Turkish Journal of Orthodontics最新文献

{"title":"Orthodontic Treatment and External Apical Root Resorption: A Study on the Worldwide Prevalence - A Scoping Review.","authors":"Raquel Senén-Carramolino, Paula Iber-Diaz, Yun Chen, Alejandro Iglesias-Linares","doi":"10.4274/TurkJOrthod.2026.2025.107","DOIUrl":"10.4274/TurkJOrthod.2026.2025.107","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>External apical root resorption (EARR) is an important concern in orthodontic practice. Despite extensive research, the reported prevalence, occurrence, and grade distribution of EARR remain heterogeneous, ranging from 0% to 100%. This review aimed (i) to analyse the available scientific evidence worldwide to ascertain conclusions regarding EARR prevalence and (ii) to identify and evaluate the most appropriate radiographic technique and complete/comprehensive assessment method for EARR. This review followed the JBI and PRISMA guidelines and included studies of any orthodontic treatment. The studies were analysed based on diagnostic imaging methods, quantification, categorisation, and other variables. Of the 1209 records identified, 81 studies were included. The evidence originated from six continents, predominantly Europe (33 studies), Asia (23 studies), and the Americas (13 studies from North America and 16 from South America). Across the studies, marked variability was observed in both the reported prevalence and the severity of EARR. Studies utilising two-dimensional techniques mainly reported no or only mild resorption in most incisors. Similarly, studies employing three-dimensional techniques found that mild or no resorption was predominant. However, severe EARR was rare in all studies, consistently affecting fewer than 5% of cases. Notably, discrepancies in severity and mean EARR values among studies were largely attributable to variations in techniques and classification systems. This inconsistency emphasises the urgent need for standardised diagnostics and a unified classification. Resolving these issues will provide clearer insights into EARR.</p>","PeriodicalId":37013,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Orthodontics","volume":"39 1","pages":"43-51"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13041085/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147595340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Vertical Facial Patterns on Dental Arch Parameters in Class III Malocclusions: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Gamze Yıldırım, Elif Aybüke Öztürk, Yasemin Bahar Acar","doi":"10.4274/TurkJOrthod.2026.2025.100","DOIUrl":"10.4274/TurkJOrthod.2026.2025.100","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate how vertical-patterns influence dental arch dimensions in class I (CI) and class III (CIII) malocclusions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Pretreatment patient files, lateral cephalometric parameters, and initial intraoral digital models of adult patients were retrieved from the archive in an academic setting. Skeletal and dental CI and CIII individuals were divided into three subgroups (n=20 for each group) according to frankfort-mandibular plane angle (FMA) values (angle between Frankfurt horizontal and mandibular planes): FMA <22° for low-angle (L), FMA=22-28° for normal-angle (N), and FMA >28° for high-angle (H) vertical patterns. Dental arch parameters were measured on digital models using 3D Slicer software (version 5.6.1; www.slicer.org). One-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Spearman correlation analysis were performed. The significance level was set at p<0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A significant difference in maxillary intermolar width was found between CI-H and CIII-L groups (p=0.004). A significant difference in the maxillary intermolar angle was found between the CIII-N and CI-N groups and between the CIII-N and CI-L groups (p=0.003). A significant difference in intermolar mandibular width was observed between the CI-H and CI-L groups (p=0.002). Occlusal angle differed significantly between the CI-N and CIII-H groups and between the CI-N and CIII-L groups (p=0.002). No differences were observed in intercanine width, arch length, or arch depth.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CIII-L group has a significantly greater intermolar width for both maxillary and mandibular arches. The clinical implications of this result can be particularly important when selecting prefabricated archwires. Therefore, it is recommended that this difference be taken into consideration in diagnosis and treatment planning to achieve effective and stable outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":37013,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Orthodontics","volume":"39 1","pages":"26-34"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13041078/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147595367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing Best Locations for Mini-Implants in the Mandibular Symphysis Based on Different Mandibular Growth Patterns: A CBCT Study.","authors":"Gaurav Agrawal, Sumit Gandhi, Shaheen Hamdani, Harsha Malhotra, Shrushti Jadhao, Preeti Paryani","doi":"10.4274/TurkJOrthod.2026.2025.50","DOIUrl":"10.4274/TurkJOrthod.2026.2025.50","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim was to evaluate optimum site for insertion of orthodontic mini-implants at mandibular symphysis in patient with different mandibular growth patterns using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). The objectives were to evaluate and measure complete bone width (CBW) and cortical bone width (CtBW) in the symphysis area at various heights [2 mm, 4 mm, 6 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm, and 12 mm from cementoenamel junction (CEJ)] and at various angles (0º, 10º, 20º, 30º, 40º, 50º, and 60º to the occlusal plane), and to assess the effect of mandibular growth patterns (low, average, and high angle) on these measurements.