Journal of Motor Learning and Development最新文献_第9页

Spatial, But Not Temporal, Kinematics of Spontaneous Upper Extremity Movements Are Related to Gross and Fine Motor Skill Attainment in Infancy 空间的，而不是时间的，自发上肢运动的运动学与婴儿的粗大和精细运动技能的获得有关

IF 1.3

Journal of Motor Learning and Development Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2020-0035

Rachel Bican, L. Lowes, L. Alfano, Mike McNally, Emily Durbak, X. Pan, J. Heathcock

{"title":"Spatial, But Not Temporal, Kinematics of Spontaneous Upper Extremity Movements Are Related to Gross and Fine Motor Skill Attainment in Infancy","authors":"Rachel Bican, L. Lowes, L. Alfano, Mike McNally, Emily Durbak, X. Pan, J. Heathcock","doi":"10.1123/jmld.2020-0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2020-0035","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Spontaneous upper extremity movements in infancy provide insight on neuromotor development. Spatiotemporal kinematics have been used to evaluate typical development of reaching, a foundational motor skill in infancy. This study evaluates the relationship between spontaneous upper extremity movements, not elicited by a toy, and motor skill attainment. Methods: N = 12 healthy infants (2–8 months) participated in this longitudinal study (one to four sessions). Motor skills were assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd Edition: gross motor subtest (GM) and fine motor subtest. Spontaneous upper extremity movements were collected using 3D motion capture technology. Infants were placed in supine for three to twelve 30-s trials, and their movements were recorded. Repeated measure correlation coefficients (Rmcorr) were used to evaluate relationships between variables. Results: There were significant, moderate, positive relationships between the straight distance from start to end of a movement and (a) fine motor score (Rmcorr = .55, p = .03), (b) GM score (Rmcorr = .63, p = .01), and (c) age (Rmcorr = .56, p = .02). There was a significant, moderate, negative relationship between straightness ratio and GM score (Rmcorr = −.52, p = .047). Discussion: Fine and GM skills are related to the straight distance from start to end of a movement and the straightness ratio of underlying spontaneous upper extremity movements.","PeriodicalId":37368,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Motor Learning and Development","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83352932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Identifying Fundamental Motor Skills Building Blocks in Preschool Children From Brazil and the United States: A Network Analysis 识别巴西和美国学龄前儿童基本运动技能构建模块:网络分析

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Journal of Motor Learning and Development Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2021-0022

Clarice M. L. Martins, E. Webster, P. Bandeira, A. Staiano

{"title":"Identifying Fundamental Motor Skills Building Blocks in Preschool Children From Brazil and the United States: A Network Analysis","authors":"Clarice M. L. Martins, E. Webster, P. Bandeira, A. Staiano","doi":"10.1123/jmld.2021-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2021-0022","url":null,"abstract":"Fundamental motor skills (FMSs) are building blocks for future movements and may vary according to cultural context. Moreover, network analysis can identify which skills contribute most to an overall set of skills. This study identified the most influential FMS in samples of U.S. and Brazil preschoolers that may contribute to a pattern of adequate motor skills. Participants were 101 Brazilian (55 boys; 47.52 ± 5.57 months of age) and 236 U.S. preschoolers (108 boys; 49.56 ± 8.27 months of age), who provided completed FMS assessments (Test of Gross Motor Development—third edition). Confirmatory factorial analysis was used to test alternative models. To quantify the importance of each variable in the network, the expected influence was calculated, using the network analysis Mplus, Rstudio, and JASP (version 0.14.1). Reduced models with nine and 11 FMS for Brazilian and U.S. preschoolers, respectively, showed adequate adjustment indexes. Jump (1.412) and one-hand strike (0.982) in the Brazilian sample, and hop (1.927) and dribble (0.858) in the U.S. sample, showed the highest expected influence values. This study presents a new perspective to report which are the most important FMS in preschoolers of different sociocultural contexts, which act as building blocks for the acquisition of more complex motor skills.","PeriodicalId":37368,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Motor Learning and Development","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88386653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Attentional Focus and Individuals’ Perceptions: A Systematic Review 注意焦点与个体知觉:系统回顾

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Journal of Motor Learning and Development Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1123/JMLD.2020-0054

