Journal of Circulating Biomarkers最新文献

{"title":"Associations between smoking and lipid/lipoprotein concentrations among US adults aged ≥20 years.","authors":"Ram B Jain,&nbsp;Alan Ducatman","doi":"10.1177/1849454418779310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1849454418779310","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cross-sectional data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for the years 1999-2012 for those aged ≥20 years, fasting for at least 8 h, and classified as smokers and nonsmokers on the basis of observed serum cotinine levels were used to evaluate the impact of smoking on the adjusted and unadjusted concentrations of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides (TG). Adjustments were made for the effects of gender; race/ethnicity; survey year; dietary intake of alcohol; caffeine; cholesterol; saturated, unsaturated, and total fatty acids; fasting time; body mass index; and poverty income ratio. Adjusted levels of LDL and TC did not vary among smokers and nonsmokers. Smokers had lower adjusted levels of HDL than nonsmokers (48.8 vs. 51.4 mg/dL, <i>p</i> < 0.01) and higher adjusted levels of TG (124.4 vs. 111.9 mg/dL, <i>p</i> < 0.01) than nonsmokers. Adjusted odds of smokers having abnormal levels were 1.6 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4-1.8) for HDL, 1.2 (95% CI 1.1-1.4) for TC, and 1.3 (95% CI 1.2-1.5) for TG. Males had lower adjusted levels than females for HDL (45.2 vs. 55.4 mg/dL, <i>p</i> < 0.01) and TC (191.3 vs. 196.6 mg/dL, <i>p</i> < 0.01) but higher adjusted levels than females for TG (126.3 vs. 110.1 mg/dL, <i>p</i> < 0.01) and LDL (114.4 vs. 112.6 mg/dL, <i>p</i> = 0.02). A unit increase in body mass index was associated with 1.4% decrease in the adjusted levels of HDL, 0.18% increase in the adjusted levels of LDL, and a 2.3% increase in the adjusted levels of TG.</p>","PeriodicalId":37524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Circulating Biomarkers","volume":"7 ","pages":"1849454418779310"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1849454418779310","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36221256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of proteomic biomarker for chronic liver disease: Promise into reality.","authors":"Krishna Sumanth Nallagangula,&nbsp;K N Shashidhar,&nbsp;V Lakshmaiah,&nbsp;Muninarayana","doi":"10.1177/1849454418777186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1849454418777186","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Liver is the vital organ for synthesis of proteins whose concentration in blood reflects liver dysfunction. Variations in protein domain can generate clinically significant biomarkers. Biomarker pipeline includes discovery of candidates, qualification, verification, assay optimization, and validation. Advances in proteomic approach can discover protein biomarker candidates based on \"up-or-down\" regulation or fold change in expression which is correlated with disease state. Despite numerous biomarker candidates been discovered, only few are useful in clinical practice which indicates the need for well-established validation regimen. Hence, the main purpose of this review is to understand the protein biomarker development and pitfalls. Companion diagnostics provide insights into potential cost-effective diagnosis for chronic liver disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":37524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Circulating Biomarkers","volume":"7 ","pages":"1849454418777186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1849454418777186","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36182236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strategies for enumeration of circulating microvesicles on a conventional flow cytometer: Counting beads and scatter parameters.","authors":"Mohammad J Alkhatatbeh,&nbsp;Anoop K Enjeti,&nbsp;Sara Baqar,&nbsp;Elif I Ekinci,&nbsp;Dorothy Liu,&nbsp;Rick F Thorne,&nbsp;Lisa F Lincz","doi":"10.1177/1849454418766966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1849454418766966","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Enumeration of circulating microvesicles (MVs) by conventional flow cytometry is accomplished by the addition of a known amount of counting beads and calculated from the formula: MV/μl = (MV count/bead count) × final bead concentration. We sought to optimize each variable in the equation by determining the best parameters for detecting 'MV count' and examining the effects of different bead preparations and concentrations on the final calculation. Three commercially available bead preparations (TruCount, Flow-Count and CountBright) were tested, and MV detection on a BD FACSCanto was optimized for gating by either forward scatter (FSC) or side scatter (SSC); the results were compared by calculating different subsets of MV on a series of 74 typical patient plasma samples. The relationship between the number of beads added to each test and the number of beads counted by flow cytometry remained linear over a wide range of bead concentrations (<i>R</i>² ≥ 0.997). However, TruCount beads produced the most consistent (concentration variation = 3.8%) calculated numbers of plasma CD41⁺/Annexin V⁺ MV, which were