{"title":"Low voltage surface transverse wave oscillators for the next generation CMOS technology","authors":"I. Avramov","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2004.1418491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2004.1418491","url":null,"abstract":"The design and performance of surface transverse wave (STW) based VCOs (VCSO) in the lower GHz frequency range, operating on supply and tuning voltages in the 1.2 to 3.3 V range, are presented. The VCSO outputs are switched between 0 V and the positive supply voltage U/sub S/ to provide safe CMOS-circuit switching while keeping the RF/DC efficiency to a maximum for low DC power consumption. This is achieved by operating the active oscillator circuit in one of the switched nonlinear classes that are known for their high power and efficiency, and low phase noise. The investigated 1.0 and 2.5 GHz VCSOs are varactor tuned feedback-loop oscillators stabilized with two-port STW resonators. Each VCSO has a DC coupled high-impedance switched output to drive the CMOS circuit directly, and an additional sinusoidal 50 /spl Omega/ high-power output available for other low-noise system applications. Phase noise levels in the -103 to -115 dBc/Hz at 1 kHz carrier offset are achieved with a 1 GHz VCSO at an RF/DC efficiency in the 21 to 29% range. The 2.5 GHz prototypes demonstrate phase noise levels in the -97 to -102 dBc/Hz at 1 kHz carrier offset and efficiencies range between 8 and 15%.","PeriodicalId":369162,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2004.","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129054118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Strekalov, A. Savchenkov, A. Matsko, N. Yu, L. Maleki
{"title":"All-optical atomic clock on a chip: progress report","authors":"D. Strekalov, A. Savchenkov, A. Matsko, N. Yu, L. Maleki","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2004.1418436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2004.1418436","url":null,"abstract":"We report on progress in the development of atomic clocks based on an opto-electronic oscillator stabilized with an atomic cell. For a demonstration setup, the short term (1 second) stability of 5/spl middot/10/sup -10/ and the long term (100 seconds) stability of 6/spl middot/10/sup -11/ are reported. Also discussed is the physics of a low power electro-optical modulator utilizing whispering gallery modes in a segnetoelectric disk. This modulator is an important element of the designed clock. It is shown that our approach allows for multi-function application of the designed clocks, that can also operate in the magnetometer regime.","PeriodicalId":369162,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2004.","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129035609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Whispering gallery traveling wave interferometer for low phase noise applications","authors":"D. Tsarapkin, N. Shtin","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2004.1418562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2004.1418562","url":null,"abstract":"Traveling wave filters utilizing sapphire resonators excited at whispering gallery modes (WGR) have a good perspective for application as a microwave interferometer in the field of ultralow phase noise microwave sources. Our paper examines in detail a classical approach of a traveling wave (TW) disk dielectric WGR coupled with a dielectric waveguide. The TW WGR design is obtained by means of direct electrodynamic 3D FEA. The permittivity properties of WGR were assumed to be the same as for sapphire while its tg/spl delta/ was artificially increased ten times to simplify the FEA procedure. During analysis, an S-parameter matrix of the structure was investigated. It was found that in a TW regime the transmission coefficient of the TW WGR has a bridge-type frequency response similar to that which is realized with the resonator reflected wave extraction using a ferrite circulator. The input reflection coefficient of the structure is found to have a relatively low magnitude. On the other hand, the analysis revealed strong dependence of the TW regime realization on dimensions of the primary dielectric waveguide and coupling parameters.","PeriodicalId":369162,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2004.","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126456367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Guillemot, J. Dutrey, J. Vega, M. Chaubet, D. Chebance, C. Sirmain, G. Santarelli, D. Chambon, P. Laurent, M. Rousselet, C. Locke, E. Ivanov, M. Tobar, T. Potier
{"title":"The PHARAO time and frequency performance verification system","authors":"P. Guillemot, J. Dutrey, J. Vega, M. Chaubet, D. Chebance, C. Sirmain, G. Santarelli, D. Chambon, P. Laurent, M. Rousselet, C. Locke, E. Ivanov, M. Tobar, T. Potier","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2004.1418567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2004.1418567","url":null,"abstract":"The PHARAO cold atoms clock, which is scheduled to fly in 2007 with the ESA ACES mission, will be assembled and tested at the CNES facilities in Toulouse. Assembly of the engineering model has already started with electrical integration of the on-board computer and the microwave source. Verification of the metrological performances of both the engineering and flying models is one of the main challenges of integration activities. A test at the 10/sup -15/ level is needed to extrapolate the behaviour of the clock performances in space in the 10/sup -16/ range. The paper describes the detailed architecture and metrological features of this time and frequency test system with a preliminary evaluation of the metrological performances of the PHARAO microwave source.","PeriodicalId":369162,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2004.","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131367228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Historical highlights in ultrasonics - 2","authors":"K. Graff","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2004.1418421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2004.1418421","url":null,"abstract":"A chronology of the history of ultrasonics is one of fascinating discoveries, inventions and uses of this high frequency branch of acoustics. Behind this record of discovery lie equally fascinating tales of persons and personalities that have laid the groundwork for our still expanding field of science and technology. The highlights presented note some of the people and stories behind the scientific headlines of discovery. Ranging from the historically curious to the borders of scandal, the personalities of ultrasonics are as interesting as their inventions. The topics dealt with include sonar and biomedical ultrasonics.","PeriodicalId":369162,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2004.","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131502276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Bourgeois, Y. Kersalé, N. Bazin, M. Chaubet, V. Giordano