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study sample included 45 patients aged 16-30 years. Patients were categorized into three groups (n=15) corresponding to the mandibular growth pattern for the assessment of CBW and CtBW. Individual data for each patient were entered into a master table in Microsoft Excel and subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS version 22.0. Analysis of variance was applied to investigate the influence of insertion location, facial type, insertion height and insertion angle on overall bone thickness and CtBW. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Intra-observer reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CBW was notably greater in patients with a low-angle mandibular growth pattern than in patients with other mandibular growth patterns at insertion heights of 8, 10, and 12 mm. CtBW was greater in cases with a low-angle mandibular growth pattern than in cases with other mandibular growth patterns. Similar results were observed for CtBW.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The mandibular symphysis in patients with a low-angle growth pattern provides more favorable anatomical conditions for mini-implant placement. The ideal insertion site lies between 6 and 10 mm below the CEJ of the central incisors, with angulation ranging from 0° to 60° relative to the occlusal plane. CBCT assessment should be considered essential in treatment planning to customize implant positioning based on individual growth patterns, thereby enhancing implant stability and success.</p>","PeriodicalId":37013,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Orthodontics","volume":"39 1","pages":"10-16"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13041104/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147595221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does Lip Change Following Premolar Extraction Differ in Patients with High and Normal Vertical Growth Patterns?","authors":"Buket Erdem, Ece Başal, Büşra Emir","doi":"10.4274/TurkJOrthod.2026.2026.4","DOIUrl":"10.4274/TurkJOrthod.2026.2026.4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the relationship between incisor retraction and upper and lower lip repositioning in patients with high and normal vertical growth patterns (NVP), and to assess whether vertical growth pattern influences soft tissue changes following extraction treatments.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Pre- and post-treatment lateral cephalograms of 79 patients who underwent extraction of two or four first premolars were analyzed. Patients were divided into a [high vertical pattern (HVP); Frankfort-mandibular plane angle (FMA) >30°, n=49] and a NVP; 22< FMA ≤30°, n=30) group. Horizontal and vertical changes in the lips, labiomental fold, and lip strain were measured, and correlations between these changes and incisor movements were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Upper lip retraction was greater in the HVP group (2.86 mm, p<0.05) than in the NVP group (1.97 mm, not significant). Upper lip height decreased significantly in both groups, with a slightly greater decrease in the NVP group (p<0.001). Upper lip strain decreased in both groups, especially in the HVP group (p<0.001). Incisor retraction was strongly correlated with upper-lip changes in both groups, and with lower-lip and labiomental-fold repositioning in the NVP group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Soft tissue response to incisor retraction varies with vertical growth pattern, with greater upper lip retraction in HVP patients. Vertical growth patterns should be considered for optimal soft tissue outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":37013,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Orthodontics","volume":"39 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13041080/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147595198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the Effects of Tooth-Borne, Tooth-Bone-Borne and Bone-Borne Rapid Maxillary Expansion Appliances on the Nasomaxillary Complex Using CBCT.","authors":"Gizem Yazdan Özen, İsmail Ceylan","doi":"10.4274/TurkJOrthod.2026.2025.25","DOIUrl":"10.4274/TurkJOrthod.2026.2025.25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the effects of tooth-borne, tooth-bone-borne, and bone-borne rapid maxillary expansion (RME) on the nasomaxillary complex in individuals with maxillary transverse constriction using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), and to compare the outcomes of these expansion modalities.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>CBCT images from 45 patients (aged 10-17 years) with maxillary transverse constriction who were treated with RME were evaluated. Patients were divided into three groups according to the appliance used: tooth-borne (Hyrax), tooth-bone-borne (hybrid), and bone-borne. CBCT records were obtained at three time points: before treatment, after active expansion, and after a 3-month retention period. Dentoalveolar and skeletal measurements were performed on the CBCT images. Intergroup comparisons were conducted using one-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests, while intragroup comparisons were performed using repeated-measures ANOVA and Friedman tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CBCT evaluation revealed no statistically significant intergroup differences in dental and skeletal measurements. However, all RME groups showed significant increases between time points, most of which were maintained after the retention period. In the mandible, increases in intercanine, interpremolar, and intermolar widths, observed during the active expansion phase, partially relapsed or lost their statistical significance following retention.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>All RME modalities produced significant skeletal and dental expansion in the maxilla, with the bone-borne appliance showing greater skeletal effects than the hybrid and tooth-borne appliances.