significantly higher from that calculated using either Flow-Count or CountBright (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The FACSCanto was able to resolve 0.5 μm beads by FSC and 0.16 μm beads by SSC, but there were significantly more background events using SSC compared with FSC (3113 vs. 470; <i>p</i> = 0.008). In general, sample analysis by SSC resulted in significantly higher numbers of MV (<i>p</i> < 0.0001) but was well correlated with enumeration by FSC for all MV subtypes (<i>ρ</i> = 0.62-0.89, <i>p</i> < 0.0001). We conclude that all counting beads provided linear results at concentrations ranging from 6 beads/μl to 100 beads/μl, but TruCount was the most consistent. Using SSC to gate MV events produced high background which negatively affected counting bead enumeration and overall MV calculations. Strategies to reduce SSC background should be employed in order to reliably use this technique.</p>","PeriodicalId":37524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Circulating Biomarkers","volume":"7 ","pages":"1849454418766966"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1849454418766966","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36016539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Case report: Whole exome sequencing of circulating cell-free tumor DNA in a follicular thyroid carcinoma patient with lung and bone metastases.","authors":"Jianlu Song,&nbsp;Zhili Yang","doi":"10.1177/1849454418763725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1849454418763725","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Metastatic follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), unresectable or resistance to radioactive iodine, is associated with poor survival. It is believed that this kind of FTC is driven by mutated genes. However, what kind of changes of genome and underlying mechanisms are elusive. The aim of this article is to understand whether there are somatic mutations in circulating cell-free tumor DNA (cfDNA) in a FTC patient with lung and bone metastases. A 55-year-old woman was diagnosed with FTC with bone and lung metastases. Appropriate amounts of DNA were extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded thyroid tumor, peripheral cell-free plasma, and peripheral blood leukocytes and then sequenced. The significance of DNA sequencing was evaluated. There were 13,519 common variants in both tissue DNA and cfDNA. Fifty-five somatic mutations were identified in tumor, with 5 of them nonsynonymous. Seventy-two somatic mutations were found in cfDNA, with 2 of them causing amino acid change. Sixteen common alterations existed in both samples, that is, 31.3% of all the tissue somatic mutations. This pilot study provided proof that cfDNA represents the genomic characteristics of FTC primary tissue DNA well, but also metastatic tumors. Further studies are needed to better prove the effectiveness of cfDNA in the field of thyroid cancer metastatic mechanism research and real-time monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":37524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Circulating Biomarkers","volume":"7 ","pages":"1849454418763725"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1849454418763725","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35980942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlations of GDF-15 with sST2, MMPs, and worsening functional capacity in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: Can we gain new insights into the pathophysiology?","authors":"Nandini Nair, Enrique Gongora","doi":"10.1177/1849454417751735","DOIUrl":"10.1177/1849454417751735","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Growth and differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) has been implicated in fibrosis, inflammation, and ventricular remodeling. The role of GDF-15 in the regulation of cardiac remodeling in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) remains poorly defined. This study attempts to analyze the molecular interactions between GDF-15 and markers of fibrosis as well as its positive correlations with worsening functional capacity. The study population consisted of 24 DCM patients and 8 control subjects. All DCM patients had normal coronary angiographic studies. Plasma levels of GDF-15, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2), MMP3, MMP9, tissue inhibitor of MMP 1 (TIMP1), and soluble suppression of tumorigenicity-2 protein (sST2) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) was measured as per core laboratory protocol assay at Scott and White Memorial Hospital core laboratory. Correlation analysis was performed between GDF-15 and each of the MMPs-MMP2, MMP3, MMP9, and TIMP as well as New York Heart Association (NYHA) class and echocardiographic parameters (left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular internal dimension in diastole (LVIDd)). LVEF and LVIDd were obtained by two-dimensional echocardiography. The protocol was approved by Scott and White Memorial Hospital Institutional Review Board (S&W IRB). Correlation analysis of control versus all DCM patients showed a strong correlation of GDF-15 with TIMP1 (<i>r</i> = 0.83, <i>p</i> < 0.0001) and weaker correlation with MMP3 (<i>r</i> = 0.41, <i>p</i> = 