OpenNano最新文献

{"title":"Solvothermally grown ZnO/BiOCl photocatalyst for solar-light-responsive degradation of tetracycline antibiotic","authors":"Lalitphan Hongtanee ,&nbsp;Khemika Wannakan ,&nbsp;Sattra Nonthing ,&nbsp;Atchawadee Panchakeaw ,&nbsp;Supinya Nijpanich ,&nbsp;Suwat Nanan","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100253","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100253","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Binary photocatalyst based on ZnO/BiOCl was constructed very easily using a solvothermal route by addition of solid ZnO to the reaction mixture during the formation of BiOCl. The two-component heterojunction was then applied for sunlight-active removal of tetracycline (TC) drug. The synthesized heterostructure showed mainly the characteristic XRD peaks of BiOCl with the band gap of 3.50 eV, compared to 3.30 eV of the bare BiOCl. The binary photocatalyst comprising 0.05 g of ZnO per 1.0 g of BiOCl (denoted as 0.05ZnO/BiOCl) displayed the lowest photoluminescence signal, compared to the synthesized BiOCl and ZnO. This indicates the greatest carrier separation rate at the interface detected in the binary ZnO/BiOCl, compared to other photocatalysts. The result corelates well with the maximum photoactivity detected in the 0.05ZnO/BiOCl. High photocatalytic performance of 100% was detected under 100 min of UV light (135 W, a mercury lamp). In addition, 98% removal of TC under natural sunlight was also achieved within 240 min. The photodegradation of TC agrees perfectly with the first-order kinetic model providing a rate constant of 0.0546 min^–1. This is about 1.9 times higher than those obtained from either ZnO or BiOCl photocatalysts. The binary ZnO/BiOCl heterostructure still exhibits the promising photodegradation efficiency after five runs. The scavenger experiment reveals that the photogenerated electrons are the major species which play a crucial role in TC degradation. This work emphasizes a facile route to fabricate the two-component heterostructure, with promising performance, for removal of TC antibiotic in natural water.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144829015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent progress in supersaturation-based SNEDDS: Formulation, mechanism, and biopharmaceutical performance","authors":"Sani Ega Priani ,&nbsp;Adilah Nurhaliza ,&nbsp;Ratih Aryani ,&nbsp;Gofarana Wilar ,&nbsp;Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa ,&nbsp;Iyan Sopyan","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100252","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100252","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review highlights supersaturation-based SNEDDS (self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems), focusing on formulation strategies, supersaturation generation, stabilization mechanisms, and their impact on drug release, permeation, and bioavailability. The discussion is based on articles from reputable databases published between 2020 and 2025. Supersaturation-based SNEDDS are classified into supersaturable and supersaturated types, differing in the onset of supersaturation and approaches to precipitation inhibition. Widely developed for BCS Class II and IV drugs, these systems increase thermodynamic activity and enhance drug absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Although metastable and prone to precipitation, precipitation inhibitors (PIs) such as HPMC or PVP can stabilize the supersaturated state, suppressing nucleation and crystal growth<strong>.</strong> Proper screening is essential to identify the most suitable PIs for each formulation. Supersaturable and supersaturated SNEDDS have improved drug release and intestinal permeation, enhancing bioavailability compared to pure drugs, conventional SNEDDS, or marketed formulations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100252"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144678359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced Localized Periodontitis Treatment with Azithromycin-Loaded Niosomal Thermosensitive Gels","authors":"Kunchorn Kerdmanee ,&nbsp;Chuencheewit Thongsiri ,&nbsp;Nuttawut Supachawaroj ,&nbsp;Sucharat Limsitthichaikoon","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100247","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100247","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease requiring localized drug delivery for sustained therapeutic action. Conventional treatments face challenges such as a rapid drug clearance and poor bioavailability. This study develops and evaluates an azithromycin-loaded niosomal thermoresponsive gel (AZG) to enhance drug retention and treatment efficacy. Azithromycin-loaded niosomes (AZN) were optimized using a 3² full factorial design with Span 60 and cholesterol, achieving nanoscale size, stable zeta potential, and high drug encapsulation. The optimized AZN was incorporated into a poloxamer 407-hyaluronic acid gel, ensuring in situ gelation and prolonged drug retention. AZG exhibited favorable gelation, biocompatibility, accelerated wound closure, enhanced cell proliferation, and significant anti-inflammatory effects (twofold IL-1β and sixfold TNF-α reduction, p &lt; 0.05). By integrating sustained drug release with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, AZG