Ethics, Medicine and Public Health最新文献

{"title":"Child Healthcare Law in England and Wales – Scotland","authors":"L. Francoz Terminal","doi":"10.1016/j.jemep.2025.101092","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jemep.2025.101092","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>This article focuses on the British common law approach of child’s personal involvement in medical decisions. This article seeks for a key of understanding of Court’s decisions that apparently are irreconcilable or contra legem.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>It assesses how case law makes the balance between the child’s rights and interests and what tests are used by judges to achieve it.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The child’s right to make decisions must be balanced with parental responsibility. At the same time welfare protection, age, understanding of the child, must be articulated by the court in ruling on the case. Liability of medical practitioners is also at stake and connected issues must also be considered in drawing the legal frame ruling medical decisions, made with respect to under-18 patients.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The legal frame depends on the child’s age and maturity and can be split into three different set of rules that we propose to articulate in a decreasing scale of the child’s legal empowerment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37707,"journal":{"name":"Ethics, Medicine and Public Health","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101092"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144168101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perceptions of science and boundary crossing in human gene editing acceptance","authors":"Z. Altinay","doi":"10.1016/j.jemep.2025.101141","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jemep.2025.101141","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>This research explores how public confidence in science and perceptions of ethical boundaries impact acceptance of a novel health technology. Non-technical audiences often distrust health innovations they view as ethically questionable, so understanding these perceptions is crucial for effective health communication.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Using secondary analysis of a public opinion survey (N = 5,107), this study examines how beliefs about human gene editing (HGE) affect the link between science confidence and HGE acceptance.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Findings indicate that while confidence in science supports HGE acceptance, perceptions of ‘boundary crossing’ diminish this effect. On an individual level, acceptance is stronger when HGE is seen as beneficial. Similarly, societal acceptance aligns with positive attitudes toward science but concerns about ethical boundary-crossing weaken this connection.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The discussion emphasizes that efforts to promote gene editing are most effective when rooted in a collective impact approach, where multiple organizations collaborate intentionally to improve public health outcomes. These insights suggest that public health initiatives can foster greater acceptance of technology by addressing ethical concerns through transparent science communication.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37707,"journal":{"name":"Ethics, Medicine and Public Health","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144322154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Caring beyond their years: The global landscape of young carers and their needs","authors":"G. Chen ,&nbsp;H. Doshi ,&nbsp;Z. Merhavy ,&nbsp;S. Meadows ,&nbsp;A. Feliciano ,&nbsp;F. Gajraj ,&nbsp;S. Khunkhun ,&nbsp;A. Lad ,&nbsp;S. Oveisi ,&nbsp;A.E. Rivera-Roman ,&nbsp;M.I. Rivera-Cora ,&nbsp;J.M. Valentin ,&nbsp;N. Satyadev","doi":"10.1016/j.jemep.2025.101140","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jemep.2025.101140","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>This scoping review maps the literature on young carers, the majority of whom are in secondary education, focusing on their caregiving roles, outcomes, and support interventions.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 74 studies published between 2015 and 2024 were included, encompassing diverse geographic regions and contexts.</div></div><div><h3>Results/discussion</h3><div>Results indicate that young carers experience significant burdens, particularly in mental health, educational achievement, and financial stability. They provide care for individuals with a range of conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, mental health disorders, and substance abuse. Female carers reported worse mental health outcomes compared to their male counterparts. Despite these challenges, some young carers identified personal growth and benefit finding. This review highlights critical gaps in the current literature, including inconsistent definitions of young carers, limited research from non-Western countries, and a lack of targeted support programs.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion/perspectives</h3><div>Future research should aim to standardize definitions, expand geographic representation, and assess the efficacy of interventions aimed at mitigating the negative outcomes of caregiving. There is an urgent need for policies that support young carers financially, academically, and emotionally while leveraging existing support systems to improve their overall well-being. Such efforts can better support young carers recognizing both the challenges they face and the contributions they make.