported the detection of many parasites of human and veterinary importance from various areas of the world, highlighting the potential of shotgun metagenomics to provide important data for parasitic pathogens surveillance. After examining the different analytical workflows employed in these studies, which were not developed for detection of eukaryotes (or parasites), we identified two aspects deserving attention. First, that assignment based on short reads matching ribosomal sequences may generate false positives due to high sequence conservation among eukaryotic organisms. Second, that reassessing the relatively small number of reads of eukaryotic origin by a BLAST search can confirm, or deny, identification of parasitic pathogens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37941,"journal":{"name":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article e00265"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143895001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seroprevalence of human cystic echinococcosis in individuals occupationally exposed to Canidae in Central Iran: A case-control study","authors":"Seyed Hossein Hejazi ,&nbsp;Reza Kalantari ,&nbsp;Seyed Mahmoud Mousavi ,&nbsp;Marzieh Safari ,&nbsp;Zahra Ghayour ,&nbsp;Zary Nokhodian ,&nbsp;Mahsa Esmaeilifallah","doi":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00263","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00263","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Echinococcus granulosus</em> is a widespread zoonotic tapeworm that causes human cystic echinococcosis. Human CE, transmitted via dogs or Canidae feces, poses a public health challenge and exemplifies the One Health Theory. This survey was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of CE in individuals occupationally exposed (IOE) to dogs, livestock wool, and contaminated soil due to egg shedding from dogs/Canidae in industrial slaughterhouses and livestock fields, compared to a healthy control group in Isfahan province, central Iran. In a case-control study, 401 sera from IOE, including slaughterhouse workers, animal husbandry unit workers, wool industry workers, farm workers, livestock farmers, butchers, and veterinarians in the case group, were matched with 401 archived samples from the general population. All 802 samples were tested for echinococcosis IgG using ELISA. Out of 802 sera, 7 (0.9 %) tested positive for <em>Echinococcus</em> IgG. The seroprevalence in the IOE and control groups was 1.2 % (5/401) and 0.5 % (2/401), respectively. Although there was a 2.5-fold estimated risk of CE in IOE compared to the control group, this was not statistically significant. Based on the current study's findings, the overall seroprevalence of CE in the Isfahan area is similar to that of other regions in Iran<em>.</em></div></div>","PeriodicalId":37941,"journal":{"name":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article e00263"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143864820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Autochthonous human case of Echinococcus ortleppi cystic echinococcosis in Brittany, Western part of France","authors":"Brice Autier ,&nbsp;Marion Baldeyrou ,&nbsp;Heithem Jeddou ,&nbsp;Coralie Barrera ,&nbsp;Jean-Pierre Gangneux","doi":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00264","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00264","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Human cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a worldwide infection due to the larval stage of <em>Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato</em>, a taeniid tapeworm of canids. Identification of the causative agent at species level relies on molecular methods such as DNA sequencing or species-specific qPCR, which are rarely used for routine case management. Among the different species within the <em>E. granulosus</em> complex, <em>Echinococcus ortleppi</em> (<em>E. granulosus</em> genotype G5 former “cattle strain”) has been reported in only 19 human cases worldwide, including 3 in France. We report the 20th case of <em>E. ortleppi</em> cystic echinococcosis, which is an French autochthonous case of a patient without usual risk factors for CE, and living in an area not known to be endemic for <em>E. ortleppi</em>. This case highlights that medical community should be aware of the benefits from molecular epidemiology in understanding the landscape of parasitic diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37941,"journal":{"name":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article e00264"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143852146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anisakis simplex (sensu lato) and Hysterothylacium cornutum (Nematoda: Ascaridoidea) in adult Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) caught in Norway","authors":"Miguel Bao ,&nbsp;Arne Levsen ,&nbsp;Lucilla Giulietti ,&nbsp;Martin Wiech ,&nbsp;Keno Ferter ,&nbsp;Egil Karlsbakk ,&nbsp;Paolo Cipriani","doi":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00261","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00261","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Atlantic bluefin tuna <em>Thunnus thynnus</em> is one of the largest and most valuable fish species in the Atlantic Ocean. Its meat is highly appreciated worldwide, particularly in Japan, where it is commonly consumed raw as sushi or sashimi. Here, we investigated the occurrence and species composition of parasitic nematodes in the viscera of adult Atlantic bluefin tuna caught off western Norway. The zoonotic nematodes <em>Anisakis simplex</em> (sensu stricto) and <em>Anisakis pegreffii</em> are reported for the first time in wild large adult specimens. Findings suggest that both anisakids appear unable to penetrate the stomach wall of large tuna. Instead, they remain attached and are associated with pathologies, including crater-like ulcers and tumours, sometimes filled with cyst-like decomposition products. A few anisakid larvae were, however, found encapsulated on the intestine and caeca, suggesting that they may have penetrated the thinner walls of the digestive tract there. These results highlight the need for further research on tuna's