OpenNano最新文献

{"title":"Dual mechanistic approach utilizing pH- and time- responsive bromelain laden polymeric nanoparticles for colon cancer management","authors":"Manu Sharma,&nbsp;Namita Badoniya","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100272","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100272","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Emerging evidences confirming bromelain’s potential to induce apoptosis and inhibit tumor progression highlights its prospective as adjunctive therapeutic in colorectal cancer malignancies. Despite, high oral doses coupled with poor bioavailability remarkably limits bromelain’s clinical utility, underscoring the necessity of use of innovative delivery strategies. Therefore, the current invention was designed to develop dual pH- and time-responsive bromelain-loaded nanoformulation (Br-PNPs) for controlled and precise delivery to colon with high drug loading capacity and enhanced therapeutic efficacy. pH responsive spherical shaped mucoadhesive nanosized (89.02±6.23 nm) Br-PNPs underscores their potential of minimizing gastric exposure while swelling and mucoadhesivity assured sustained release in colon. Lower IC₅₀ (16.25µg/ml) along with enhanced colon drug concentration attained by Br-PNPs assured their effective colon targeting potential. Br-PNPs significantly reduced disease activity index, tumor burden, aberrant crypt foci and hyperplastic lesions in colon alongside oxidative stress and immunological biomarkers in chemically induced colon cancer model (DMH+DSS) in Wistar rat. The preclinical findings suggested that Br-PNPs have opened up new horizons for establishment of promising contender for colon cancer management in near future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100272"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145691257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diosgenin-functionalized zinc oxide nanoparticles produced using Hibiscus tiliaceus leaf extract: evaluation of anticancer and antibacterial activities","authors":"Oktavina Kartika Putri ,&nbsp;Dewi Wulansari ,&nbsp;Arif Fadlan ,&nbsp;Mardi Santoso ,&nbsp;Hesti Lina Wiraswati ,&nbsp;Yuly Kusumawati","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100274","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100274","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Diosgenin is a potentially safer treatment for breast cancer. ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO<img>NPs) can overcome their limited water solubility. This study was undertaken to prepare and characterize ZnO<img>NPs and ZnO<img>NP@dios (ZnO<img>NPs loaded with diosgenin), to examine their cytotoxicity against MCF-7 (breast cancer cells), and to test their antimicrobial activity against <em>Escherichia coli</em> and <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>. The research began with the phyto-production of ZnO<img>NPs using <em>Hibiscus tiliaceus</em> leaf extract media, followed by the preparation of ZnO<img>NP@dios. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) were performed for the characterization of the nanoparticles. The cytotoxic response induced by ZnO<img>NPs and ZnO<img>NP@dios was analyzed using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-diazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. The agar well diffusion method was utilized to assess antibacterial activity. The ZnO<img>NPs were highly pure and revealed hexagonal and rod-shaped appearances, with nanoscale sizes (45–125 nm). FTIR analysis confirmed the successful preparation of ZnO<img>NP@dios, as evidenced by the distinct absorption band at 1570 cm⁻¹, while TEM images revealed a thin coating layer surrounding the ZnO<img>NPs. Cytotoxicity assays against MCF-7 cells showed dose-dependent inhibition, with diosgenin-functionalized composites demonstrating greater potency. ZnO<img>NPs_MA@dios (ZnO<img>NPs derived from <em>H. tiliaceus</em> methanol extract, with zinc acetate precursor and loaded with diosgenin) exhibited the most substantial effect (reducing its IC₅₀ from 48.2 to 37.2 µg/mL). Similarly, diosgenin loading improved the activity of ZnO<img>NPs_1:1 _N (ZnO<img>NPs derived from <em>H. tiliaceus</em> water:ethanol 1:1 (v/v) extract, zinc nitrate precursor), reducing its IC₅₀ from 98.8 to 46.7 µg/mL. The inhibition zones against <em>E. coli</em> were 13, 14, 16, 14, 12, and 11 mm for ZnO<img>NPs_MA (ZnO<img>NPs derived from <em>H. tiliaceus</em> methanol extract, zinc acetate precursor), ZnO<img>NP_MA@dios, ZnO<img>NPs_1:1 _N, ZnO<img>NP_1:1N@dios (ZnO<img>NPs derived from <em>H. tiliaceus</em> water: ethanol of 1:1 (v/v) extract, zinc nitrate precursor and loaded with diosgenin), ZnO_com (commercial ZnO), and ZnO_com@dios (commercial ZnO loaded with diosgenin), respectively. In the case of <em>S. aureus</em>, no inhibition zone was observed. These findings highlight that diosgenin-functionalized ZnO<img>NPs can enhance anticancer efficacy. All types of ZnO<img>NPs and ZnO<img>NP@dios have potential as antibacterial agents against <em>E. coli,</em> but were ineffective against <em>S. aureus</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100274"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145691259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formulation