Political Economy: Structure & Scope of Government eJournal最新文献

{"title":"Sovereign Immunity and Enforcement of Arbitral Awards; Breaking the Barrier","authors":"Temitayo Bello","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3405384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3405384","url":null,"abstract":"In international commercial arbitration, parties that contract with states and state agencies seek to arbitrate disputes, but an increasing problem is the attempt by these state parties to raise the defence of sovereign immunity to challenge the jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal or to avoid the enforcement of an arbitral award. It is discouraging in handling disputes with these sovereign entities which serve as major concern particularly with the growing prospect of sovereign defaults leading to cross-border disputes. \u0000 \u0000The article reviewed the judicial decision in Trendtex v. Bank of Nigeria which is critical to the sovereign immunity that spreads across the globe. Award being final and binding as agreed in the parties’ agreement should always be honoured. The article discovered that many states always resulted to the sovereign immunity doctrine in order to prevent the enforcement of arbitral awards. This article found that if this continues it may wreck and discourage the cooperation between the investors and the state agencies because investors prefer enforceable arbitration to litigation. \u0000 \u0000The article concluded that by the practice of arbitration, it is honourable for states to allow enforcement of arbitral awards against their states or state agencies for the upliftment of global arbitration. The article recommended that states that have not ratified the New York Convention should do so and also the NYC should be amended to provide that any state party to the NYC has automatically waived the right to claim sovereign immunity when the issue of enforcement of award comes up.","PeriodicalId":369466,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: Structure & Scope of Government eJournal","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122222180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What's in the Box? The Legal Requirement of Explainability in Computationally Aided Decision-Making in Public Administration","authors":"Henrik Palmer Olsen, Jacob Livingston Slosser, Thomas T. Hildebrandt, Cornelius Wiesener","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3402974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3402974","url":null,"abstract":"Every day, millions of administrative transactions take place. Insurance policies, credit appraisals, permit and welfare applications, to name a few, are created, invoked, and assessed. Though often treated as banalities of modern life, these transactions often carry significant importance. To the extent that such decisions are embodied in a governmental, administrative process, they must meet the requirements set out in administrative law, one of which being the requirement of explainability. Increasingly, many of these tasks are being fully or semi-automated through algorithmic decision making (ADM) systems. Fearing the opaqueness of the dreaded black box of these ADM systems, countless ethical guidelines have been produced for combatting the lack of computational transparency. Rather than adding yet another ethical framework to an already overcrowded ethics-based literature, we focus on a concrete legal approach, and ask: what does explainability actually require? Using a comparative approach, we investigate the extent to which such decisions may be made using computational tools and under what rubric their compatibility with the legal requirement of explainability can be examined. We assess what explainability actually demands with regard to both human and computer-aided decision-making and which recent legislative trends, if any, can be observed. We also critique the field’s unwillingness to apply the standard of explainability already enshrined in administrative law: the human standard. Finally, we introduce what we call the “administrative Turing test” which could be used to continually validate and strengthen AI-supported decision-making. With this approach, we provide a benchmark of explainability on which future applications of algorithmic decision-making can be measured in a broader European context, without creating an undue burden on its implementation.","PeriodicalId":369466,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: Structure & Scope of Government eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129301553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Исследование личностно-профессиональных особенностей руководителей государственной гражданской службы с использованием аппаратурных методов (The Study of Personality and Professional Characteristics of Managers of the Civil Service Using Hardware Methods)","authors":"Y. Sinyagin, Olesya Manolova, Tatiana Gorobets, V. Kovalev, Anatoliy Rozhok, K. Belov","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3400102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3400102","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Russian Abstract:</b> Социально-экономическое пространство сегодня предъявляет высокие требования по отношению к руководителям. Характерными чертами развития социально-экономических систем сегодня являются: усложнение решаемых проблем и объектов; увеличение числа связей между объектами; темп изменения управленческих ситуаций; дефицит ресурсов; повышение уровня автоматизации элементов производственных и управленческих процессов; стандартизация и бюрократизация элементов управления; высокая конкуренция, обусловленная включением в процесс управления технологий, как конкурентного преимущества; необходимость интеграции научных знаний и проверенной методологии для решения междисциплинарных проблем в единстве технических, экономических, социальных, психологических и других аспектов; усиление роли человеческого фактора в управлении. Применяемый на сегодняшний день инструментарий комплексного ресурсного анализа и личностно-профессиональной диагностики государственных гражданских служащих показывает высокую надежность и достоверность получаемой информации личностно-профессионального плана. При этом представляет интерес возможность обогащения данной технологии современным комплексом, зарекомендовавших себя в практике исследования индивидно-личностных качеств руководителя, аппаратурных методов.