M. Yamada, Lauren Q. Higgins, L. Raisbeck

{"title":"Attentional Focus and Individuals’ Perceptions: A Systematic Review","authors":"M. Yamada, Lauren Q. Higgins, L. Raisbeck","doi":"10.1123/JMLD.2020-0054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/JMLD.2020-0054","url":null,"abstract":"Although multiple review studies have supported the superior effects of an external compared with internal focus, these reviews are based on performance outcomes. Currently, the literature lacks knowledge regarding the effects of external/internal foci on individuals’ perceptions, which may provide further explanations for how attentional focus affects performance. Therefore, the present study conducted a systematic review of survey/questionnaire data of participants’ thoughts and emotions from laboratory studies. The authors used ERIC, SPORTDiscus, PsycArticle, CINAHL Plus, Health Source Nursing Academic edition, and PubMed search engines. Literature specific to external/internal focus effects on motor learning or performance were reviewed (N = 37). The results showed that participants generally adhered to the assigned attentional focus instruction and there was a trend that preference may affect the attentional focus effects, but the results were inconsistent regarding if attentional focus cues affected the magnitude of adherence and mental demands. There were substantial differences in methodologies and theoretical issues of measuring these data. Future studies should adopt inferential statistics, choose theoretically relevant questions in a priori manner, or, at minimum, propose a hypothesis for the selected question.","PeriodicalId":37368,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Motor Learning and Development","volume":"46 1","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91268979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

What Is the Level of Contextual Interference in Serial Practice? A Meta-Analytic Review 连续实践中情境干扰的程度是什么?元分析综述

IF 1.3

Journal of Motor Learning and Development Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2021-0020

G. Lage, L. O. Faria, N. A. Ambrósio, Athos M.P. Borges, Tércio Apolinário-Souza

{"title":"What Is the Level of Contextual Interference in Serial Practice? A Meta-Analytic Review","authors":"G. Lage, L. O. Faria, N. A. Ambrósio, Athos M.P. Borges, Tércio Apolinário-Souza","doi":"10.1123/jmld.2021-0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2021-0020","url":null,"abstract":"For over 40 years, the contextual interference effect in motor learning has been investigated. While the difference between levels of contextual interference experienced under blocked and random practice are well established, the difference in the levels of contextual interference experienced under serial and random practice is still ambiguous. Therefore, a meta-analytic review was conducted to clarify this inconsistency. We focused on one question: Do random practice and serial practice have the same effect on motor learning? ISI Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus database were searched. Nine studies were included. The results of our meta-analyses show that serial and random practices present the same results in terms of performance in retention and transfer tests. This result is aligned to the original ﬁnding of the contextual interference effect, as well as its explanatory hypotheses. In addition, a complementary explanation in defense of the same mechanisms operating in serial and random practices is discussed. In conclusion, our results suggest that serial practice present high contextual interference.","PeriodicalId":37368,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Motor Learning and Development","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88965069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Tennis Service Performance in Beginners: The Effect of Instructional Self-Talk Combined With Motor Imagery 初学者网球发球表现:教学自我对话与运动意象相结合的效果

IF 1.3

Journal of Motor Learning and Development Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2021-0044

Nicolas Robin, Robbin Carien, Laurent Dominique

{"title":"Tennis Service Performance in Beginners: The Effect of Instructional Self-Talk Combined With Motor Imagery","authors":"Nicolas Robin, Robbin Carien, Laurent Dominique","doi":"10.1123/jmld.2021-0044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2021-0044","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of motor imagery (MI) combined with instructional self-talk on service performance in young novice tennis players. The participants were assigned to one of three groups: control, MI, or MI + self-talk. They performed a pretest (10 serves), participated in 5 days of intervention sessions, and finally performed a posttest similar to the pretest. During the intervention sessions, the participants performed 20 serves. The control group was not given any instructions other than verbal instructions on the steps of the serve. Before each serve, the MI group was instructed to imagine performing a successful serve towards the “correct” service box. The MI + self-talk group had to repeat the instructions during MI before serving. The results of this original study revealed that only the participants in the MI and MI + self-talk groups increased their service percentage of success and technical quality scores from pre- to posttest. In addition, at posttest, the participants of the MI + self-talk group had higher serve speeds and technical quality scores than the participants of the control and MI groups. The beneficial effect of using MI and/or self-talk during short tennis interventions and the practical applications are discussed.","PeriodicalId":37368,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Motor Learning and Development","volume":"142 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77379199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

