OpenNano最新文献

{"title":"Development and in vitro evaluation of self-emulsifying drug delivery systems liquisolid lozenges of ibuprofen via design of experiments for solubility enhancement and oral epithelial cell permeation","authors":"Sukannika Tubtimsri,&nbsp;Poonsak Charoensak,&nbsp;Apichaya Sukontachard,&nbsp;Yotsanan Weerapol","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2026.100281","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2026.100281","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ibuprofen lozenges were developed by converting liquid self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (L-SEDDS) into liquisolid compacts (LSCs) to enhance aqueous solubility, support local anti-inflammatory action in the oral and throat regions, and reduce gastrointestinal irritation. The solubility of ibuprofen in oils and nonionic surfactants was evaluated. Tween 60 showed the highest solubility (285.53 ± 19.31 mg/g), whereas Imwitor® 742 (135.12 ± 0.21 mg/g) provided a suitable oil phase. L-SEDDS composed of ibuprofen, Tween 60, and Imwitor® 742 (9:1, w/w) formed nanoemulsions in simulated salivary fluid (SSF) with droplet sizes of approximately 200 nm. The L-SEDDS was loaded onto polyvinylpyrrolidone, magnesium aluminosilicate, sucrose, or F-Melt® C (FMC) to obtain LSC lozenges. A three-factor Box–Behnken design was employed to investigate the effects of L-SEDDS level, PVP content, and diluent type on tablet hardness and mean dissolution time (MDT). Suitable sucrose-LSC (Run7) and FMC-LSC (Run13) formulations showed rapid dissolution in SSF, with MDT values of 6.59 ± 0.15 and 5.91 ± 0.13 min, respectively, compared with 45.34 ± 1.11 min for ibuprofen powder. In a KON cell monolayer model, L-SEDDS and FMC-LSC (Run13) increased the apparent permeability coefficient of ibuprofen by approximately 3.6- and 3.5-fold, respectively, compared with ibuprofen powder. Both formulations maintained ibuprofen content, droplet size, dissolution behavior, and mechanical strength after 6 months of storage under both ambient and accelerated conditions. These results indicate that L-SEDDS-based LSC lozenges, particularly the FMC formulation, provide a stable dosage form that improves dissolution and mucosal permeation of poorly water-soluble ibuprofen.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100281"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spacer-engineered carboxylated curdlan derivatives for dendritic cell activation and cancer immunotherapy","authors":"Xin Shu ,&nbsp;Eiji Yuba","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2026.100289","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2026.100289","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Effective cancer immunotherapy requires cytosolic delivery of antigens into dendritic cells together with their maturation to elicit robust cellular immunity. Conventional vaccine carriers often combine multiple components to achieve both adjuvant activity and antigen delivery, which increases formulation complexity and raises safety concerns. Here, we present a strategy to integrate these functions into a single material by synthesizing carboxylated curdlan derivatives with tailored spacer structures. Introducing carboxy groups into curdlan, a representative polysaccharide adjuvant, conferred pH-sensitivity and improved water solubility, while spacer hydrophobicity modulated protonation behavior and interactions with lipid membranes. Among the derivatives, Chex-Curd, bearing a cyclohexyl spacer within carboxylated units, exhibited strong adjuvant activity and enhanced antigen presentation <em>via</em> the MHC class I pathway, which might result from cytosolic delivery of antigen. Chex-Curd also induced high levels of TNF-α and IL-12 secretion and upregulated dendritic cell maturation markers. Conjugates of Chex-Curd with a model antigenic protein elicited strong CD8⁺ T-cell responses and achieved significant tumor growth suppression in a mouse tumor model. These findings demonstrate that spacer engineering of polysaccharide-based adjuvants enables simultaneous dendritic cell activation and cytosolic antigen delivery, providing a promising platform for next-generation cancer vaccines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100289"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147397761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of new delivery systems of hyaluronic acid based on silica hydrogels: In vitro kinetics of release and enzymatic degradation of the drug","authors":"Ekaterina Dolinina,&nbsp;Elena Parfenyuk","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100279","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100279","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a well-known anti-inflammatory drug that is widely used clinically to treat various diseases and as a component in cosmetic products. However some properties of HA (rapid release and enzymatic degradation) significantly reduce its functioning in the body and, consequently, its therapeutic effect. To develop new soft delivery system of HA with improved functional properties, the drug was encapsulated into silica hydrogels with various surface chemistry of silica matrix. The hydrogels of silica modified with aminopropyl and mercaptopropyl groups, as well as unmodified silica were studied as HA carriers. The effects of silica matrix modification, average molecular weight and concentration HA on the kinetics of its release from the formed composite hydrogels, as well as enzymatic degradation were revealed in vitro. It was found that the encapsulation of HA into silica hydrogels significantly