{"title":"Proton–Proton and Proton–Antiproton Colliders","authors":"W. Scandale","doi":"10.1142/S1793626814300023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793626814300023","url":null,"abstract":"In the last five decades, proton–proton and proton–antiproton colliders have been the most powerful tools for high energy physics investigations. They have also deeply catalyzed innovation in accelerator physics and technology. Among the large number of proposed colliders, only four have really succeeded in becoming operational: the ISR, the SppbarS, the Tevatron and the LHC. Another hadron collider, RHIC, originally conceived for ion–ion collisions, has also been operated part-time with polarized protons. Although a vast literature documenting them is available, this paper is intended to provide a quick synthesis of their main features and key performance.","PeriodicalId":376234,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology","volume":"204 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132575836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Early milestones in the evolution of accelerators","authors":"E. Courant","doi":"10.1142/S1793626808000022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793626808000022","url":null,"abstract":"About 80 years ago Rutherford [1] expressed the hope that particles could be accelerated to energies exceeding those occurring in radioactivity, enabling the study of nuclei and their constituents. Physicists and engineers have more than met this challenge, and today the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) at CERN, Geneva is about to accelerate protons to 7 trillion (7 × 1012) eV. Here we describe some of the crucial steps that have gotten us there.","PeriodicalId":376234,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131875052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Electron–Positron Circular Colliders","authors":"K. Oide","doi":"10.1142/S1793626814300035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793626814300035","url":null,"abstract":"This article describes the fundamental limitations on the performance of electron–positron circular colliders. After introducing the subject from its end use parameter, the luminosity, we discuss in detail the various accelerator physics limitations and the evolution of several ingenious frontier ideas to ever increase the luminosity of these colliders.","PeriodicalId":376234,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123626967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cyclotrons and FFAG Accelerators as Drivers for ADS","authors":"L. Calabretta, F. Méot","doi":"10.1142/S1793626815300054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793626815300054","url":null,"abstract":"This review summarizes projects and studies on circular accelerators proposed for driving subcritical reactors. The early isochronous cyclotron cascades, proposed about 20 years ago, and the evolution of these layouts up to the most recent solutions or designs based on cyclotrons and fixed field alternating gradient accelerators, are reported. In addition, the newest ideas and their prospects for development are discussed.","PeriodicalId":376234,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122596314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Prospects for Accelerator Technology","authors":"A. Todd","doi":"10.1142/S1793626811000604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793626811000604","url":null,"abstract":"Accelerator technology today is a greater than US$5 billion per annum business. Development of higher-performance technology with improved reliability that delivers reduced system size and life cycle cost is expected to significantly increase the total accelerator technology market and open up new application sales. Potential future directions are identified and pitfalls in new market penetration are considered. Both of the present big market segments, medical radiation therapy units and semiconductor ion implanters, are approaching the \"maturity\" phase of their product cycles, where incremental development rather than paradigm shifts is the norm, but they should continue to dominate commercial sales for some time. It is anticipated that large discovery-science accelerators will continue to provide a specialty market beset by the unpredictable cycles resulting from the scale of the projects themselves, coupled with external political and economic drivers. Although fraught with differing market entry difficulties, the security and environmental markets, together with new, as yet unrealized, industrial material processing applications, are expected to provide the bulk of future commercial accelerator technology growth.","PeriodicalId":376234,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122644903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Compact Neutron Sources for Energy and Security","authors":"M. Uesaka, H. Kobayashi","doi":"10.1142/S1793626815300108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793626815300108","url":null,"abstract":"We choose nuclear data and nuclear material inspection for energy application, and nondestructive testing of explosive and hidden nuclear materials for security application. Low energy (∼100keV) electrostatic accelerators of deuterium are commercially available for nondestructive testing. For nuclear data measurement, electrostatic ion accelerators and L-band (1.428GHz) and S-band (2.856GHz) electron linear accelerators (linacs) are used for the neutron source. Compact or mobile X-band (9.3, 11.424GHz) electron linac neutron sources are under development. A compact proton linac neutron source is used for nondestructive testing, especially water in solids. Several efforts for more neutron intensity using proton and deuteron accelerators are also introduced.","PeriodicalId":376234,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129621194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Radio-Frequency Electron Accelerators for Industrial Applications","authors":"M. Cleland","doi":"10.1142/S1793626811000537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793626811000537","url":null,"abstract":"Two types of radio-frequency electron accelerators are described in this article. They operate in the frequency range of 100–200 MHz and are energized with triode or tetrode tubes instead of klystrons. They can provide more powerful electron beams than typical microwave linear accelerators.","PeriodicalId":376234,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130200513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ion Injectors for High-Intensity Accelerators","authors":"M. Stockli, T. Nakagawa","doi":"10.1142/S1793626813300090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793626813300090","url":null,"abstract":"There are a growing number of applications for ion accelerators, with increasingly complex beam requirements and progressively higher beam intensities. The performance of the ion injector is critical to the success of these projects. First, there is the ion source that has to produce the desired ion species, with a large variety of desired species requiring vastly different ion sources. In addition, the ion source has to produce those ions with the desired rate and without debilitating impurities, as well as with the desired duty factor. Several examples will show that very successful ion sources can fail when the duty factor is increased because their lifetime becomes too short or their failure rate too high. Equally important is the extraction of those ions and their transport to the next stage of acceleration, because the slow ion velocities pose a serious challenge to increasing the intensity. As the beam intensity is increased, its emittance, stability and controllability become more important. This article cannot cover this subject in depth. It tries to provide a flavor of the complexities and serve as an introduction to further reading and studies.","PeriodicalId":376234,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126871636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Heavy-Particle Radiotherapy: System Design and Application","authors":"H. Tsujii, S. Minohara, K. Noda","doi":"10.1142/S1793626809000193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793626809000193","url":null,"abstract":"The requirements for an accelerator and a beam-delivery system for medical application are described (pointing out terms of heavy-particle radiotherapy), based on 15 years of experience with carbon-ion radiotherapy at HIMAC. The present heavy-particle radiotherapy and system are reviewed here. With a view to further development of carbon-ion radiotherapy, recent progress in heavy-particle radiotherapy and a new system are also described. Finally, the clinical applications are summarized.","PeriodicalId":376234,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127972945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Proton Radiation Therapy in the Hospital Environment: Conception, Development, and Operation of the Initial Hospital-Based Facility","authors":"J. Slater, J. Slater, A. Wroe","doi":"10.1142/9789814299350_0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814299350_0003","url":null,"abstract":"The world's first hospital-based proton treatment center opened at Loma Linda University Medical Center in 1990, following two decades of development. Patients' needs were the driving force behind its conception, development, and execution; the primary needs were delivery of effective conformal doses of ionizing radiation and avoidance of normal tissue to the maximum extent possible. The facility includes a proton synchrotron and delivery system developed in collaboration with physicists and engineers at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory and from other high-energy-physics laboratories worldwide. The system, operated and maintained by Loma Linda personnel, was designed to be safe, reliable, flexible in utilization, efficient in use, and upgradeable to meet demands of changing patient needs and advances in technology. Since the facility opened, nearly 14,000 adults and children have been treated for a wide range of cancers and other diseases. Ongoing research is expanding the applications of proton therapy, while reducing costs.","PeriodicalId":376234,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology","volume":"234 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132913620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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