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Journal of Motor Learning and Development Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2020-0066

P. J. Hill, M. McNarry, L. Lester, L. Foweather, L. Boddy, S. Fairclough, K. Mackintosh

{"title":"Sex-Related Differences in the Association of Fundamental Movement Skills and Health and Behavioral Outcomes in Children","authors":"P. J. Hill, M. McNarry, L. Lester, L. Foweather, L. Boddy, S. Fairclough, K. Mackintosh","doi":"10.1123/jmld.2020-0066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2020-0066","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to assess whether sex moderates the association of fundamental movement skills and health and behavioral outcomes. In 170 children (10.6 ±0.3 years; 98 girls), path analysis was used to assess the associations of fundamental movement skills (Get Skilled, Get Active) with perceived sports competence (Children and Youth—Physical Self-Perception Profile), time spent in vigorous-intensity physical activity, sedentary time, and body mass index z score. For boys, object control skill competence had a direct association with perceived sports competence (β = 0.39; 95% confidence interval, CI [0.21, 0.57]) and an indirect association with sedentary time, through perceived sports competence (β = −0.19; 95% CI [−0.09, −0.32]). No significant association was observed between fundamental movement skills and perceived sports competence for girls, although locomotor skills were found to predict vigorous-intensity physical activity (β = 0.18; 95% CI [0.08, 0.27]). Perceived sports competence was associated with sedentary time, with this being stronger for boys (β = −0.48; 95% CI [−0.64, −0.31]) than girls (β = −0.29; 95% CI [−0.39, −0.19]). The study supports a holistic approach to health-related interventions and highlights a key association of perceived sports competence and the time children spend sedentary.","PeriodicalId":37368,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Motor Learning and Development","volume":"918 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77024983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Pictorial Scale of Physical Self-Concept for Brazilian Children: Validity and Reliability 巴西儿童身体自我概念图像量表:效度与信度

IF 1.3

Journal of Motor Learning and Development Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1123/JMLD.2020-0029

G. Nobre, M. G. Duarte, Rodrigo Flores Sartori, M. Tietjens, N. Valentini

{"title":"Pictorial Scale of Physical Self-Concept for Brazilian Children: Validity and Reliability","authors":"G. Nobre, M. G. Duarte, Rodrigo Flores Sartori, M. Tietjens, N. Valentini","doi":"10.1123/JMLD.2020-0029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/JMLD.2020-0029","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to translate the Pictorial Scale of Physical Self-Concept for Brazilian Children (PSPPS-BR) into the Brazilian-Portuguese language, conduct a transcultural adaptation of it, and investigate its validity. Method: The authors adopted the reverse translation procedures to obtain the PSPPS-BR’s Brazilian-Portuguese version. Three motor behavior experts assessed the scale items’ clarity and pertinence. Ten professionals participated in the face validity study. Children (N = 300; 150 girls and 150 boys; 8–10 years old; Mage = 9.0, SD = 0.81) were randomly selected from six schools in Brazil and assessed using the PSPPS-BR, the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Movement Skill Competence, and the Self-Perception Profile for Children. The children (N = 100) were reassessed for test–retest reliability. Results: High clarity and pertinence agreement among experts (content validity coefficient from 98.4% to 100%; Gwet’s agreement coefficient from .85 to 1.00, p < .001) and among professionals (content validity coefficient clarity: 83–100%, relevance: 90–100%) were obtained. The confirmatory factorial analysis showed adequate model fits (root mean square error of approximation = .067; comparative fit index = .968; Tukey–Lewis index = .949). Polychoric correlations showed an adequate internal consistency for total scale (α = .78) and items (alpha from .73 to .78). The intraclass coefficient correlation shown strong test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient > .95). Conclusion: The PSPPS-BR showed adequate validity and reliability for Brazilian children.","PeriodicalId":37368,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Motor Learning and Development","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89419108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Aging Effect on Manipulative Skills in Individuals With Down Syndrome 年龄对唐氏综合症患者操作技能的影响

IF 1.3

Journal of Motor Learning and Development Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1123/JMLD.2020-0037