muscle to rule out any food safety concerns. Additionally, the raphidascaridid nematode <em>Hysterothylacium cornutum</em> and a single 4th-stage larva of <em>H. aduncum</em>, were identified in the tuna stomachs. Partial LSU rDNA, mtDNA <em>cox</em>2 and ITS rDNA sequences of <em>H. cornutum</em> are reported for the first time. These sequences may aid resolving the taxonomy of the genus <em>Hysterothylacium</em> and unravelling the parasite's life cycle in future studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37941,"journal":{"name":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article e00261"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143834546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in surface water of a subarctic city","authors":"Christina A. Ahlstrom ,&nbsp;Michael P. Carey ,&nbsp;Damian M. Menning ,&nbsp;Jonathan A. O'Donnell ,&nbsp;Andrew M. Ramey","doi":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00262","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00262","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Giardia</em> and <em>Cryptosporidium</em> spp. are globally distributed protozoan parasites that can cause gastrointestinal disease in humans and animals. These zoonotic parasites and their ecological relationships have been understudied in Alaska and elsewhere, despite being identified as priority zoonotic pathogens. We aimed to detect and characterize <em>Giardia</em> and <em>Cryptosporidium</em> spp. in waterbodies within Anchorage, Alaska, USA using two methods, including the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 1623 that relies on microscopy and a molecular detection approach. The molecular approach was ultimately unsuccessful and therefore only data obtained using Method 1623 are presented. <em>Giardia</em> or <em>Cryptosporidium</em> spp. was detected from nine of 15 urban streams and lakes sampled (60 %), six of which were positive for both parasites (40 %). Fewer than 10 cysts or oocysts were detected in 10 L of surface water. Further research to characterize <em>Giardia</em> and <em>Cryptosporidium</em> beyond the genus level would help elucidate the zoonotic potential and ecology of these parasites within the region and more broadly in Alaska.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37941,"journal":{"name":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article e00262"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infection rates of Fasciola spp. in cattle slaughtered at 13 abattoirs in six of nine provinces of South Africa","authors":"Sophy Nukeri ,&nbsp;Mokgadi Pulane Malatji ,&nbsp;Msawenkosi I. Sithole ,&nbsp;Philile I. Ngcamphalala ,&nbsp;Ignore Nyagura ,&nbsp;Danisile Tembe ,&nbsp;Innocent Siyanda Ndlovu ,&nbsp;Mamohale Chaisi ,&nbsp;Samson Mukaratirwa","doi":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00260","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00260","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fasciolosis or liver fluke infection is a snail-borne disease that affects the productivity of domestic ruminants including liver condemnation especially in cattle. However, there is paucity of information on the burden of infection due to lack of accurate data on liver condemnation related to correct geographical origin of infected animals. This distorts perception of the geographical occurrence of fasciolosis, particularly in South Africa among other countries. We aimed to determine the infection rates of <em>Fasciola</em> spp. in cattle slaughtered at selected abattoirs in South Africa. A total of 13 abattoirs consisting of 10 high throughput and three low throughput abattoirs across six provinces, were visited to screen for liver fluke infection in slaughtered cattle including tracing of the animals' geographical origin. A total of 57 livers from 673 slaughtered cattle (8.5 %) from 10 abattoirs were infected with <em>Fasciola</em> spp.. The highest infection rate from the study sites was 37 % and the lowest 4.5 %. Tracing of infected cattle showed that some abattoirs slaughtered cattle originating from other provinces. Forty-nine percent (29/57) of infected cattle had moderate body condition score (BCS) and recorded the highest intensity of fluke infection (&gt;100 flukes per liver). Furthermore, young animals had high infection rates (51 %; 29/57) compared to adults (49 %; 28/57) and females (54 %; 31/57) compared to males (46 %; 26/57). The overall results highlighted the presence of <em>Fasciola</em> spp. in five provinces of South Africa, represented by more than four agro-ecological zones. <em>Fasciola hepatica</em> occurred in all six provinces while both <em>Fasciola</em> spp. co-occurred in one province. Furthermore, <em>F. hepatica</em> constituted the highest percentage (74 %; 710/960) of <em>Fasciola</em> spp. specimens collected. <em>Fasciola gigantica</em> were collected from abattoirs in one province and constituted 26 % (250/960) of the total collected flukes. Results from the study provide information on the burden of fasciolosis in cattle. This is based on abattoir surveys in South Africa, considering the traced geographical origin of animals slaughtered. Using data from surveys of this nature might support efforts to map the geographical distribution of fasciolosis in South Africa. Thus, contribute towards the development of effective control and treatment programs of fasciolosis to mitigate the burden of the disease in cattle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37941,"journal":{"name":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article e00260"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143748483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transmission of parasites to people via food: how can we determine their impact and why do we need to know?","authors":"Lucy J. Robertson","doi":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00258","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00258","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Foodborne parasites exert a considerable burden on human health, and this can be estimated using the disability-adjusted life year metric, enabling comparisons across regions, age groups, and among parasites and other foodborne hazards. Previous estimates of the burden exerted by different foodborne hazards were published about a decade ago (2015) and an update is planned. These estimates are important, not only for comparative purposes, but also to provide an evidence-based framework for resource allocation for different interventions, including prioritisation of risk management efforts, determining where food safety policy infrastructure should be focused, financing research and innovation, and for targeting supplier and consumer education.