slows down release process of the acid and, in most cases, its enzyme-induced degradation. The release controlled by delayed (pseudo-Fickian) diffusion as well as the protective effect of the silica hydrogel matrixes on the enzymatic degradation showed that the silica hydrogels are promising materials for creation of new soft formulations of HA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100279"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transfersomal gel loading of amniotic mesenchymal stem cell metabolite product for diabetic wound healing in alloxan-induced diabetic mice","authors":"Andang Miatmoko ,&nbsp;Dzihni Nahdliyyati ,&nbsp;Sherly Maidasari ,&nbsp;Tristiana Erawati ,&nbsp;Dini Retnowati ,&nbsp;Khoo Boon Yin ,&nbsp;Margaret Ahmad ,&nbsp;Djoko Legowo ,&nbsp;Noorma Rosita","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2026.100282","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2026.100282","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Amniotic mesenchymal stem cell metabolite product (AMSC-MP), a metabolite derived from cell cultures, contains cytokines and growth factors that support skin regeneration, making it a promising therapeutic candidate for chronic wounds, such as diabetic foot ulcers. However, because of their large molecular size, AMSC-MPs cannot effectively penetrate the skin’s primary barrier, the stratum corneum. To address this issue, transfersomes have been developed as flexible vesicular carriers capable of delivering active compounds through intercellular gaps. This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical properties of AMSC-MP transfersomes and their wound healing efficacy in a mouse model of diabetes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Transfersomes (Ts), composed of <span>l</span>-alpha phosphatidylcholine and sodium cholate, were prepared in different AMSC-MP concentrations, 5% (T-5) and 25% (T-25), using the thin-film hydration method, and hyaluronic acid (HA) was added.</div></div><div><h3>Result</h3><div>The results showed that the addition of HA increased particle size, polydispersity index, and pH, while reducing zeta potential, and maintaining high entrapment efficiency. In vivo wound healing evaluation showed that the T-25 HA gel formulation achieved the highest wound contraction percentage, followed by T-5 HA, THA, Blank gel, free AMSC-MPs (25% and 5%), and transfersomes without HA. Histopathological observations and collagen density analyses confirmed that HA improved healing by enhancing tissue regeneration, epithelialization, and collagen deposition.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>In conclusion, the AMSC-MP transfersomal gel, particularly the 25% formulation with HA, demonstrated the most effective wound-healing performance and showed strong potential as a therapeutic strategy for chronic diabetic wounds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100282"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146038370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of safety and efficacy of ZnO nanoparticle-loaded alginate-hyaluronic acid hydrogel for wound dressings: In vitro and in vivo studies","authors":"Alaa Abuawad ,&nbsp;Areen Alshweiat ,&nbsp;Tamara Athamneh ,&nbsp;Farah Bani Yaseen ,&nbsp;Amin Omar ,&nbsp;Hiba Alzoubi ,&nbsp;Ali Hmedat ,&nbsp;Lujain Aljarrah ,&nbsp;Bara’a Magableh ,&nbsp;Farah Alzoubi ,&nbsp;Yamen Bani Younes ,&nbsp;Ahmad Bani Younes","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2026.100284","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2026.100284","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The integration of nanotechnology and biomaterials is valuable for the future of wound care. However, concerns regarding the biosafety of the nanoparticles remain unresolved. This study aims to evaluate the activity and safety of the alginate-hyaluronic acid (Alg/HA) hydrogel-loaded zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) of three different size ranges (10-30, 35-45, 80-200 nm) and concentrations (5, 10, 20 mg/mL). Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) Spectroscopy were used to confirm the successful loading and uniform distribution of ZnO-NPs within the hydrogel matrix. Minimum Biofilm Eradication Concentration (MBEC™) assay® against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> and <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> was used to evaluate antibacterial activity. The ZnO-NPs (10–30 nm, 20 mg/mL) loaded hydrogel and pure hydrogel achieved the highest antibacterial efficacy in planktonic states. However, MTT and scratch assays of ZnO-NPs loaded hydrogels indicated a significant reduction in cell viability and migration. The ZnO-NPs loaded hydrogel reduced cell viability up to 85% compared to 100% in the pure Alg/HA hydrogel. In scratch assay, the pure hydrogel showed 68% wound closure within 24 h compared to 55.77% for control group. The pure Alg/HA demonstrated superior <em>in vitro</em> performance. <em>In vivo</em> study showed promising efficacy of the pure Alg/HA hydrogel, promoting complete epithelial regeneration by day 15 (resulting in 95.68% wound closure), while ZnO-NPs hydrogels delayed healing (63.88% of wound closure). Overall, while ZnO-NPs show notable antibacterial properties, their potential cytotoxicity at higher concentrations limits their suitability for wound healing, which urges the reconsideration of using ZnO-NPs for wound dressing applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100284"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eco-friendly synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon dots from Cochlospermum regium for efficient photocatalytic removal of pharmaceutical contaminants and antibacterial performance","authors":"David Nugroho ,&nbsp;Ponrawee Nakbang ,&nbsp;A. Asrinawaty ,&nbsp;Syamsun Jaya ,&nbsp;Aphinya Thinthasit ,&nbsp;Choosak Poonsawat ,&nbsp;Rachadaporn Benchawattananon","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2026.100285","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2026.100285","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nitrogen-doped carbon dots (NCDs) were successfully synthesized from <em>Cochlospermum regium</em> petals via a facile hydrothermal method using L-phenylalanine as a nitrogen source. The structural, morphological, optical, and electrochemical properties of the prepared materials were systematically characterized using XRD, SEM–EDX, TEM, UV–Vis spectroscopy, XPS, BET, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Compared with undoped carbon dots (CDs), the NCDs exhibited enhanced visible-light absorption, improved charge transfer capability, and a larger surface area, which significantly promoted their photocatalytic performance. Under visible light irradiation, the NCDs achieved 82% degradation of amoxicillin and 68% degradation of ciprofloxacin, outperforming CDs under identical conditions. Optimization studies revealed that catalyst dosage, pollutant concentration, and light intensity strongly influenced degradation efficiency, with maximum degradation reaching 99% for amoxicillin and 82% for ciprofloxacin under optimal conditions (45 W visible light). Reactive species trapping experiments confirmed that superoxide radicals (O₂⁻•) played a dominant role in ciprofloxacin degradation, whereas hydroxyl radicals (•OH) were primarily responsible for amoxicillin decomposition. In addition, NCDs exhibited strong antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, good biocompatibility in MTT assays, and moderate antioxidant properties. Photodegradation experiments conducted in real water samples demonstrated stable and consistent removal efficiencies, confirming the robustness of the system. These findings highlight NCDs as a promising green nanomaterial for antibiotic removal and sustainable wastewater treatment under visible-light conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100285"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural nanocarriers in oncology: The targeting and delivery capabilities of extracellular vesicles","authors":"Sevval Kurt,&nbsp;Ilgin Kimiz-Gebologlu,&nbsp;Ozge Cinar,&nbsp;Suphi S. Oncel","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2026.100287","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2026.100287","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale structures naturally released by cells that mediate intercellular communication by transporting bioactive cargo, including nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Their natural origin provides high biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, enhanced stability in circulation, and evades immune clearance. Moreover, the presence of surface integrins, tetraspanins, and adhesion molecules endows EVs with intrinsic targeting capacity, enabling selective interaction with recipient cells. Beyond their role as biological messengers, accumulating evidence points to the active role of EVs in regulating key physiological and pathological processes, including angiogenesis, tumor invasion, metastasis, immune regulation and inflammatory responses within the tumor microenvironment. These unique properties have positioned EVs as promising natural nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery in cancer therapy, especially for improving the bioavailability, stability, and therapeutic index of anticancer agents. Here, this review comprehensively discusses EV biogenesis, isolation and characterization methods, cargo diversity, drug loading strategies, and targeting approaches, with particular emphasis on their application as natural nanocarriers in cancer treatment. Current challenges related to scalability, standardization, and clinical translation are also addressed, highlighting future directions for integrating EV-based systems into next-generation oncological treatments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100287"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quality by design of ultra deformable nanovesicles loaded with flunarizine for brain targeting utilizing risk assessment and multivariate analytical methods","authors":"Mahmood A. Haiss,&nbsp;Shaimaa N. Abd Alhammid","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100265","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100265","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The swiftly changing technological and regulatory environments in the development of pharmaceutical drugs require risk based approach that integrates multivariate analysis utilizing Quality by Design (QbD). Flunarizine, a poorly water-soluble calcium channel blocker utilized for migraine treatment, exhibits low bioavailability. Spanlastics, contemporary nonionic based surfactant nanovesicles, enhance medication penetration due to their fluidic nature. Consequently, we optimized flunarizine spanlastic nanovesicles (FNZ-SNVs) utilizing formulation by design principles and investigated the viability of nose-to-brain delivery for migraine management. Ishikawa diagram was utilized to identify the risk factors that may affect the critical quality attributes of FNZ-SNVs. The use of Plackett–Burman experimental design was employed to test eight distinct formula and process factors affecting