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37707,"journal":{"name":"Ethics, Medicine and Public Health","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144548941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Democratic paradox: How federalism and religious activism fuel the rollback of abortion rights in the U.S","authors":"E. Chelle","doi":"10.1016/j.jemep.2025.101162","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jemep.2025.101162","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Objective&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;This short report examines how the distinctive features of American democracy – particularly its federal structure and activism of religious organizations – shaped the evolution of abortion policy and contestation in the United States. As a synthesis, its purpose is to provide an analytical overview of the evolution of abortion policy in the United States through the lens of political science.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;The bibliography was curated based on each source’s contribution to a political science framework for understanding abortion policy. Priority was given to works that offer conceptual, historical, or institutional insights relevant to the development of abortion regulation, the role of religious mobilization, and the dynamics of federalism in the U.S. context. All quantitative data referenced in this report originate from reputable research institutes and organizations. Notably, data on protest incidents and violence were drawn from the National Abortion Federation, while demographic and access statistics were sourced from the Guttmacher Institute and the Pew Research Center. These organizations are recognized for their methodological rigor and reliability in the field of reproductive health and public policy.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;The results demonstrate how U.S. abortion rights have been shaped at the intersection of democratic processes and religious mobilization. The analysis reveals this evolution across four interconnected phases. First, it traces the initial policy formation (1880–1973), where professional and religious groups engaged with state-level democratic institutions to influence early legislation. Second, it examines the era of constitutional conflict (1973–2022), where the federal judiciary became the central democratic arena for rights contestation, culminating in the &lt;em&gt;Dobbs&lt;/em&gt; decision. Third, it documents the concurrent rise of a powerful faith-based mobilization, which utilized democratic avenues of protest and lobbying to build a sustained opposition movement in a coherence with the consolidation of a conservative religious right. Finally, the paper highlights the resulting fragmentation of access as a direct outcome of the U.S. federal system—a core democratic feature—which allows politically and religiously motivated state governments to impose significant geographic and socioeconomic barriers. These findings illustrate how religious activism, channeled through America’s unique democratic structures, has defined the nation’s exceptional and contentious approach to abortion.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;The primary conclusion is that democratic processes in the United States can paradoxically lead to a regression of established rights. This outcome is driven by the interplay between the nation’s federal institutions and its unique landscape of religious mobilization. The 2022 Dobbs decision exemplifies this dynamic, as it empowered state-le","PeriodicalId":37707,"journal":{"name":"Ethics, Medicine and Public Health","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144865677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Telepharmacy and telemedicine: New challenges in the international regulatory framework of the healthcare landscape","authors":"A. Romagnoli ,&nbsp;F.Ferrara ,&nbsp;R.Langella ,&nbsp;A. Zovi","doi":"10.1016/j.jemep.2025.101183","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jemep.2025.101183","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The last decades have seen the emergence of a new type of communication between healthcare professionals and patients. However, the lack of services and healthcare professionals can be a barrier to providing adequate treatment and care to patients. Technology is the main tool to overcome some of these obstacles. In particular, telemedicine and telepharmacy appear to be enabling technologies that offer a unique and innovative way of providing quality pharmaceutical services. Telepharmacy can fill significant gaps in healthcare access, ensuring that patients in underserved areas receive the pharmaceutical care they need.</div></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><div>This article describes the state of the art, strengths and gaps, and addresses several critical issues that telemedicine and particularly telepharmacy will face in relation to traditional healthcare delivery models, including geographic barriers, shortages of healthcare professionals and economic constraints.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>To realize the full potential of telepharmacy, it is crucial to establish clear regulatory frameworks, provide adequate training to healthcare professionals and ensure robust data protection.</div></div><div><h3>Perspectives</h3><div>With these measures in place, telepharmacy can transform the pharmaceutical industry by offering accessible, high-quality care to patients regardless of their geographic location.