and characterization of dolutegravir sodium-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier in situ gel for targeted brain delivery via intranasal route","authors":"Salam Shanta Taher,&nbsp;Khalid K. Al-Kinani","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100270","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100270","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Effective delivery of antiretroviral drugs to the brain is a major hurdle in treating central nervous system (CNS) HIV infections. This study developed an intranasal in situ gel containing dolutegravir sodium-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (DTGs-NLCs) for targeted nose-to-brain delivery. DTGs-NLCs were prepared using a modified melt emulsification-ultrasonication method, yielding nanocarriers with a size of 80.8 ± 10.4 nm, zeta potential of –13±1.4 mV, and entrapment efficiency of 80.7 ± 0.48 %. These NLCs were incorporated into a thermosensitive in situ gel matrix composed of poloxamer 407 and carbopol 934P. The in vitro drug release from the gel was significantly enhanced compared to the free drug (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). Rheological studies confirmed the formulation’s non-Newtonian behavior, good spreadability (5.9 ± 0.13 cm), and strong mucoadhesiveness (1116.86 ± 20 dyne/cm²). Safety evaluations demonstrated excellent hemocompatibility and biocompatibility. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that intranasal administration achieved higher brain concentrations (C_max: 35.4 ± 3.6 µg/g; AUC₀–₄₈: 193.22±14.66 µg·h/g) and faster absorption (T_max: 1 h) than intravenous delivery. These results indicate that the DTGs-NLC in situ gel offers a safe, non-invasive, and efficient approach for enhanced brain targeting, showing great promise for treating CNS complications of HIV, including neuroAIDS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100270"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145624891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Snail-collagen/chitosan nanocomposite film with silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial and regenerative wound healing","authors":"Dina Mohamed Mahmoud ,&nbsp;Mohamed Mahmoud Abdelfatah ,&nbsp;Tamer Mohamed Mahmoud ,&nbsp;Omiya Ali Hasan ,&nbsp;Randa Mohammed Zaki ,&nbsp;Obaid Afzal ,&nbsp;Mostafa Asim Darwish ,&nbsp;Mohamed G. Ewees ,&nbsp;Mostafa Nasr Taha ,&nbsp;Mahmoud Mohamed Omar","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100264","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100264","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Infected wounds pose a significant clinical challenge, driving the need for advanced dressings that actively combat infection and promote healing. This study developed a novel bio-composite film by integrating silver nanoparticle-enhanced, metronidazole-loaded lipidic nanovesicles into a snail slime collagen-chitosan matrix. A Design of Experiment optimized lipidic nanovesicle formulation (loaded with metronidazole) (Lop) was fabricated and characterized (DLS, drug release). Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were incorporated to form optimized nanovesicle formulation incorporating Silver Nanoparticles (Lop-AgNPs), which were embedded into a snail slime collagen (SSC)-chitosan (CS) matrix to create the final Lop.M film (optimized bio-composite film (Lop-AgNPs in a Snail Slime Collagen-Chitosan matrix). The film was tested for physicochemical properties, antimicrobial activity (disc diffusion), and efficacy in a rat wound model. The optimized formulation (Lop) showed a vesicle size of <strong>339.5</strong> <strong>±</strong> <strong>3.1</strong> nm, zeta potential of -58.2 ± 2.8 mV, and entrapment efficiency of 88.6 ± 4.5% w/w, with 45.9 ± 3.2% w/w cumulative metronidazole release after 4 h. Upon silver incorporation, vesicle size increased to 358.9 ± 5.7 nm and zeta potential to <strong>-62.1</strong> <strong>±</strong> <strong>3.2</strong> mV. The composite film (Lop.M) exhibited a swelling index (SI) of 18.2 ± 0.4% w/w, film thickness of 0.71 ± 0.05 mm, and folding endurance &gt; 50 folds. Antimicrobial zones of inhibition reached 50 mm for <em>P. aeruginosa</em> and 45 mm for <em>Escherichia coli. In vivo</em>, Lop.M-treated wounds demonstrated 96.4 ± 2.3% closure by day 14 compared to 68.1 ± 3.8% in controls. The Lop.M film, which demonstrated 96.4% wound closure in 14 days and potent antimicrobial activity, presents a strategy for wound management that combines robust antimicrobial action with active promotion of tissue regeneration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100264"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145624893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response surface methodology - optimized niosomes encapsulating whole tomato extract: Release profile and mechanistic insights for UVB protection and anti-melanogenesis applications","authors":"Nattawadee Kanpipit ,&nbsp;Sakornchon Mattariganont ,&nbsp;Likit Temprom ,&nbsp;Prutchayawoot Thopan ,&nbsp;Khomsorn Lomthaisong ,&nbsp;Sriprajak Krongsuk ,&nbsp;Suthasinee Thapphasaraphong","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100267","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100267","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents the development and characterization of a novel niosome delivery system incorporating whole tomato extract for topical application. The formulation was optimized using a Box–Behnken design (BBD) by response surface methodology (RSM) to achieve high entrapment efficiency, small vesicle size, and low polydispersity index (PDI). The optimal formulation (2 mM Span 60, 1 mM cholesterol, 1 % extract) yielded an entrapment efficiency of 90.34 %, particle size of 222.06 nm, and PDI of 0.34. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses confirmed successful encapsulation and nanoscale spherical morphology. In vitro release studies demonstrated distinct kinetic behaviors: the whole extract followed Higuchi model, while lycopene exhibited zero-order model. The optimized tomato extract–loaded niosomes (TNS) exhibited enhanced stability and demonstrated significant biological activity, including ultraviolet ̶ B (UVB) protection in immortalized human keratinocyte cell lines (HaCaT) and anti-melanogenic effects in murine melanoma cell lines (B16F10). Notably, tomato extract–loaded niosomes (TNS) significantly downregulated the expression of melanogenesis-related proteins, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and tyrosinase, as confirmed by Western blot analysis. These findings support the potential use of tomato extract-loaded niosomes (TNS) as multifunctional cosmetic ingredients for photoprotection and skin whitening applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100267"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145624892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Green-fabricated CRL-AgNPs from Catharanthus roseus","authors":"Rokshana Ara Ruhi ,&nbsp;Sk. Md. Atiqur Rahman ,&nbsp;Mobasshir Noor Shehab ,&nbsp;Md. Roqunuzzaman ,&nbsp;Mohammad Saiful Islam ,&nbsp;Md. Ragib Shariar ,&nbsp;Md. Mahmudul Hasan Maruf ,&nbsp;Firoz Ahmed ,&nbsp;M Ahasanur Rabbi ,&nbsp;Syed Rashel Kabir ,&nbsp;Ananda Kumar Saha ,&nbsp;Md. Anwarul Kabir Bhuiya ,&nbsp;Md. Abu Reza","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100278","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100278","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite the promise of green nanotechnology, the synthesis reproducibility with consistent pharmacological activity remains the key challenge. Therefore, the current project aimed to biosynthesize AgNPs using aqueous leaf extract of <em>Catharanthus roseus</em> as a reducing and capping agent to discover novel therapeutic leads. To attain this target, synthesis of <em>C. roseus</em> leaf-mediated AgNPs (CRL-AgNPs) was optimized using a 2⁴ full factorial design, which yielded a highly significant and predictive statistical model. CRL-AgNPs synthesis was confirmed through chromism and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Further characterization by DLS, XRD, FTIR, FE-SEM, and EDX revealed an average particle size of 55.78±13.2 nm with high colloidal stability, scoring a zeta-potential of -54.5±0.57 mV. EDX study validated the elemental composition of synthesized CRL-AgNPs, demonstrating that a strong silver signal accounted for 84.09% of the weight. Cytotoxicity assessments using the MTT assay revealed a dose-dependent inhibition of MCF-7 breast cancer cell proliferation, with an IC₅₀ value of 8.033μg/mL, indicating their potent anticancer activity. Furthermore, their anti-proliferative efficacy was validated <em>in vivo</em> on EAC cells bearing a mouse model, demonstrating that intra-peritoneal administration of CRL-AgNPs significantly reduced cancer cell growth by 63.20%. Apoptosis was ascertained by nuclear staining and gene expression, with upregulation of p53 and BAX and downregulation of Bcl2 and NF-κβ. Histopathology confirmed selective tissue protection for vital organs in treated mice. Therefore, these findings establish CRL-AgNPs as a sustainable, reproducible, and mechanistically validated nanoparticle that integrates green chemistry with functional biomaterials design, advancing the translational nanotherapeutic development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100278"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green-synthesized selenium nanoparticles overcoming methotrexate resistance in colorectal cancer","authors":"Mohammed S. Saddik ,&nbsp;Basima A.A. Saleem ,&nbsp;Ali Khames ,&nbsp;Ahmed Adel Alaa-Eldin ,&nbsp;Mohamed Ahmed ,&nbsp;Hesham.A. Eliwa ,&nbsp;Mostafa F. Al-Hakkani ,&nbsp;Ahmed M. Ashour ,&nbsp;Hamada Hashem ,&nbsp;Mohamad A. Ismail ,&nbsp;Amany A. Abdel-Rheem","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100269","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100269","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Colorectal cancer (CRC) therapy with methotrexate (MTX) is limited by toxicity and resistance. This study developed eco-friendly selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) to enhance MTX delivery and overcome resistance.