{"title":"Ultra low drift cryogenic sapphire microwave oscillator","authors":"P. Bourgeois, Y. Kersalé, N. Bazin, M. Chaubet, V. Giordano","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2004.1418485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2004.1418485","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the achievement of an exceptional long term frequency stability with a cryogenic-sapphire resonator oscillator (CSRO). The cryogenic resonator is based on an open cavity structure initially designed to suppress spurious modes and improve the resonance line shape and hence coupling.","PeriodicalId":369162,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2004.","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127855446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"SH-SAW transducer analysis on single crystal KNbO/sub 3/ for liquid sensors","authors":"T. Pollard, T. Kenny, P. Cunha","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2004.1418487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2004.1418487","url":null,"abstract":"A BEM numerical analysis of IDT structures on Euler angles (0/spl deg/, 90/spl deg/, 0/spl deg/) KNbO/sub 3/ has been performed. The analysis considered IDT excitation of both the SH-SAW and SH-BAW modes. The results were targeted at addressing specific issues relevant to liquid sensor applications, such as power partitioning between the SH-SAW and SH-BAW, and SH-BAW power radiation direction into the substrate. The designs with metalized regions outside the IDT seem most promising for liquid sensing applications. Second and third higher order frequency responses for a 5 finger IDT structure showed that 94% and 80%, respectively, of the total input power is converted to the SH-SAW. This result indicates the potential for high frequency applications or sensing platforms that exhibit higher sensitivity at higher operating frequencies. A more rigorous analysis using a combined FEM/BEM tool was also performed, proving there is no need to consider mass loading effects in the analysis of practical IDT structures on the KNbO/sub 3/ propagation direction.","PeriodicalId":369162,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2004.","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134510328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Lange, G. Blaess, A. Volgt, M. Rapp, E. Hansjosten, U. Schygulla
{"title":"Packaging of surface acoustic wave (SAW) based biosensors: an important issue for future biomedical applications","authors":"K. Lange, G. Blaess, A. Volgt, M. Rapp, E. Hansjosten, U. Schygulla","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2004.1418473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2004.1418473","url":null,"abstract":"SAW devices, based on horizontally polarized surface shear waves (HPSSW) enable label-free, sensitive and cost-effective detection of biomolecules in real time. Early results have shown the importance of small sampling volumes with low inner surface areas as well as minimal mechanical stress arising from scaling elements of miniaturized sampling chambers. In this paper, we present a new way to integrate SAW devices with the sampling chamber: the sensor device is completely packed within a polymeric housing produced by stereo lithographic methods. The resulting polymer chip serves as a tight, durable but still disposable package for HPSSW biosensors which are completely encapsulated within the polymer chip. It includes a small sampling channel with a sample volume of only 374 nl per chip. Several preliminary experiments with these chips are shown to characterize the performance for their future application as a generic bioanalytical micro device.","PeriodicalId":369162,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2004.","volume":"78 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116361953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bond process monitoring via self-sensing piezoelectric transducers","authors":"M. Brokelmann, J. Wallaschek, H. Hesse","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2004.1418440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2004.1418440","url":null,"abstract":"Process monitoring via self-sensing piezoelectric transducers was applied to wire bonding. Starting with a description of the state of the art in bond process monitoring this paper introduces the concept of self-sensing piezoelectric transducers and reports first experimental results which have been obtained by using this technique.","PeriodicalId":369162,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2004.","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128329386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Methods for reducing microwave resonance asymmetry in coherent population trapping based frequency standards","authors":"J. Berberian, L. Cutler, Miao Zhu","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2004.1418443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2004.1418443","url":null,"abstract":"The paper discusses the theory of microwave resonance-line asymmetry in coherent population trapping (CPT) based frequency standards. Frequency errors caused by the asymmetry, and techniques for reducing the errors are described (patent pending).","PeriodicalId":369162,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2004.","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127131921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}