</p>","PeriodicalId":37013,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Orthodontics","volume":"39 1","pages":"17-25"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13041106/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147595322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The 100 Most Cited Studies on Impacted Canines: A Bibliometric Analysis Study.","authors":"Mehmet Gümüş Kanmaz, Genta Agani Sabah","doi":"10.4274/TurkJOrthod.2026.2025.141","DOIUrl":"10.4274/TurkJOrthod.2026.2025.141","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the scientific literature on impacted canines using bibliometric and altmetric analyses.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic search of the Web of Science Core Collection was performed using keywords related to impacted canines. Three independent reviewers identified, screened, and evaluated the 100 most-cited articles. Citation data were cross-verified with Scopus and Google Scholar. Extracted information included citation counts, study design, publication year, authors, institutions, journals, and countries. Bibliometric mapping was conducted using VOSviewer, and altmetric indicators were obtained from dimensions. Statistical analysis was performed using Spearman's rank correlation, with significance set at p<0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The 100 most-cited articles received 10,429 citations in the Web of Science, and citation counts were strongly correlated across databases (p<0.001). Most studies were observational (69%), followed by narrative reviews (12%) and interventional studies (10%). Research topics primarily addressed the etiology, radiographic assessments, and associated anomalies. The most cited article in the Web of Science database was Ericson and Kurol's 1988 study on the interceptive extraction of primary canines. Publications were concentrated in orthodontic specialty journals, with the USA, Italy, and Israel being the leading countries.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Analysis of the 100 most-cited articles revealed that influential research on impacted canines is predominantly, focusing on etiology and diagnosis. Areas such as mandibular impactions, periodontal outcomes, and long-term treatment effects remain underexplored.</p>","PeriodicalId":37013,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Orthodontics","volume":"39 1","pages":"35-42"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13041079/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147595364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D Assessment of the Relationship of the Mandibular Buccal Shelf with the Mandibular Canal: A CBCT Retrospective Study.","authors":"Jéssica Feliciano, Pedro Mariano Pereira, Luis Proença, Joana Borga, Iman Bugaighis","doi":"10.4274/TurkJOrthod.2025.2025.37","DOIUrl":"10.4274/TurkJOrthod.2025.2025.37","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the micro-implant safest insertion site on the mandibular buccal shelf (MBS) without compromising the integrity of the mandibular canal (MC).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective investigation included cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) of 96 Portuguese patients (58 females and 38 males, average age of 25.5±10.2 years). Measurements were taken in four bilateral MBS sites buccal to the mandibular second molar; tangent to the distal surface (7D), distobuccal cusp tip (7CD), buccal groove (7S) and mesiobuccal cusp tip (7CM). The transversal MBS midpoint was also determined, and the maximum angulation from the transversal MBS midpoint was extracted relative to the true vertical plane. Subsequently, the distance from the MBS midpoint to the MC was calculated at this angulation. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed at p<0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant correlations were observed among several variables and age, sex and bilateral asymmetry (p<0.05). The MBS transversal width and the distance from the MBS midpoint to the MC progressively increased in the posterior direction while the angulation decreased.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The most appropriate micro-implant insertion location compared to the other MBS investigated sites, in the absence of impacted third molars, is adjacent to the distal surface of the second molar. This finding is consistent across all age groups, sexes, and insertion sides. However, due to the demonstrated variability, taking a CBCT scan prior to mini-implant insertion might be considered to minimize the risk of injury to the inferior alveolar nerve.</p>","PeriodicalId":37013,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Orthodontics","volume":"38 4","pages":"199-205"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12758433/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145858114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Mechanical, Surface, and Chemical Properties of Different Thermoplastic Retainer Materials before and after Thermoforming: Scanning Electron Microscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Analyses.","authors":"Yasemin Tunca, Nihal Fahrzadeh, Murat Tunca, Yüksel Akınay","doi":"10.4274/TurkJOrthod.2025.2025.85","DOIUrl":"10.4274/TurkJOrthod.2025.2025.85","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study was to evaluate the surface hardness, surface roughness, and chemical structure changes of four vacuum-formed retainer (VFR) materials after thermoforming.