vesicle size, zeta potential, vesicle deformability, and encapsulation efficiency. Utilizing Pareto charts, three critical parameters were identified: type of vesicle builder (Span 60), type of EA (Tween 60), and sonication duration. Three levels of these essential factors were tuned by formulation by design to minimize vesicle size and enhance encapsulation efficiency, and vesicle deformability of FNZ-SNVs. The optimized FNZ-SNVs exhibited a vesicle size of 95.5 nm, an encapsulation efficiency of 86%, a relative deformability of 4.8 minutes, and a dissolving efficiency of 90.2%. Consequently, the optimized formula was integrated into an insitu-gel (IG) and investigated for additional in vivo assessment, which demonstrated that the degree of FNZ-SIG intranasal delivered to the brain was significantly greater than that of the intravenous FNZ solution, exhibiting an exceptionally elevated drug targeting index (DTI) of 1.12 and (DTE%) 112.1. This study illustrates the successful implementation of risk management and Quality by Design (QbD) methodologies in the formulation of brain-targeting release of FNZ-SIGs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100265"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145580037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent advancements in drug nanocrystals: Innovation in formulation and drug delivery","authors":"Karan Vishwakarma ,&nbsp;Preha Handa ,&nbsp;Wena Shafeeq Tawfeeq ,&nbsp;Mohammed Ahmed Hassan","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100277","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100277","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Drug nanocrystals typically range in size smaller than 100 nm and have been used to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of various poorly water-soluble drugs, also enabling controlled release and specific drug delivery. They present several advantages, including high drug loading capacity and rapid dissolution, leading to quick absorption. Recent advances in the manufacturing of nanocrystals have emerged beyond traditional bottom-up and top-down methods. However, they have limitations, such as poor stability and safety concerns, that still need to be further explored. This review not only summarizes nanocrystal production and applications but also critically evaluates translational challenges, regulatory complexities, and emerging tools such as AI-enabled formulation design and personalized nanomedicine. Hence, this review will provide a detailed explanation of the various modifications carried out in the process of manufacturing drug nanocrystals, with their characterization and applications in drug delivery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100277"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145938370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogel film-forming spray formulation containing propolis-based nanostructured lipid carriers of α-mangostin for diabetic wound repair","authors":"Cecep Suhandi ,&nbsp;Gofarana Wilar ,&nbsp;Ahmed Fouad Abdelwahab Mohammed ,&nbsp;Muchtaridi Muchtaridi ,&nbsp;Shaharum Shamsuddin ,&nbsp;Sabreena Safuan ,&nbsp;Ronny Lesmana ,&nbsp;Nurhasni Hasan ,&nbsp;Khaled M. Elamin ,&nbsp;Nasrul Wathoni","doi":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100275","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.onano.2025.100275","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Diabetic wounds are difficult to treat due to persistent inflammation, delayed tissue repair, and high susceptibility to infection. α-Mangostin (αM), a xanthone with strong anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties, shows improved solubility and therapeutic performance when encapsulated in propolis-based nanostructured lipid carriers (Nanopropolis-αM). Incorporating these nanoparticles into a hydrogel film-forming spray (HFFS) offers uniform application and sustained delivery. This study aimed to formulate, characterize, and evaluate an αM-loaded propolis-based NLC HFFS (HFFS-Nanopropolis-αM). The spray was prepared using chitosan, Carbopol 940, and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. Physicochemical evaluations included pH, viscosity, spray angle, weight uniformity, particle size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency. The optimized formulation also underwent TEM imaging, in vitro release testing, cytocompatibility assessment using the WST-8 assay in NIH-3T3 cells, and 14-day in vivo wound-healing studies in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The optimal HFFS containing 0.1 % Carbopol 940 exhibited suitable pH (7.30 ± 0.01), viscosity (19.97 ± 2.12 mPa.s), spray angle (62.02 ± 3.83°), film formation time (113.000 ± 11.372 s), particle size (85.17 ± 2.55 nm), zeta potential (−13.90 ± 2.18 mV), and entrapment efficiency (91.31 ± 0.58 %). It showed good 28-day stability and followed Higuchi release kinetics (R² = 0.998). Cytocompatibility was acceptable at experimentally testable concentrations, and the viability value at the intended dose reflects a modeled estimate due to assay dilution limits. In vivo, HFFS-Nanopropolis-αM significantly accelerated wound closure (99.53 ± 1.04 %) compared with silver sulfadiazine (89.24 ± 3.04 %, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.01), supported by improved histological regeneration. Overall, the formulation demonstrates strong promise for diabetic wound management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37785,"journal":{"name":"OpenNano","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100275"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}