0.011) and MMP2 (<i>r</i> = 0.47, <i>p</i> = 0.003). MMP9 showed poor correlation with GDF-15 (<i>r</i> = 0.3036, <i>p</i> = 0.046). GDF-15 correlated negatively with MMP2/TIMP1 ratio (<i>r</i> = -0.47, <i>p</i> = 0.006). sST2 correlated strongly with GDF-15 (<i>r</i> = 0.7, <i>p</i> < 0.0001). GDF-15 correlated negatively with LVEF (<i>r</i> = -0.49, <i>p</i> = 0.004) and positively with LVIDd (<i>r</i> = 0.58, <i>p</i> = 0.0006). GDF-15 showed significant positive correlation with NYHA functional class (<i>r</i> = 0.71, <i>p</i> < 0.00001) and BNP (<i>r</i> = 0.86, <i>p</i> < 0.00001). Significant associations of GDF-15 with MMPs, sST2, LVIDd, LVEF, and NYHA class reported here for the first time in nonischemic dilated hearts may open up new avenues of investigations to better understand molecular mechanisms controlling cardiac remodeling. This study is limited by its small size and needs validation in larger populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":37524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Circulating Biomarkers","volume":"7 ","pages":"1849454417751735"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ab/bb/10.1177_1849454417751735.PMC5777561.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35773261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Journal of Circulating Biomarkers</i> looks forward after being indexed in PubMed Central.","authors":"Winston Patrick Kuo","doi":"10.1177/1849454417745757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1849454417745757","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract non disponibile","PeriodicalId":37524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Circulating Biomarkers","volume":"6 ","pages":"1849454417745757"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1849454417745757","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35681954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of aerobic and anaerobic exercises on circulating soluble-Klotho and IGF-I in young and elderly adults and in CAD patients.","authors":"Moran S Saghiv, D Ben Sira, E Goldhammer, M Sagiv","doi":"10.1177/1849454417733388","DOIUrl":"10.1177/1849454417733388","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Different studies support the notion that chronic aerobic exercises training can influence the circulating levels of soluble-Klotho (s-Klotho) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I). The effects of s-Klotho include improving the quality of life, alleviating the negative impact of age on the body's work capacity, and possibly increasing longevity. This review provides an overview of the latest findings in this field of research in humans. The different modes of dynamic exercise and their impact on circulating levels of s-Klotho and IGF-I in young adult athletes, untrained young adults, trained healthy older adults, untrained healthy older adults, and coronary artery disease (CAD) patients are reviewed and discussed. Together these findings suggest that long-lasting (chronic) aerobic exercise training is probably one of the antiaging factors that counteract the aging and CAD process by increasing the circulating s-Klotho and lowering the IGF-I levels. However, following anaerobic exercise training the opposite occurs. The exact metabolic and physiological pathways involved in the activity of these well-trained young and master sportsmen should be further studied and elucidated. The purpose of this review was to provide a clarification regarding the roles of s-Klotho and intensities and durations of different exercise on human health.</p>","PeriodicalId":37524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Circulating Biomarkers","volume":"6 ","pages":"1849454417733388"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/fd/95/10.1177_1849454417733388.PMC5644364.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35557863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mildly elevated serum total bilirubin is negatively associated with hemoglobin A1c independently of confounding factors among community-dwelling middle-aged and elderly persons.","authors":"Ryuichi Kawamoto, Daisuke Ninomiya, Kensuke Senzaki, Teru Kumagi","doi":"10.1177/1849454417726609","DOIUrl":"10.1177/1849454417726609","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Abnormally high glycated hemoglobin (Hb) (HbA1c) is significantly associated with oxidative stress and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Serum total bilirubin (T-B) may have a beneficial role in preventing oxidative changes and be a negative risk factor of CVD. Limited information is available on whether serum T-B is an independent confounding factor of HbA1c. The study subjects were 633 men aged 70 ± 9 (mean ± standard deviation (SD)) years and 878 women aged 70 ± 8 years who were enrolled consecutively from among patients aged ≥40 years through a community-based annual check-up process. We evaluated the relationship between various confounding factors including serum T-B and HbA1c in each gender. Multiple linear regression analysis pertaining to HbA1c showed that in men, serum T-B (<i>β</i> = -0.139) as well as waist circumference (<i>β</i> = 0.099), exercise habit (<i>β</i> = 0.137), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (<i>β</i> = 