<br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> The socio-economic sphere today places high demands on managers. Characteristic features of development of social and economic systems today are: complication of the solved problems and objects; increase in number of communications between objects; rate of change of administrative situations; shortage of resources; increase of level of automation of elements of production and administrative processes; standardization and bureaucratization of elements of management; the high competition caused by inclusion in process of management of technologies as competitive advantage; the need to integrate scientific knowledge and proven methodology to solveThe tools of complex resource analysis and personal and professional diagnostics of civil servants used today show high reliability and reliability of the received information of the personal and professional plan. At the same time, the possibility of enriching this technology with a modern complex, proven in the practice of research of individual and personal qualities of the head, hardware methods, is of interest.","PeriodicalId":369466,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: Structure & Scope of Government eJournal","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124446983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Theory to Practice: Open Government Data, Accountability, and Service Delivery","authors":"M. Jelenic","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-8873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8873","url":null,"abstract":"Open data and open government data have recently attracted much attention as a means to innovate, add value, and improve outcomes in a variety of sectors, public and private. Although some of the benefits of open data initiatives have been assessed in the past, particularly their economic and financial returns, it is often more difficult to evaluate their social and political impacts. In the public sector, a murky theory of change has emerged that links the use of open government data with greater government accountability as well as improved service delivery in key sectors, including health and education, among others. In the absence of cross-country empirical research on this topic, this paper asks the following: Based on the evidence available, to what extent and for what reasons is the use of open government data associated with higher levels of accountability and improved service delivery in developing countries? To answer this question, the paper constructs a unique data set that operationalizes open government data, government accountability, service delivery, as well as other intervening and control variables. Relying on data from 25 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, the paper finds a number of significant associations between open government data, accountability, and service delivery. However, the findings suggest differentiated effects of open government data across the health and education sectors, as well as with respect to service provision and service delivery outcomes. Although this early research has limitations and does not attempt to establish a purely causal relationship between the variables, it provides initial empirical support for claims about the efficacy of open government data for improving accountability and service delivery.","PeriodicalId":369466,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: Structure & Scope of Government eJournal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133691510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What Constitutes a Constitutional Amendment Culture?","authors":"Danko Tarabar, A. Young","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3401894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3401894","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Why are some constitutions amended frequently and others hardly at all? An obvious candidate determinant is constitutional rigidity, i.e., the size and number of procedural barriers to amendment. Given some demand for amendment, greater rigidity implies a smaller supply. However, measures of rigidity often do not correlate significantly (or even with the predicted sign) with amendment rates. Ginsburg and Melton (2015) argue that amendment culture – “shared attitudes about the desirability of amendment” – is a more important determinant of amendment rates. We study up to 128 constitutional episodes from 54 countries and estimate relationships between amendment rates and Hofstede cultural indices. Cultures that are more individualistic and less prone to uncertainty avoidance are associated with higher amendment rates. When cultural dimensions are controlled for, the lagged amendment rate (Ginsburg and Melton’s proxy for culture) is not a robust correlate.","PeriodicalId":369466,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: Structure & Scope of Government eJournal","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130810908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Taxing Capital Income and the Z-Tax Solution","authors":"D. Ingles","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3396228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3396228","url":null,"abstract":"This paper looks at issues with conventional approaches to capital income taxation, such as the income tax, the capital gains tax and the cash-flow consumption tax, and finds that there are difficulties with all of these. It proposes an alternative solution based on treating ordinary capital income in the same manner as capital gain, with tax deferral until drawdown. To achieve this it relies on a novel combination of two taxes, the pre-paid and the post-paid consumption tax, whereby tax levied under the latter takes account of tax previously paid under the former. In other words this ‘Z-tax’ is a modified form of cash flow consumption tax where much of the tax is payable up front. It potentially allows all capital income to be treated similarly, and allows excess returns - economic rents - to be taxed.","PeriodicalId":369466,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: Structure & Scope of Government eJournal","volume":"94 18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114380557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applying Design Science in Public Policy and Administration Research","authors":"A. Romme, A. Meijer","doi":"10.1332/030557319X15613699981234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/030557319X15613699981234","url":null,"abstract":"There is increasing debate about the role that public policy research can play in identifying solutions to complex policy challenges. Most studies focus on describing and explaining how governance systems operate. However, some scholars argue that because current institutions are often\u0000 not up to the task, researchers need to rethink this ‘bystander’ approach and engage in experimentation and interventions that can help to change and improve governance systems. This paper contributes to this discourse by developing a design science framework that integrates retrospective\u0000 research (scientific validation) and prospective research (creative design). It illustrates the merits and challenges of doing this through two case studies in the Netherlands and concludes that a design science framework provides a way of integrating traditional validation-oriented research\u0000 with intervention-oriented design approaches. We argue that working at the interface between them will create new opportunities for these complementary modes