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37707,"journal":{"name":"Ethics, Medicine and Public Health","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145026861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breaking the silence: The role of nurses in suicide prevention and mental support in depression","authors":"M.N. Danbatta ,&nbsp;O.E. Abiodun-Ojo ,&nbsp;J.A. Afolayan","doi":"10.1016/j.jemep.2025.101195","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jemep.2025.101195","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Depression and suicide represent profound ethical and public health challenges, disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where systemic inequities in mental healthcare access persist. As a leading cause of global disability, depression intersects with socioeconomic disparities, stigma, and under-resourced health systems, exacerbating suicide risks and undermining ethical imperatives of equity and justice in healthcare. Nurses, positioned at the frontline of care delivery, hold untapped potential to address these crises through early intervention, yet structural barriers and policy neglect hinder their impact.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>This study examines the ethical and practical dimensions of nurses’ roles in suicide prevention and mental health support for individuals with depression. It evaluates systemic challenges, including stigma, resource constraints, and workforce preparedness, while proposing strategies to align nursing practice with public health priorities.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Through a multidisciplinary lens integrating ethics, clinical practice, and policy analysis, this study critically reviews contemporary nursing interventions, synthesizes evidence on barriers to care, and advocates for scalable solutions such as interdisciplinary collaboration, telehealth integration, and policy advocacy.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Findings underscore nurses’ pivotal role in reducing suicide mortality through empathetic communication, crisis de-escalation, and community education. However, persistent gaps, including inadequate training, emotional burnout, and fragmented mental health systems, highlight ethical dilemmas in care delivery. Strategic investments in nurse education, equitable resource allocation, and anti-stigma campaigns are identified as critical to bridging these gaps.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Empowering nurses as ethical agents in suicide prevention requires systemic reforms that prioritize mental health equity, workforce support, and policy-driven advocacy. This study advocates for a rights-based framework to amplify nursing’s transformative potential in global public health by addressing structural determinants of mental health disparities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37707,"journal":{"name":"Ethics, Medicine and Public Health","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outbreak ethics: Reflections on the human metapneumovirus (hMPV) from an African lens","authors":"A.E. Obasa","doi":"10.1016/j.jemep.2025.101184","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jemep.2025.101184","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The interconnected nature of global health means an outbreak anywhere can threaten communities everywhere. This perspective examines ethical considerations for outbreak response through an African lens, drawing lessons from Covid-19 and other epidemics. In this perspective, I focus on transparent, context-sensitive communication and non-stigmatizing information sharing as crucial for public trust. Also capacity development and health system strengthening to improve preparedness. Illustrative examples from across Africa – including South Africa’s early Covid-19 variant reporting, community engagement during West Africa’s Ebola outbreak, Uganda’s infodemic management, Liberia’s local response tactics, the Democratic Republic of Congo’s genomic surveillance, and Rwanda’s risk communication efforts – inform our analysis. Actionable strategies such as anti-stigma messaging, regional funding mechanisms, prevention of brain drain, workforce training programs, and incentives to retain health workers in rural areas. Effective outbreak management in Africa, as globally, requires ethical communication, robust local capacity, and sustained investment in health systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37707,"journal":{"name":"Ethics, Medicine and Public Health","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk management in clinical research: Experience of an Institutional Review Board","authors":"P.A. Albarello ,&nbsp;C. Ocampo-Benavides ,&nbsp;C. Bello ,&nbsp;M. Cañón ,&nbsp;A. de la Torre","doi":"10.1016/j.jemep.2025.101095","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jemep.2025.101095","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Clinical trial complexity has grown, leading to global efforts to improve quality and safety through risk management (RM). However, clear guidelines for RM at Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) are lacking. This study describes the development and implementation of an RM process within an IRB, focusing on a quantitative risk assessment tool.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The RM process followed ISO 31000 guidelines. Risk assessment was performed using quantitative and qualitative strategies; for the quantitative strategy we developed an online tool (InRisk_Tool) with variables selected using the systematic team approach; analysis was conducted using the semi-quantitative method of risk indexes and the probability-impact matrix. Additionally, IRB members performed the qualitative analysis of each study. Risk treatment activities were implemented mainly according to the risk level established by the InRisk_Tool.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The InRisk_Tool comprises 20 variables categorized into two dimensions: <em>Probability</em> and <em>Impact</em>. Categorical variables scored 0 for negative responses and 1 for positive ones. Quantitative variables also scored 0 or 1 based on the number of events. The scores for <em>Probability</em> and <em>Impact</em> ranged from 0 to 14 and 0 to 6, respectively. These scores were categorized into three levels: High, Intermediate, and Low. Combined scores formed a probability-impact matrix to determine overall risk levels.