0.076), triglycerides (<i>β</i> = 0.087), and uric acid (<i>β</i> = -0.123) were significantly and independently associated with HbA1c, and in women, serum T-B (<i>β</i> = -0.084) as well as body mass index (<i>β</i> = 0.090), smoking status (<i>β</i> = -0.077), SBP (<i>β</i> = 0.117), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (<i>β</i> = -0.155), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (<i>β</i> = 0.074), prevalence of antidyslipidemic medication (<i>β</i> = 0.174), and uric acid (<i>β</i> = 0.090) were also significantly and independently associated with HbA1c. Multivariate-adjusted serum HbA1c levels were significantly high in subjects with the lowest serum T-B levels in both genders. Serum T-B is an independent confounding factor for HbA1c among community-dwelling middle-aged and elderly persons.</p>","PeriodicalId":37524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Circulating Biomarkers","volume":"6 ","pages":"1849454417726609"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/c8/9a/10.1177_1849454417726609.PMC5599010.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35428139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Roles of kallikrein-2 biomarkers (free-hK2 and pro-hK2) for predicting prostate cancer progression-free survival.","authors":"Anatilde Gonzalez Guerrico,&nbsp;David Hillman,&nbsp;Jeffery Karnes,&nbsp;Brian Davis,&nbsp;Steven Gaston,&nbsp;George Klee","doi":"10.1177/1849454417720151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1849454417720151","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Free human kallikrein 2 (free-hK2) and hK2 pro-form (pro-hK2) have been found to be increased in tumor tissues and serum from patients with prostate cancer. We established semiautomatic assays for free-hK2 and pro-hK2 using a research version of the Beckman Coulter ACCESS2 system. Serum samples from a cohort of 189 men undergoing radical prostatectomy for known high-risk disease were assayed for Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA), free-PSA, free-hK2, and pro-hK2. Univariate Cox regression and multivariate models were used to predict both Gleason scores and progression-free survival (PFS). Free-hk2 levels ≥80 ng/L were predictive of both Gleason scores ≥7 (<i>p</i> = 0.04) and PFS (<i>p</i> = 0.03). PSA ≥8.0 µg/L also was predictive of PFS (<i>p</i> = 0.02). However, neither % free-PSA nor pro-hK2, when treated as continuous or cutoff variables were associated with Gleason score or PFS. Multivariable models showed that clinical stage T1c versus T2/T3, Gleason score ≥7, and PSA ≥8.0 µg/L or clinical stage T1c versus T2/T3, Gleason scores ≥7, and free-hK2 ≥80 ng/L were among the best models predicting PFS. Both free-hK2 and PSA in conjunction with clinical stage and Gleason score are good predictors of PFS in prostate cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":37524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Circulating Biomarkers","volume":"6 ","pages":"1849454417720151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1849454417720151","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35428137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel method for the isolation of extracellular vesicles and RNA from urine.","authors":"Anna Markowska,&nbsp;R Scott Pendergrast,&nbsp;J Stephen Pendergrast,&nbsp;P Shannon Pendergrast","doi":"10.1177/1849454417712666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1849454417712666","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The discovery of urinary extracellular biomarkers has been impeded by the lack of efficient methods for the isolation of extracellular vesicles (EVs: exosomes and microvesicles) and extracellular nucleic acid (RNA and DNA) from urine. Ultracentrifugation (UC), considered the gold standard for vesicle isolation from many biofluids, is efficacious but laborious, and, like most commercially available methods, is unable to isolate enough material from small volumes for protein or RNA-based biomarker discovery. We have developed a novel precipitation method for the isolation of EVs and nucleic acids from urine. The method, which is now commercially available, takes less than 30 min and does not require polyethylene glycol. Transmission electron microscopy and Nanosight particle analysis confirm that the method isolates intact vesicles with a similar size, shape, and number to UC. Immunoblot analysis of preparations made from a variety of urine samples demonstrates that the method isolates multiple vesicle protein markers more efficiently than other commercial kits, especially from more diluted samples. Bioanalyzer, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and array analysis show that the method is extremely efficient at the isolation of extracellular miRNAs. The Ymir Genomics EV and Extracellular RNA Isolation Kits offer an efficient and rapid alternative to UC and other commercial kits.</p>","PeriodicalId":37524,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Circulating Biomarkers","volume":"6 ","pages":"1849454417712666"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1849454417712666","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35427692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}