HardwareXPub Date : 2024-12-31DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00621
Pablo Raul Yanyachi, Jorch Mendoza-Chok, Brayan Espinoza-Garcia, Juan Carlos Cutipa Luque, Daniel Yanyachi Aco Cardenas
{"title":"OpenNavSense platform: A low-cost, open-source inertial navigation system for the evaluation of estimation algorithms","authors":"Pablo Raul Yanyachi, Jorch Mendoza-Chok, Brayan Espinoza-Garcia, Juan Carlos Cutipa Luque, Daniel Yanyachi Aco Cardenas","doi":"10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00621","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00621","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inertial navigation systems (INS) are widely used in commercial aviation, maritime navigation, and unmanned vehicle guidance. However, these systems are often sensitive, costly, and challenging to access. To address these limitations, an open-source, low-cost platform named INS OpenNavSense has been developed. This platform is built using FreeRTOS, an open-source real-time operating system (RTOS) that enables the microcontroller to run parallel individual threads (tasks), providing a practical and effective tool for implementing estimation algorithms that compensate for the use of low-cost microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensors instead of high-end sensors in professional INS. The main contribution of this work is the introduction of a FreeRTOS-based platform, which facilitates independent management of computational and processing tasks. The platform incorporates accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers, Global Positioning System (GPS) module, and barometer sensors. Sensor data is calibrated and filtered to enhance accuracy, offering researchers a robust and reliable tool for testing their estimation algorithms. To validate this platform, the open-source Mahony library was used for attitude and heading reference system estimation, demonstrating the types of algorithms that can be tested. Tests were conducted with a drone carrying the platform as payload, and results from this low-cost INS were compared to the drone’s INS, showing both similarity and viability as a development platform.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37503,"journal":{"name":"HardwareX","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article e00621"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11762629/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143048108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
HardwareXPub Date : 2024-12-30DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00617
Riley Prince, Kai Roy, Nathan Jesudason, Marc Belinga, Jacob Field, Dylan Heiesy, Aaron Arvidson, Torrey Menne, John Selker, Chet Udell
{"title":"PolyWAG: Autonomous filtered water sampling for eDNA","authors":"Riley Prince, Kai Roy, Nathan Jesudason, Marc Belinga, Jacob Field, Dylan Heiesy, Aaron Arvidson, Torrey Menne, John Selker, Chet Udell","doi":"10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00617","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00617","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Environmental DNA (eDNA) is an ideal way of researching aquatic environments and determining what species are present in an area the biodiversity of an area, and if any invasive or endangered species are present. Traditional sampling of eDNA consists of manually filtering water, which is labor and cost-intensive for remote locations. Furthermore, commercialized solutions are either expensive or require a field operator to function. We have built a battery-powered eDNA sampler capable of autonomous multi-sampling for a greatly reduced price compared to existing technologies. Environmental DNA collection contains 3 main components: environmental DNA must be preserved, the filtered volume must be accurate, and there must be no cross-contamination between samples. The sampler operates in this way separating eDNA via filters, preserving DNA, and recording the filtered volume per sample. Our PolyWAG eDNA sampler system is a water sampling device that collects DNA samples via 47 mm filter and provides a non-invasive, safe and autonomous means of eDNA collection. The sampler can hold 24 filters and is designed to be easily replaced and reusable. A browser application is used for real-time monitoring, scheduling tasks, and data logging for time, pressure, flow, and filtered volume. Additionally, the sampler design is openly published, modular and is constantly being tested to help us optimize our software and hardware to give us the best results. The 13-step sampling sequence helps reduce cross contamination significantly. Our machine can be deployed for an extended period. It is completely autonomous and costs around $3800 for components or $6000 including labor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37503,"journal":{"name":"HardwareX","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article e00617"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11783023/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143081563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
HardwareXPub Date : 2024-12-30DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00616
Saba Molhemi, Leif Østergaard, Brian Hansen