presents a promising adjunctive therapy for periodontitis, addressing key limitations of existing treatments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100247"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143924719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of unsaturated fatty acids on the topical delivery of caspofungin ufasomes: In vitro/ Ex vivo evaluation and anti-fungal study against Candida albicans","authors":"Sumayah Al-Mahmood ,&nbsp;Nawal Ayash Rajab","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100250","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100250","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cutaneous candidiasis presents a considerable challenge in today’s medical landscape, particularly for patients with weakened immune systems or chronic illnesses. As antifungal resistance continues to rise, the development of new topical therapies has become increasingly urgent. Caspofungin (CSP), an echinocandin antifungal, exhibits fungicidal activity against Candida species by inhibiting β-1,3-<span>d</span>-glucan synthase, a key enzyme in fungal cell wall synthesis. However, its poor stability and requirement for intravenous administration limit its clinical application. To address these limitations, novel formulations such as ufasomes (unsaturated fatty acid vesicles) have been developed to enhance caspofungin's stability and skin penetration. In this study, ufasomes were prepared using three oils: oleic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitoleic acid, along with caspofungin and cholesterol, using the thin-film method. Among the formulations, F34, composed of 500 mg palmitoleic acid and 10 mg cholesterol, exhibited promising results. It demonstrated a particle size (PS) of 87.65± 2.65 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.22 ± 0.00, a zeta potential (ZP) of -7.46± 0.4 mV, a drug content of 97 ± 1.34 %, and an encapsulation efficiency (EE %) of 92 ± 0.82 %. Furthermore, the optimized formulation F34 showed a sustained drug release of 81.5 ± 0.4 over 600 min (10 h) compared to 100 %±0.01 of caspofungin. The permeation of F34 in 600 min (10 h) was 94 %±0.81 compared to the caspofungin 87.85 %±0.85. The antifungal activity showed that the inhibition zone diameter, MIC and MBC for caspofungin-loaded ufasomes was 29 mm±0.8, 0.153 μg/mL±0.01, 0.283 μg/mL±0.02 compared to 25 mm±0.8, 0.214 μg/mL±0.01, 0.409±0.01 for pure caspofungin. The histopathological study revealed a positive response towards the optimized formulation. In conclusion, this optimized formulation holds potential as a novel therapeutic approach for treating topical fungal infections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144501250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transdermal drug delivery system: A comprehensive review of innovative strategies, applications, and regulatory perspectives","authors":"Andrea Crasta ,&nbsp;Tanvi Painginkar ,&nbsp;Amatha Sreedevi ,&nbsp;Sachin Dattram Pawar ,&nbsp;Muddukrishna Badamane Sathyanarayana ,&nbsp;S.G. Vasantharaju ,&nbsp;Riyaz Ali M. Osmani ,&nbsp;Gundawar Ravi","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100245","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100245","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) is a very successful and suitable approach for drug delivery because of its advantages over other drug delivery systems. The main advantages of this technique include sustained release, bypassing first-pass metabolism, and enhancing patient compliance. However, the skin is composed of several layers through which the drug must pass through to enter the systemic circulation for therapeutic activity and its limitations include poor skin permeability. Effective TDDS must consider drug properties (molecular weight, solubility, and lipophilicity), vehicle composition, and skin characteristics (hydration, temperature, and regional permeability) to overcome these limitations. Chemical permeation enhancers interfere with the lipid matrix of the stratum corneum, and natural permeation enhancers, including essential oils and terpenes, provide other alternatives. Recently, multiple reservoir patches have been developed for the delivery of multiple active ingredients and electronic TDDS patches for automatic drug release. Despite such advancements, challenges persist in the form of skin irritation, the need for special equipment, and the delivery of large molecules requiring additional study. Future research must aim for the development of hypoallergenic adhesives, the optimization of microneedle safety, and the investigation of new nanocarriers to increase the efficacy of TDDSs and patient outcomes. This review explores the various strategies to enhance drug permeation by TDDS and aims to describe their regulatory requirements according to USFDA guidelines and EMA guidelines as well as their comparison, and highlighted various applications of transdermal drug delivery systems in medicine, patents and clinical trials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100245"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144089665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Chitosan-Encapsulated Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) Essential Oil Nanoemulsion for Fruit