of public policy research to achieve impact.","PeriodicalId":369466,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: Structure & Scope of Government eJournal","volume":"151 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133746286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Разработка подходов к внедрению бюджетирования по видам деятельности при исполнении государственных функций и оказании государственных услуг (Development of Approaches to the Introduction of Budgeting for Activities in the Performance of Public Functions and the Provision of Public Services)","authors":"M. Dmitriev, Valeriy Krapil, N. Kalmykov","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3392327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3392327","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Russian Abstract:</b> Работа посвящена вопросам адаптации методов учета и бюджетирования по видам деятельности (АВС/АВВ) к практике российского государственного управления в целях повышения эффективности деятельности и использования ресурсов. В работе рассматриваются: степень применимости методов АВС/АВВ к российской практике государственного управления; состояние системы учета затрат в государственном секторе и ее совместимость с требованиями АВС; анализ органов исполнительной власти для возможной реализации пилотных проектов по внедрению АВС.<br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> The work is devoted to the adaptation of accounting and budgeting methods by type of activity (ABC / ABB) to the practice of Russian state management in order to increase efficiency and use of resources. The paper examines: the degree of applicability of the ABC / ABB methods to the Russian practice of public administration; the state of the cost accounting system in the public sector and its compatibility with the requirements of the ABC; analysis of the executive authorities for the possible implementation of pilot projects for the implementation of ABC.","PeriodicalId":369466,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: Structure & Scope of Government eJournal","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121629405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Influence of Organizational Justice on Job Commitment in the Jordanian Ministries","authors":"Yazan Taher Shawabkeh, Musa Al-Lozi, R. Masa’deh","doi":"10.25255/JSS.2019.8.2.230.269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25255/JSS.2019.8.2.230.269","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of organizational justice on job commitment in Jordanian ministries. Data were collected through a questionnaire distributed to 450 employees in three Jordanian ministries, namely, the Ministry of Education; Ministry of Health; and Ministry of Awqaf Islamic Affairs and Holy Places. Data were analyzed via descriptive, simple linear regression analysis, and stepwise multiple linear regression analysis. The hypotheses of the research were tested and the probabilities of their acceptance were rejection. Findings revealed a statistically significant impact between organizational justice and job commitimnt. Results also indicated that informational justice has the highest influential effect on employee job commitmint, while procedural justice had the lowest impact on it. Furthermore, this study reports differences between the dimensions of the (OJ) in their impacts on the dimensions of job commitment. Moreover, the study found that the three dimensions of organizational justice (information justice, personal justice, and distributive justice) combined had a higher predictive capacity of job commitment than that of any independent dimension or two dimensions of organizational justice. In view of the results, the researcher gives some recommendations to the decision makers in Jordanian ministries that may guide them to promote the concept and practice of organizational justice in their ministries such as the need for increasing the levels of organizational justice, especially the distributive justice, and focusing on compatibility of income of the employee with their academic level and practical experience, in addition to necessity of improving the system of rewards in the Jordanian ministries because the rewards have a significant impact on the employees' perception of justice and on her/his interest in supporting her/his colleagues when doing additional work in the ministry. In other respects, this study has practical implications for future research such as attracting attention to the need to study job satisfaction and job engagement as mediatingvariables of association of employee’s job commitment with organizational justice. This is in addition to conducting studies similar to the present one in different environments inside and outside Jordan.","PeriodicalId":369466,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: Structure & Scope of Government eJournal","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133281687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrity Advisors and the Development of Administrative Communication Culture","authors":"Balázs Hohmann","doi":"10.26417/EJMS-2019.V4I1-527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26417/EJMS-2019.V4I1-527","url":null,"abstract":"The integrity advisers are the central actors of integrity management systems of the administrative organizational structure, whose main task is to promote the implementation of the integrity approach within state administration institutions. As a complementary part of this task, we can separate the tasks of corruption prevention and the improvement of organizational integrity, of which the latter being discussed in more detail in this research and presentation. Integrity advisers play a key role in the development of organizational culture among public administration bodies, such as bodies exercising administrative authority. Looking at the topic more closely, with regard to the activities of integrity advisers, it can be clearly established that one of the engines of their operation is the proper and deep communication, which is not only necessary within the public administration and inter-agency transactions, but it also means communication activities that can be interpreted in the relationship between the public and clients. Equally important is their training and other activities aimed at developing staff awareness, relationships, situation assessment and action practices, which, in addition to and in part within public service training, provide an opportunity to shape organizational culture. The presentation and the paper aims to show the role of integrity advisors in developing organizational culture and transparency in the administration based on recent research experience about online presence of integrity advisors and in-depth interview surveys.","PeriodicalId":369466,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: Structure & Scope of Government eJournal","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131948236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}