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>SeNPs were synthesized using a green reduction method and optimized via a Box–Behnken design. Characterization confirmed spherical nanoparticles with an average size of 20–30 nm. MTX loading efficiency (LE%) and release behavior were measured, and biological evaluation was conducted in HCT116 colorectal cancer cells through cytotoxicity, apoptosis (Annexin V/7-AAD), and efflux-transporter assays.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Optimized SeNPs achieved an MTX loading efficiency of ≈48–52 %, with controlled early-phase release. MTX–SeNPs markedly enhanced cytotoxicity, reducing the IC₅₀ to 62.4 µg/mL, compared with 186.6 µg/mL for MTX alone—representing a ∼67 % reduction in required dose. Docking analysis showed selenium interacting with human glutathione reductase, supporting the observed increase in ROS and apoptosis.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Green-synthesized SeNPs significantly improve MTX efficacy by enhancing drug retention, suppressing efflux activity, and reducing resistance. These findings highlight MTX–SeNPs as a promising strategy for CRC treatment and justify further in vivo investigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100269"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145624894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An overview of the alarming impediments encountered while establishing an apposite IVIVC of nanomedicines necessitated its regulatory approval","authors":"Nandakumar Selvasudha ,&nbsp;Joseph Pushpa Sweety ,&nbsp;Gover Antoniraj M ,&nbsp;Kandasamy Ruckmani","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100271","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100271","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;For the past three decades, the principle of nanotechnology has been widely employed to develop pharmaceuticals and bio-pharmaceuticals that are successful for many disease therapies. Several commercially available approved nanomedicines are more efficacious than conventional dosage forms and successfully manage many diseases. The patient's well-being and the certainty to resolve the unresolved challenges of medical science became realistic due to the advent of novel pharmaceutical products based on nanotechnology. These benefits are observed as in humans, the absorption profile of a drug fabricated into nanoparticles varies widely with that of its conventional dosage forms mainly due to the physicochemical modifications and results in highly deviating in-vitro and in-vivo data for the same drug when administered as nanoparticles. The researchers and regulators must frame new guidelines that guide the pharmaceutical industry to develop novel nanomedicines that conform to the desired safety and efficacy. The nanoparticles translational research conducted at the academic level is mainly developing, and the scale-up techniques of the clinically approved nanomedicines are yet to be optimized from the perspective of the manufacturer as well as the regulatory authorities. The IVIVC serves as a reference document that reinforces the pharmaceutical industries to substantiate and expedite the credentials of an oral dosage form about the New Drug Application (NDA), Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA), or Antibiotic Drug Application (AADA). A poor in-vitro in-vivo correlation (IVIVC) marks a constraint factor, which declines the clinical approval for nanomedicine and its commerce. As on date, neither any specific regulatory guidelines nor any specific calculation methods have been drafted that facilitate the determination of the IVIVC for nanomedicine. Most of the research scientists involved in developing nano/micro/macro formulations do not consider IVIVC an essential criterion. Therefore, a lag in assessing the formulation of assured quality for the next phase happens in the drug development cycle, which terminates the formulation mostly at its pilot scale rather than for its succession as a viable market product. In the pharmaceutical industries, the necessity for IVIVC has been expanded to a greater extent, and a strong IVIVC is recommended to approve the developed nanoformulations of poorly soluble drugs; thus, an appropriate IVIVC model shall be established to expedite the regulatory process for easy and rapid market approval of the developed nanomedicine.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The objective of the present review includes examining and considering the various associated factors involved in the development of an IVIVC model for nanomedicine, viz., Physico-chemical characteristics and bio-pharmaceutical factors (Formulation and physiological factors); to deliberate on the pros and cons of the various in-vitro dissolution study methods with due consid","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100271"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145624897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanodiagnostics and nanotoxicology: A systematic review and meta-analysis on nanoparticle applications and safety in metabolic organs","authors":"Sruti Murali ,&nbsp;Jayamani Thomas ,&nbsp;John Abraham ,&nbsp;Vignesh Kanna ,&nbsp;Sivaramakrishnan Ramachandiran ,&nbsp;Suruthi SS","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100266","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100266","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Nanotechnology is reshaping the biomedical landscape by offering unprecedented capabilities in disease diagnostics, targeted therapy, and biosensing. Nanoparticles (NPs), owing to their unique physicochemical properties, enable ultra-sensitive biomarker detection, real-time monitoring, and minimally invasive assays across oncology, infectious diseases, and neurology. However, their biological interactions also raise significant concerns regarding organ-specific toxicity, particularly in metabolic systems.