{"title":"A low-cost open-source 3D-printed mouse cradle suspension system for awake or anaesthetised 1H/31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy","authors":"Saba Molhemi, Leif Østergaard, Brian Hansen","doi":"10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00616","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00616","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Awake mouse MRI and spectroscopy (MRS) are valuable techniques for studying biological questions without the confounding effects of anaesthesia. Currently, no off-the-shelf solution exists for awake mouse MRI/S. To address this, we present a Mouse Cradle Suspension System (MCSS) for awake mouse MRI/S. Our design is freely available and offers a low-cost 3D-printed setup compatible with a Bruker Biospec 94/20 scanner and commercially available <span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>H/<sup>31</sup>P surface- and volume-coils, such as coils from Bruker Biospin (T20025V3) and Rapid (O-XL-HL-094). While the focus here is measurements in awake mouse brain, the coils and the presented setup is suitable for both mouse and rat brain, and studies of mouse body organs. Moreover, the design is easily modifiable to suit other applications and hardware configurations. The MCSS reduces gradient-induced coil vibrations and supports cross-coil setups. It features an inner and outer rail system for easy insertion of the coil and customized mouse cradle into the scanner. The cradle is suitable for both anaesthetized and awake mouse scans and existing habituation protocols for awake mouse MRI/S. This MCSS design ensures a smooth workflow for awake mouse MRI/S. The cost is approximately 200€, achieved using 3D-printed and off-the-shelf components.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37503,"journal":{"name":"HardwareX","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article e00616"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11783022/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143081560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
HardwareXPub Date : 2024-12-27DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00622
Huihui Liu , Sunil Kumar , Edwin Garcia , William Flanagan , Jonathan Lightley , Christopher Dunsby , Paul M.W. French
{"title":"Open-source implementation of polarisation-resolved single-shot differential phase contrast microscopy (pDPC) on a modular openFrame-based microscope","authors":"Huihui Liu , Sunil Kumar , Edwin Garcia , William Flanagan , Jonathan Lightley , Christopher Dunsby , Paul M.W. French","doi":"10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00622","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00622","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We recently demonstrated polarisation differential phase contrast microscopy (<em>pDPC</em>) as a robust, low-cost single-shot implementation of (semi)quantitative phase imaging based on differential phase microscopy. <em>pDPC</em> utilises a polarisation-sensitive camera to simultaneously acquire four obliquely transilluminated images from which phase images mapping spatial variation of optical path difference can be calculated. <em>pDPC</em> microscopy can be implemented on existing or bespoke microscopes and can utilise radiation at a wide range of visible to near infrared wavelengths and so is straightforward to integrate with fluorescence microscopy. Here we present a low-cost open-source <em>pDPC</em> module that is designed for use with the modular open-source microscope stand “<em>openFrame</em>”. With improved hardware and software, this new <em>pDPC</em> implementation provides a real-time readout of phase across a field of view that facilitates optimisation of system alignment. We also provide protocols for background subtraction and correction of crosstalk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37503,"journal":{"name":"HardwareX","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article e00622"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11773044/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143060751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
HardwareXPub Date : 2024-12-25DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00618
Irwansyah , Sho Otsuka , Seiji Nakagawa
{"title":"3D printed dummy heads for crosstalk cancellation studies in bone conduction","authors":"Irwansyah , Sho Otsuka , Seiji Nakagawa","doi":"10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00618","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00618","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thanks to affordable 3D printers, creating complex designs like anatomically accurate dummy heads is now accessible. This study introduces dummy heads with 3D-printed skulls and silicone skins to explore crosstalk cancellation in bone conduction (BC). Crosstalk occurs when BC sounds from a transducer on one side of the head reach the cochlea on the opposite side. This can disrupt binaural cues essential for sound localization and speech understanding in noise for individuals using BC hearing devices. We provide a step-by-step guide to constructing the dummy head and demonstrate its application in canceling crosstalk. The 3D models used in this study are freely available for replication and further research. Several dummy heads were 3D-printed using ABS for the skull and silicone skins of varying hardness, with a 3-axis accelerometer at the cochlea location to simulate inner ear response. Since the cochlea is inaccessible in humans, we targeted crosstalk cancellation at the mastoid, assessing if this cancellation extended to the cochlea within the dummy heads. We compared these results with our previous experiments conducted on seven human subjects, who had their hearing thresholds measured with and without crosstalk cancellation, to evaluate if the dummy heads could reliably replicate human crosstalk cancellation effects<em>.</em></div></div>","PeriodicalId":37503,"journal":{"name":"HardwareX","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article e00618"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11733055/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143013421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
HardwareXPub Date : 2024-12-24DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00619