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Four groups of VFR materials were evaluated: Taglus, Lumex-G, Atmos, and Duran. Each group consisted of 12 samples (n=12) that were thermoformed according to the manufacturer's guidelines. Surface roughness was measured using a high-precision profilometer, and hardness was assessed with a micro-Vickers hardness tester. Chemical structure analysis was conducted using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and surface morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Hardness measurements demonstrated a general decrease across all groups following thermoforming. After thermoforming, surface roughness increased significantly in the Taglus and Lumex-G groups, whereas the Atmos and Duran groups maintained greater surface stability. FTIR demonstrated that all materials retained their chemical stability, and no significant changes in functional groups were detected. SEM results revealed more pronounced surface irregularities in the Taglus and Lumex-G groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Polyethylene terephthalate glycol copolyester-based materials with high surface homogeneity, such as Atmos and Duran, may be recommended for clinical use due to their superior surface stability and chemical resilience. By contrast, the surface irregularities observed in Taglus and Lumex-G may compromise their long-term clinical performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":37013,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Orthodontics","volume":"38 4","pages":"224-232"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12758443/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145858084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Bracket Positioning; A Customized System Versus the Conventional Method.","authors":"Kübra Sucu, Mete Özer","doi":"10.4274/TurkJOrthod.2025.2025.44","DOIUrl":"10.4274/TurkJOrthod.2025.2025.44","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the positioning of brackets in customized and conventional bonding methods in accordance with Andrews' approach to bracket placement.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-six patients were enrolled; 11 were treated with the Insignia system and 15 with Kalange's method. Crown length was measured on a digital diagnostic model and the facial axis (FA) point was calculated. After leveling and alignment, a new digital model was created, and the bracket position was measured along the vertical axis. The distance between the bracket position and the FA point was calculated, and the deviation was determined according to Andrews' method. Teeth with significant deviation (TSD), i.e., >0.5 mm, were identified. Frequencies and percentages of TSD were calculated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The TSD percentage was 56.65% in the Insignia group and 69.5% in the modified Kalange group; the difference between groups was significant (p=0.003). The anterior and posterior regions differed significantly within groups: in the Insignia group, this difference was observed in the maxilla (p=0.002), whereas in the modified Kalange group it was observed in both the mandible and maxilla (P < 0.001). In both groups, the anterior TSD percentage was higher than the posterior TSD percentage in both the maxilla and the mandible. The deviation was predominantly occlusal or incisal: Insignia group, 86.9%; modified Kalange group, 97.6%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In the Insignia system and Kalange's method, brackets are positioned more incisally/occlusally relative to Andrews' FA point. In both methods, anterior brackets are positioned more incisally than posterior brackets.</p>","PeriodicalId":37013,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Orthodontics","volume":"38 4","pages":"206-215"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12758432/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145858090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Midfacial Changes After Maxillary Skeletal Expander Application: A Retrospective Study.","authors":"Fırat Vural, Yeşim Kaya, Özer Alkan","doi":"10.4274/TurkJOrthod.2025.2025.21","DOIUrl":"10.4274/TurkJOrthod.2025.2025.21","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the skeletal and dental effects of the maxillary skeletal expander (MSE) using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images analyzed in the coronal zygomatic and axial palatal sections (APS).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Pre- and post-expansion CBCT images of 18 subjects (10 females and 8 males) aged 12-16 years with maxillary transverse deficiency who were treated with MSE 2 were included in this retrospective study. In the coronal zygomatic section (CZS), upper interzygomatic distance and lower interzygomatic distances (LID), orbital distance (OD), alveolar distances (AD), and dental distances (DD), as well as nasal cavity width (NCW) and molar basal bone angle, were assessed. In the APS, the separation between the anterior nasal spine (ANS) and posterior nasal spine (PNS) was assessed. All measurements were performed using OnDemand3D software. Pre- and post-expansion treatment changes were compared using paired t-tests, with statistical significance set at p<0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the CZS, a pyramidal skeletal expansion pattern was observed, with the greatest increase in DD (R: 2.83 mm, L: 3.18 mm), followed by AD (R: 1.63 mm, L: 1.97 mm), NCW (R: 1.66 mm, L: 2.28 mm), LID (R: 1.48 mm, L: 1.92 mm), and OD (R: 0.42 mm, L: 0.56 mm). Along with greater skeletal expansion, slightly reduced dental tipping and minimal alveolar bone bending were observed. In the APS, a nearly equal separation was observed at both the ANS (R: 1.79 mm, L: 2.46 mm) and PNS (R: 1.85 mm, L: 2.49 mm), indicating a parallel split of the midpalatal suture. Furthermore, among the 36 pterygopalatine sutures examined, only three showed separation between the medial and lateral pterygoid processes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MSE 2 application provides more favorable skeletal outcomes reduces dentoalveolar side effects, and results in a more parallel midpalatal suture split.</p>","PeriodicalId":37013,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Orthodontics","volume":"38 4","pages":"190-198"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12766058/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145858175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}