Edible Coating","authors":"Panji Setya Utama Putra ,&nbsp;Damar Rastri Adhika ,&nbsp;Gita Genecya ,&nbsp;Muhammad Samman Al Madanie ,&nbsp;Lia Amelia Tresna Wulan Asri","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100246","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100246","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Agricultural and fishery products generally have a limited shelf life since these products are at high risk of experiencing changes in sensory properties in a fairly short time due to oxidation, enzymatic reactions, and microbial activity. Therefore, a food preservation system is needed to maintain its quality for longer. One preservation method for post-harvest products such as fruits and vegetables is edible coating. Edible coatings can be developed using biodegradable polymers derived from polysaccharides, proteins, fats, and their derivatives. Chitosan is a type of biopolymer that is commonly derived from the exoskeletons of marine animals such as shrimp and it possesses good antimicrobial properties. In addition, the development of food packaging technology. This study aims to develop and evaluate edible coatings that contain nano-chitosan and lemongrass essential oil nanoemulsions as antioxidant and antimicrobial agents for fruit packaging. The synthesized lemongrass essential oil nanoemulsion size was less than 100 nm and had good stability with a below 10% size change during 56 days of storage. Lemongrass essential oil nanoemulsion had a high antioxidant activity, as indicated by the low IC₅₀ value in the DPPH reagent test. The combination of lemongrass essential oil nanoemulsion and chitosan as an edible coating had high antimicrobial activity, as indicated by the large inhibition zone in <em>Bacillus cereus</em> and <em>Escherichia coli</em> bacteria. Edible coating implementation on unpeeled banana fruit was evaluated through various tests such as pH, hardness, weight loss, and color changes. These tests showed some improvement in fruit preservation using nanoemulsion-based edible coatings treatment. The bananas were observed for 11 days and showed that the edible coating made from the combination of chitosan and lemongrass essential oil nanoemulsion can delay the ripening process of fruits, maintain firmness, and reduce weight loss. The best results for unpeeled banana preservation were obtained from edible coating with variations of lemongrass essential oil nanoemulsion and chitosan with a ratio of 2:1.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100246"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143924808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Entrapment efficiency methodology for lipid nanoparticles – a literature review","authors":"Niklas Baltz ,&nbsp;Regina Scherließ","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100251","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100251","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lipid nanoparticles have been used for decades to deliver lipophilic drugs. The success of particle formation and drug loading is determined by excipient selection and the production process. Entrapment efficiency (EE) as a measure for process effectiveness and drug load are critical quality attributes of lipid nanoparticles. To determine EE, the nanodispersion must be separated to determine the amount of drug inside the nanoparticles or to measure the amount of un-encapsulated drug in the medium. This review systematically analyses opportunities and challenges of different EE methods. 109 studies were included. The methodology used for EE appears to be chosen on a case-by-case basis and is often reported without a thorough method description. 78 studies (72 %) reported the EE method with enough detail to readily attempt experimental reproduction. This review underlines the need for thorough reporting of the principles and method used to determine entrapment efficiency to allow data interpretation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100251"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144535638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sunlight-active Bi2O2(OH)(NO3)-AgBr photocatalyst for degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) dye and disinfection of E. coli bacteria","authors":"Ruethaithip Dulyasucharit ,&nbsp;Laksanawadee Saikhao ,&nbsp;Sutthidech Preecharram ,&nbsp;Nutthachai Prongmanee ,&nbsp;Wipada Chaiyachet ,&nbsp;Orapan Intharaksa ,&nbsp;Suwat Nanan","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100249","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100249","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A sunlight-driven Bi₂O₂(OH)(NO₃)-AgBr heterostructure photocatalyst (denoted as BiON-AgBr) was synthesized by a two-step route combining hydrothermal and chemical precipitation methods. Firstly, the pristine BiON was prepared, via two types of solvent, by using a hydrothermal method. In the case that water was used as a solvent, the BiON.W photocatalyst with a pine-like structure was obtained. However, by using mixed solvent (comprising ethanol: water of 20:80), the BiON.M photocatalyst with a flower-like morphology was achieved. Secondly, the binary BiON-AgBr heterostructure was then constructed using a chemical precipitation technique. Accordingly, the