Ludvik Alkhoury , Giacomo Scanavini , Petras Swissler , Sudhin A. Shah , Disha Gupta , N. Jeremy Hill
{"title":"SyncGenie: A programmable event synchronization device for neuroscience research","authors":"Ludvik Alkhoury , Giacomo Scanavini , Petras Swissler , Sudhin A. Shah , Disha Gupta , N. Jeremy Hill","doi":"10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00619","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00619","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In neuroscience, accurately correlating brain activity with stimuli and other events requires precise synchronization between neural data and event timing. To achieve this, purpose-built synchronization devices are often used to detect events. This paper introduces SyncGenie, a programmable synchronization device designed for a range of uses in neuroscience research—primarily as a “trigger box” to align neurophysiological data with physical stimulus events, among other possibilities. It can support both hardware-triggered and software-triggered pulse synchronization and can even serve as a cost-effective digitizer for real-time analysis of analog signals. We provide the complete circuit-board designs, 3D models, and Arduino code necessary to build and use SyncGenie. The board is designed for easy manufacturing and assembly, with components that can be seamlessly soldered. It includes a range of connector types required for common applications, such as 3.5 mm TRS, D-sub25, BNC, and JST-XH. Additionally, SyncGenie features a user-friendly interface that allows for experiment-specific adjustments without requiring coding expertise. Its programmability, supported by our public-domain Arduino library, provides the flexibility to adapt SyncGenie to diverse experimental protocols. Overall, SyncGenie offers enhanced functionality at a lower cost relative to commercially available trigger boxes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37503,"journal":{"name":"HardwareX","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article e00619"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11743915/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143013424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
HardwareXPub Date : 2024-12-20DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00620
Arjan J. Knulst , Salome Berger , Jorijn van den Boom , Inge Bosch , Noa Nicolai , Suraj Maharjan , Eileen Raaijmakers , Chang-Lung Tsai , Lisa van de Weerd , Jenny Dankelman , Jan-Carel Diehl
{"title":"The WOCA negative pressure wound therapy device designed for low resource settings","authors":"Arjan J. Knulst , Salome Berger , Jorijn van den Boom , Inge Bosch , Noa Nicolai , Suraj Maharjan , Eileen Raaijmakers , Chang-Lung Tsai , Lisa van de Weerd , Jenny Dankelman , Jan-Carel Diehl","doi":"10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00620","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00620","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) is a treatment that promotes healing of chronic wounds. Despite high prevalence of chronic wounds in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs), NPWT devices are not available nor affordable. This study aims to improve chronic wound care in LMICs by presenting the Wound Care (WOCA) system, designed for building, testing and use in LMICs. Design requirements were formulated using input from literature, ISO standards, and wound care experts. The WOCA design was developed to provide safe, portable, user-friendly and affordable NPWT to patients in LMICs. The design features an adjustable operating pressure ranging from −75 to −125 mmHg, a battery for portability, a 300 ml canister, overflow protection, and system state alarms. An Arduino controls the pressure and monitors the system state. Three prototypes were developed and built in Nepal, and their performance was evaluated. Pressure control was 125 ± 10 % mmHg, internal leakage was 7.5 ± 4.3 mmHg/min, reserve capacity was 189 ± 16.9 ml/min, and overflow protection and alarm systems were effectively working. Prototype cost was approximately 280 USD. The WOCA demonstrates to be a locally producible NPWT device that can safely generate a stable vacuum. Future research will include clinical trials situated in LMICs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37503,"journal":{"name":"HardwareX","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article e00620"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11732568/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142985025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An open source ultrasonic flowmeter for monitoring the input/output flow rates of wastewater treatment plants","authors":"Hélène Guyard , Stéphanie Prost-Boucle , Julien Sudre , Sylvain Moreau , Arnold Imig , Gabrielle Favreau , Valerie Quatela , Remi Clement","doi":"10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00613","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00613","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sensors play an important role in both the continuous monitoring and intermittent analyses, which are essential for the study of wastewater treatment plant management and conducting related research. Given the significant environmental impact of the issues involved, accurate measurement of the volume of water flowing into and out of treatment plants is a key parameter for plant management, ecotoxicological studies and academic research programs. Traditionally, flow measurements have been based on calibrated weirs or venturi flumes, using water level measurements for conversion into flow, according to established relationships. In this article, the authors propose an innovative approach to explore the feasibility of developing an open-source, reparable and cost-effective data logger for flow monitoring using ultrasonic technology. By leveraging Arduino modules and a complementary Grove shield, the proposed data logger offers seamless integration and affordability. In particular, it features an on-board web server to facilitate data collection and device testing, offering accessibility through Wi-Fi connectivity with smartphones or computers. The authors demonstrate the effectiveness of their flowmeter by comparing its performance with that of a commercial reference flowmeter, yielding a maximum permissible measurement error of 0.6 mm on the water level measurement. Furthermore, they demonstrate the durability and reliability of the developed data logger through extensive field-testing over a 9-month period.