C. Chen, S. Ringenbach, N. Arnold, K. Nam

{"title":"Aging Effect on Manipulative Skills in Individuals With Down Syndrome","authors":"C. Chen, S. Ringenbach, N. Arnold, K. Nam","doi":"10.1123/JMLD.2020-0037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/JMLD.2020-0037","url":null,"abstract":"Deficits in motor performance have been well documented in individuals with Down syndrome (DS). However, only a few studies have focused on manipulative skills and older adults in this population. Given the associations between manipulative skills and daily living activities, more work is needed to examine the aging effect on individuals with DS. A total of 54 adults with DS participated in this study. The results indicated that older participants showed more lateralization than younger participants. They exhibited superior dominant hand preference compared to younger participants. In addition, participants with DS with high verbal ability had better performance in manual dexterity and handgrip force. Therefore, in the clinical setting, assessing mental age may help in identifying individuals with DS at a higher risk of motor impairment. Future work should examine additional determinants with a large sample size to understand the development of manipulative skills in individuals with DS. Furthermore, additional studies are needed to investigate the associations between mental age and other cognitive functions and motor performance in this population.","PeriodicalId":37368,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Motor Learning and Development","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78890940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Easy Task and Choice: Motivational Interventions Facilitate Motor Skill Learning in Children 简单任务和选择:动机干预促进儿童运动技能学习

IF 1.3

Journal of Motor Learning and Development Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2021-0023

Seyyed Mohammadreza Mousavi, Takehiro Iwatsuki

{"title":"Easy Task and Choice: Motivational Interventions Facilitate Motor Skill Learning in Children","authors":"Seyyed Mohammadreza Mousavi, Takehiro Iwatsuki","doi":"10.1123/jmld.2021-0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2021-0023","url":null,"abstract":"Expectancies for success and autonomy support have been shown to facilitate motor learning and enhance motor performance. The purpose of the study was to examine whether we replicated (a) enhanced expectancies and autonomy support intervention enhanced motor skill learning in children, and (b) identified the underlying psychological mechanism. Sixty children kicked soccer balls with their dominant leg to a squared area target. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the four groups: enhanced expectancies and autonomy support (EE/AS), enhanced expectancies (EE), autonomy support (AS), or control (CON) groups. Participants learning the skill were or were not provided enhanced expectation instructions by making the task success easier and provided an opportunity to choose one of the three colored balls during their practice. Two days later, they performed retention and transfer tests. Results indicated that the EE/AS group had the highest scores, with main effects of autonomy support being significant and enhanced expectancies being marginally significant for the retention test and significant for the transfer test. The EE/AS group had the highest self-efficacy and perceived choice scores. Therefore, having high expectancies for success and being autonomous were important ingredients for facilitating motor skill learning in children.","PeriodicalId":37368,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Motor Learning and Development","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79416376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

The Test of Gross Motor Development—Third Edition: A Bifactor Model, Dimensionality, and Measurement Invariance 大肌肉动作发展测试-第三版:双因素模型、维度和测量不变性

IF 1.3

Journal of Motor Learning and Development Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2020-0069

S. Salami, P. Bandeira, C. Gomes, P. S. Dehkordi

{"title":"The Test of Gross Motor Development—Third Edition: A Bifactor Model, Dimensionality, and Measurement Invariance","authors":"S. Salami, P. Bandeira, C. Gomes, P. S. Dehkordi","doi":"10.1123/jmld.2020-0069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2020-0069","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: To examine the latent structure of the Test of Gross Motor Development—Third Edition (TGMD-3) with a bifactor modeling approach. In addition, the study examines the dimensionality and model-based reliability of general and specific contributions of the test’s subscales and measurement invariance of the TGMD-3. Methods: A convenience sample of (N = 496; Mage = 7.23 ± 2.03 years; 53.8% female) typically developed children participated in this study. Three alternative measurement models were tested: (a) a unidimensional model, (b) a correlated two-factor model, and (c) a bifactor model. Results: The totality of results, including item loadings, goodness-of-fit indexes, and reliability estimates, all supported the bifactor model and strong evidence of a general factor, namely gross motor competence. Additionally, the reliability of subscale scores was poor, and it is thus contended that scoring, reporting, and interpreting of the subscales scores are probably not justifiable. Conclusions: This study shows the advantages of using bifactor approach to examine the TGMD-3 factor structure and suggests that the two traditionally hypothesized factors are better understood as “grouping” factors rather than as representative of latent constructs. In addition, our findings demonstrate that the bifactor model appears invariant for sex.","PeriodicalId":37368,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Motor Learning and Development","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82166782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4