photocatalytic performance of the prepared BiON-AgBr photocatalyst was evaluated through the photodegradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) dye under natural sunlight irradiation. The synthesized BiON-AgBr photocatalyst still exhibits high photocatalytic efficiency, even after three consecutive cycles of use. Trapping experiment revealed that the superoxide anion radicals (^•O₂⁻) play the most important role in RhB removal. The result suggested a Z-scheme mechanism based on AgBr/Ag/BiON. The formation of metallic silver (Ag⁰), upon sunlight illumination, was proved as the evidence shown in the XRD pattern of the used photocatalyst. The synergistic effect of the Z-scheme heterojunction and the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of silver metal results in the considerable enhancement of the sunlight-driven photodegradation of RhB dye and the remarkable improvement of the disinfection of <em>E. coli</em> bacteria.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100249"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144307060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green biogenic fabrication of AgNPs derived from Pulicaria jaubertii leaf extract: Investigation of antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties","authors":"Ansam Wadia Alshameri ,&nbsp;Bilal Abdualgalil ,&nbsp;Mahdi Mutahar","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100248","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100248","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>\"Plant-mediated synthesis of nanomaterials offers an eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative for biomedical applications. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were green-synthesized using a leaf extract of <em>Pulicaria jaubertii</em>, which served as both a reducing and stabilizing agent. The biophysical characterization of synthesized AgNPs confirmed their successful fabrication through Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscope- Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis. The synthesized AgNPs demonstrated potent antibacterial activity against gram-negative (<em>Escherichia coli</em>) and gram-positive (<em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>) pathogens, as evidenced by agar well diffusion, time-kill, and antibiofilm assays. Notably, the nanoparticles exhibited minimal cytotoxicity toward Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Human Red Blood Cells, underscoring their biocompatibility. These findings highlight the potential of <em>Pulicaria jaubertii</em>-derived AgNPs as promising candidates for antimicrobial therapies and biomedical applications.\"</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100248"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144223271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbicidal mechanisms for light-activated molecular nanomachines in Mycobacterium smegmatis: A model for pathogenic bacteria","authors":"Thushara Galbadage ,&nbsp;Dongdong Liu ,&nbsp;James M. Tour ,&nbsp;Jeffrey D. Cirillo ,&nbsp;Richard S. Gunasekera","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100240","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100240","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There is a global health crisis of antimicrobial resistance, responsible for over a million deaths annually. Mycobacterial infections are a major contributor to this crisis, causing more deaths than any other single infectious agent. Notably, the rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and totally drug-resistant (TDR) strains of <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> has led to higher mortality rates and challenge all existing antibiotic regimens. Light-activated molecular nanomachines (MNMs) represent a promising class of broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents that could help counter this rise in antimicrobial resistance. Addressing a key knowledge gap, this study explores the mechanisms of action for MNMs in <em>Mycobacterium smegmatis</em>, a surrogate model for pathogenic mycobacteria. We show that fast-rotor MNMs significantly reduce bacterial viability, achieving up to 97 % reduction in <em>M. smegmatis</em> with 30 minutes of light activation when compared to non-activated MNM <strong>1</strong> (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.0001, <em>t</em> = 24.55), as determined by an unpaired <em>t</em>-test. Using fluorescence and confocal microscopy, we also show the colocalization of MNM <strong>1</strong> with <em>M. smegmatis</em> as part of their mechanism of action. The ability to translate these observations to pathogenic mycobacteria was demonstrated by the ability of MNM <strong>1</strong> to kill 93.5 % of <em>M. tuberculosis</em> with 5 minutes of light activation when compared to non-activated MNM <strong>1</strong> (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.0001, <em>t</em> = 19.24). These findings suggest that MNMs have the potential to be innovative and sustainable antimicrobial agents for the treatment of pathogenic mycobacterial infections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100240"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143580699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}