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37503,"journal":{"name":"HardwareX","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article e00613"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11719284/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142972499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
HardwareXPub Date : 2024-12-10DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00612
William J. Crandall , Marco Caputo , Lewis Marquez , Zachery R. Jarrell , Cassandra L. Quave
{"title":"Customizable large-scale HPLC fraction collection using low-cost 3D printing","authors":"William J. Crandall , Marco Caputo , Lewis Marquez , Zachery R. Jarrell , Cassandra L. Quave","doi":"10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00612","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00612","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is an invaluable technique that has been used for many decades for the separation of various molecules. The reproducible collection of eluates from these systems has been significantly improved via its automation by fraction collection systems. Current commercially available fraction collectors are not easily customizable, incompatible with other platforms, and come with a large cost barrier making them inaccessible to many researchers. Here we present the efficient construction of a low-cost customizable fraction collector that can easily be paired to any HPLC system. Notably, it supports significantly larger volumes for collection than commercial alternatives. Using a hobbyist-grade three-dimensional (3D) printer (Creality Ender 3 Pro) and aluminum extrusions, the fraction collector can be built for less than $280 USD. An additional graphical user interface (GUI) enables simple programming of the collection methods, requiring no coding experience to operate the collector. The presented fraction collector can be highly customized and use collection vessels as large as 470 mL (80x), facilitating repeated collection at a preparatory scale. The use of this platform will increase the reproducibility of scalable and iterative fraction collection methods while removing the cost barrier and allowing for a high degree of customizability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37503,"journal":{"name":"HardwareX","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article e00612"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11729689/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142985020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
HardwareXPub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00609
Diego Penaloza-Aponte , Sarabeth Brandt , Erin Dent , Robyn M. Underwood , Benedict DeMoras , Selina Bruckner , Margarita M. López-Uribe , Julio V. Urbina
{"title":"Automated entrance monitoring to investigate honey bee foraging trips using open-source wireless platform and fiducial tags","authors":"Diego Penaloza-Aponte , Sarabeth Brandt , Erin Dent , Robyn M. Underwood , Benedict DeMoras , Selina Bruckner , Margarita M. López-Uribe , Julio V. Urbina","doi":"10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00609","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00609","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Honey bee foraging is a complex behavior because it involves tens of thousands of organisms making decisions about where to collect pollen and nectar based on the quality of resources and the distance to flowers. Studying this aspect of their biology is possible through direct observations but the large number of individuals involved in this behavior makes the implementation of technologies ideal to scale up this type of study. Consequently, there is a need for instruments that can facilitate accurate assessments of honey bee foraging at the colony level. To address this need, this work aimed to develop an automated imaging system for monitoring the in-and-out activity of honey bee foragers as they walk through a customized entrance with a camera sensor at the hive entrance. We used AprilTags attached to each bee’s thorax to provide unique identification numbers that allowed the system to track in-and-out events throughout the foraging season of the colony. Our design relies on low-cost Raspberry Pi computers and cameras, along with commercially off-the-shelf components, making it easily reproducible with the open-source documentation provided. We successfully deployed and evaluated our system in six locations, demonstrating consistent results. In this paper, we present the details about the development of the system, data collected from multiple colonies, and post-processing analysis from one of our apiaries. Our results highlight the system’s effectiveness in monitoring honey bee trips, capturing various behaviors associate with their activities outside the colony, which lay the groundwork for future estimations of foraging distances.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37503,"journal":{"name":"HardwareX","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article e00609"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142747230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}