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to integrate current evidence on nanoparticle-based diagnostic applications with emerging insights into their toxicological impacts on key metabolic organs — liver, kidney, pancreas, spleen, and adipose tissue. It further examines mechanistic pathways, dose-dependent effects, and translational challenges to bridge the gap between innovation and biosafety.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from January 2015 to October 2025 following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Eligible studies reported quantitative diagnostic performance metrics (e.g., limit of detection, sensitivity, multiplexing capacity) or biological outcomes (e.g., oxidative stress, apoptosis, fibrosis, endocrine disruption) related to NP exposure. Meta-analytic synthesis was performed on 42 studies reporting comparable quantitative toxicity data.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Diagnostic applications of metallic, polymeric, photonic, and hybrid nanoparticles demonstrated up to a 1000-fold improvement in sensitivity over conventional assays, with mean detection limits reaching the femtomolar range. However, pooled toxicity analysis revealed significant organ-specific risks: hepatic ROS generation (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 1.42, 95 % CI: 1.10–1.75), renal tubular apoptosis (SMD = 1.27, 95 % CI: 0.94–1.61), and β-cell impairment (SMD = 1.18, 95 % CI: 0.88–1.49). Translational challenges remain due to poor clearance kinetics, chronic inflammation, and incomplete regulatory frameworks.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Nanoparticles hold transformative potential in precision diagnostics, but their clinical adoption demands a nuanced understanding of toxicological trade-offs. Future research must focus on biodegradable and renal-clearable materials, mechanistically guided design strategies, standardized toxicological protocols, and AI-driven predictive models. This review provides a dual-perspective framework that integrates diagnostic breakthroughs with biosafety imperatives, guiding the next phase of nanomedicine toward safe and effective clinical translation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100266"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145624896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of various forms of propolis nanoparticles and their antibacterial effectiveness","authors":"Ammar Fadhil ,&nbsp;Sriwidodo ,&nbsp;Khaled M. Elamin ,&nbsp;Ahmed Fouad Abdelwahab Mohammed ,&nbsp;Safwat A Mahmoud ,&nbsp;Nasrul Wathoni","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100276","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Most bacteria are beneficial to human health, but some have pathogenic properties. Pathogenic bacteria cause diseases in the host by directly damaging tissues or cells during replication via toxin production. Propolis nanoparticles is a method that has the potential to be an effective antibacterial. Advantages of using nanotechnology include boosting the drug delivery system and absorption of active herbal medicine substances, which have poor bioavailability owing to their high molecular weight, improved solubility, rapid penetration with low cytotoxicity, reduced drug dosage, and fewer side effects. This study reviews the literature on the effectiveness of propolis in various forms of nanoparticle technology as an antibacterial agent, which may help researchers to develop nanoparticle technology in the pharmaceutical industry. We conducted this research using search engines, including Scopus, PubMed, and ScienceDirect, with the keywords \" Nanoparticles,”\" Propolis,”and \"Antibacterial,” without limiting the year of publication. We conducted a search between April and June 2025. They related the reviewed articles to knowledge of nanoparticle use. Propolis is a natural resinous substance produced by honeybees in various forms. These parameters were used to extract 1699 articles, which were reviewed and examined. The study identified eight types of propolis nanoparticles with antibacterial properties: nanoemulsions, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), nanosheets, metal nanoparticles, chitosan nanoparticles, nanoencapsulation, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), and polymer nanoparticles. The effectiveness of antibacterial propolis nanoparticles varies agents. The metallic form of propolis nanoparticles is the most effective nanoparticles. Metallic propolis nanoparticles can inhibit 19 types of bacteria and can be applied in eight different forms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100276"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}