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The InRisk_Tool provides systematic, objective risk evaluation for clinical trials. Further refinements and artificial intelligence integration could enhance scoring, analysis, and decision-making, strengthening patient safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37707,"journal":{"name":"Ethics, Medicine and Public Health","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101095"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143844082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automatic detection of Parkinson’s disease using machine learning and deep learning: A recent literature review","authors":"R.O. Panicker ,&nbsp;D. Yashasvi ,&nbsp;J. James ,&nbsp;S. Ittappa","doi":"10.1016/j.jemep.2025.101079","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jemep.2025.101079","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive condition of the brain and central nervous system that causes a gradual deterioration in body movement. Major symptoms of PD are stiffness in the legs, arms, and torso; tremor, slow movement, balance problems, depression, etc. PD can be diagnosed based on the above-mentioned common symptoms. Yet, diagnostic imaging techniques that are noninvasive, such as Positron Emission Tomography (PET) can help the doctors to detect PD. Every year, an estimated 60,000 new cases of PD are diagnosed. Numerous machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) approaches have been suggested in the literature for the automated detection of PD. The accurate diagnosis of PD poses a challenge due to the absence of a standardized and objective approach. The integration of ML algorithms into medical diagnostics has enhanced the precision of disease predictions, making the diagnosis more effective.</div></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><div>This paper presents a systematic review of automatic PD detection used machine ML and DL, from papers published between 2010 and 2024. Through the extensive and careful search procedure, 67 papers were selected from a total of 262. We retrieved these articles from various academic databases such as Google Scholar, IEEE Xplore and Scopus ensuring detailed mention of relevant literature.</div></div><div><h3>Result</h3><div>Through this review, we can understand how ML techniques can be a partner to make the automatic detection of PD faster and efficient. We also addressed the different public database sources of PD such as UCI Parkinson’s Dataset, Parkinson’s Drawing Dataset etc. so that the researchers in this field can easily use these datasets. Furthermore, we identified some benefits, limitations and gaps, which should be addressed in the future.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>In conclusion, the field of automatic detection of PD has witnessed remarkable advancements through the integration of machine learning, sensor technologies and various techniques. The reviewed literature highlights the efficacy of various classification algorithms such as Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forests (RF), etc., with them consistently demonstrating superior accuracy in distinguishing individuals with PD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37707,"journal":{"name":"Ethics, Medicine and Public Health","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101079"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143760115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The language of the unheard: Why measles vaccine hesitancy persists in Africa","authors":"S. Pillay ,&nbsp;C. Ewuoso ,&nbsp;L.A. Tandwa","doi":"10.1016/j.jemep.2025.101068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jemep.2025.101068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose of research and novel approach</h3><div>Childhood measles vaccinations have been a topic of interest again recently following the multitude of measles outbreaks worldwide. While the large number of deaths accompanying these outbreaks is due to several reasons, vaccine hesitancy seems to be the biggest cause. Vaccine mandates remain a common measure for fostering vaccine uptake and maintaining herd immunity. Arguments for (and against) measles vaccine mandates principally focus on scientific facts and consequences, herd immunity, and citizen liberties. Focusing attention primarily on measles vaccination and taking Africa as the context, we advance a different claim- that vaccine hesitancy in some cases is plausibly justifiable. Notably, we contend that vaccine hesitancy, in some circumstances, may be the language of the unheard or the failure to engage previous medical injustices. Thus, it requires us to think deeply about how relevant actors can amend the plight of these exploited communities. To interrogate this question, we draw on the theory of distributive justice grounded in African moral philosophies.</div></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><div>This was a purely normative study. The research method comprised a literature search on the primary sources while research articles on the causes of measles outbreaks and vaccine hesitancy were reviewed. From these materials, using African moral values, we developed an ethical argument in support of the thesis.</div></div><div><h3>Findings and conclusion</h3><div>This research highlights that in Africa there is a moral duty to initiate measures to address the power dynamics (that is, where one party in the communal relationship is more powerful) and empower communities. Only then vaccine uptake campaigns can be successful.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37707,"journal":{"name":"Ethics, Medicine and Public Health","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101068"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143683428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}