</div><div>Here the potential for improving the previous estimates is discussed, not only by using more recent data, but also by inclusion of foodborne parasitic diseases and disease states that were omitted in the previous estimates. In particular, for example, the inclusion of foodborne infection with <em>Cyclospora cayetensis</em> and with <em>Trypanosoma cruzi</em> are suggested, along with consideration of disease states such as amoebic liver abscess in foodborne amoebiasis. In addition, knowledge gaps, potential interventions, and how intervention effects can be assessed are discussed, using specific examples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37941,"journal":{"name":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article e00258"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Objective and subjective knowledge of toxoplasmosis among women of childbearing age in the Apulia region of Southern Italy","authors":"Antonella Cammarelle,&nbsp;Alessandra Barlaam,&nbsp;Ylenia De Santis,&nbsp;Annunziata Giangaspero,&nbsp;Biagia De Deviitis","doi":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00259","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00259","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Toxoplasmosis, caused by <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em>, is a widespread zoonotic disease with potentially serious consequences to the fetus if acquired during pregnancy. This study aimed to evaluate objective and subjective knowledge of toxoplasmosis and its modes of transmission in women of reproductive age living in an Italian southeastern region (i.e., Apulia region) and to identify homogeneous segments of women based on their level of knowledge of toxoplasmosis. Data were collected in a web-based survey sample of 568 women, and analyzed via a two-step cluster analysis.</div><div>The results showed that 69.4 % of respondents claimed awareness of toxoplasmosis. Specifically, knowledge about infection risk factors, such as consumption of undercooked meat and raw unwashed fruits and vegetables (95.8 %) and pregnancy-related risks (94.5 %), was high. However, only 52.8 % knew that <em>T. gondii</em> is a parasitic protozoan, and 40.5 % were aware of soil as a transmission route. Cluster analysis identified three segments: women with knowledge (40.2 %), partial knowledge (39.6 %), and no knowledge (20.2 %). Women with higher education and employed showed greater awareness, whereas students and individuals with lower education levels were overrepresented among those with limited knowledge.</div><div>These findings highlight a knowledge gap in certain transmission aspects and underscore the importance of targeted health education, particularly regarding the role of soil and the nature of <em>T. gondii</em> as a parasite.</div><div>Implementing effective, accessible educational programs is crucial for reducing the burden of <em>T. gondii</em> infection, especially in regions with limited health literacy. Establishing regional reference centers could enhance monitoring, prevention, and support for at-risk populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37941,"journal":{"name":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article e00259"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143611427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serological and molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii in chickens in southern Syria","authors":"Dhifaf Mahmood,&nbsp;Samar Al Nahhas","doi":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00255","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fawpar.2025.e00255","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> is a foodborne protozoan parasite that infects all warm-blooded animals and humans worldwide. Poultry become infected with <em>T. gondii</em> oocysts by ground feeding, and humans contract toxoplasmosis by the consumption of raw or undercooked infected meat. In Syria, no research has been documented regarding <em>T. gondii</em> infection in chickens; therefore, this study was carried out to determine the infection rate in chickens using serological and molecular assays. A total of 59 birds (50 females and 9 males) including free range (FR) and caged chickens were purchased from the southern governorates of Syria. Blood and tissues (brain, heart, liver and pectoral muscle) were collected and analyzed for the presence of anti-<em>T. gondii</em> antibodies and parasite DNA by indirect hemagglutination test and semi-nested PCR, respectively. Overall, sero-positivity for <em>T. gondii</em> antibody was 72.9% (81.4% FR and 18.6% caged). Female chickens had higher prevalence than males (83.7% vs 16.3%). Furthermore, chickens older than six months showed higher infection rates compared to younger ones. Evidence of <em>T. gondii</em> DNA was detected in tissue homogenates from both groups of chickens (83.1%). Our study demonstrates, a high prevalence of <em>T. gondii</em> in chickens indicating that this parasite poses a threat to food safety and public health in our study area. This finding supports the recommendations that poultry meat should be cooked well before consumption and appropriate hygiene measures should be followed when handling meat. Further studies should be conducted to determine the prevalence of <em>T. gondii</em> and its genotypes in poultry in other regions of Syria and to identify the associated risk factors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37941,"journal":{"name":"Food and Waterborne Parasitology","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article e00255"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143578013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}