Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2004.最新文献

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Bridged micromechanical filters 桥接微机械过滤器
Sheng-Shian Li, M. Demirci, Yu-Wei Lin, Z. Ren, C. Nguyen
{"title":"Bridged micromechanical filters","authors":"Sheng-Shian Li, M. Demirci, Yu-Wei Lin, Z. Ren, C. Nguyen","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2004.1418465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2004.1418465","url":null,"abstract":"High-order micromechanical filters comprised of 3 to 4 mechanically coupled resonators, and employing for the first time \"bridging\" between nonadjacent resonators to affect loss poles for better filter shape factors, have been demonstrated using a polysilicon surface micromachining technology with insertion loss less than 3 dB, sharper passband-to-stopband roll-offs than achievable by equivalent non-bridged filters, and around 50 dB of stopband rejection - 15 dB better than a previous 2-resonator filter design. The filters of this work consist of several clamped-clamped beam resonators with a more general coupling scheme than previously used, where non-adjacent, as well as adjacent, resonators are coupled to generate loss poles, leading to frequency characteristics with faster roll-offs from passband to stopband and greater stopband rejections. Via this bridging design approach, 20 dB shape factors down to 1.95 have been achieved for filters centered at 9 MHz using only 3 resonators.","PeriodicalId":369162,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2004.","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126779187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 36
A new technique for estimating frequency from GPS carrier-phase time transfer data 一种利用GPS载波相位时传输数据估计频率的新技术
C. Hackman, J. Levine, T. Parker, Dirk Piester, H. Becker
{"title":"A new technique for estimating frequency from GPS carrier-phase time transfer data","authors":"C. Hackman, J. Levine, T. Parker, Dirk Piester, H. Becker","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2004.1418477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2004.1418477","url":null,"abstract":"GPS carrier-phase time transfer (GPSCPTT) offers good frequency stability at short averaging times, approaching a fractional frequency stability of 10/sup -15/ at an averaging time of 1 d. However, a discontinuity occurs in the time transfer estimates between the end of one processing batch (typically 1-3 d in length) and the beginning of the next. We present a new technique in which a frequency is computed from each batch solution and then these frequency values are averaged to obtain a mean frequency for the epoch of interest. The advantages of the new technique are (a) robustness in the event of a data outage and (b) the ability to compute frequency in the absence of the uncertainty introduced by the removal of the discontinuities. The frequency values obtained from the GPSCPTT data using the new method agreed with those obtained using the conventional method at 2-3/spl middot/10/sup -16/, thus, it may be feasible to replace the conventional method with the new one.","PeriodicalId":369162,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2004.","volume":"45 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125899207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
SAW sensors using orthogonal frequency coding SAW传感器采用正交频率编码
D. Puccio, D. Malocha, D. Gallagher, J. Hines
{"title":"SAW sensors using orthogonal frequency coding","authors":"D. Puccio, D. Malocha, D. Gallagher, J. Hines","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2004.1418470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2004.1418470","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a spread spectrum approach using orthogonal frequency coding (OFC) for encoding SAW sensors. The encoding technique is similar to M-ary FSK in terms of its implementation, where a transducer or reflector is built with the desired code. It is shown that the time ambiguity in the autocorrelation due to the OFC is significantly reduced as compared to a single frequency tag having the same code length. The OFC approach is general and could be applicable to many differing SAW sensors for temperature, pressure, liquids, gases, etc. Device embodiments are shown and a discussion is provided for device design considerations such as the number of chips used, chip length, transducer fractional band-width, and chosen piezoelectric material. Measured device results are presented and compared with COM model predictions to demonstrate performance. Devices are then used in computer simulations of multiple transceiver designs and the results are discussed.","PeriodicalId":369162,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2004.","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133830960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 56
SAW sensor for liquid chromatography using 2-port resonator 使用2端口谐振器的液相色谱SAW传感器
T. Nomura, A. Saitoh, S. Furukawa
{"title":"SAW sensor for liquid chromatography using 2-port resonator","authors":"T. Nomura, A. Saitoh, S. Furukawa","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2004.1418514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2004.1418514","url":null,"abstract":"The propagation characteristics of surface acoustic waves (SAW) along a solid surface vary considerably depending on the ambient environment. Therefore, SAW devices are used as sensors in a variety of fields. In particular, surface acoustic waves propagating in the shear horizontal (SH) mode only possess components for which particle displacements are parallel to the surface, which means that, even in a liquid, they propagate without loss of energy. Sensors that utilize such waves are thus suitable for sensing the characteristics of liquids. A flow-type liquid sensor using a 2-port SH-SAW resonator was constructed and used to measure properties, such as electrical characteristics, density and viscosity, of various liquids. Results of measurements using this liquid flow sensing system on a variety of liquids are presented. Finally, this sensing system is demonstrated to be an effective sensor in liquid chromatography, due to its small size, enabling measurement on a very small amount of liquid, and its highly stable operation.","PeriodicalId":369162,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2004.","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132357775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Vibration modes analysis by X-ray topography in quartz and langasite resonators 石英和langasite谐振腔的x射线形貌振动模式分析
J. Mateescu, B. Capelle, J. Détaint, G. Johnson, L. Dumitrache, C. Bran
{"title":"Vibration modes analysis by X-ray topography in quartz and langasite resonators","authors":"J. Mateescu, B. Capelle, J. Détaint, G. Johnson, L. Dumitrache, C. Bran","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2004.1418524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2004.1418524","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the results of the vibration modes measurements by X-ray topography in SC-cut quartz and Y-cut unpolished langasite resonators. A comparison of these results with X-ray diffraction topography images on AT-cut quartz resonators and Y-cut polished langasite resonators pointed out the behavior of mass-loading effect with plate orientation angle and with the surface state of the piezoelectric substrate. The results are compared with electrical measurements performed on the same resonators. 5 MHz Sawyer, plan parallel SC-cut quartz and Y-cut unpolished langasite resonators, with 14 mm plate diameter and various electrode thickness and diameters have been investigated on fundamental, third and fifth overtones. The study on SC-cut quartz resonators and unpolished Y-cut langasite resonators pointed out a good agreement with the results obtained on the same resonators by electrical measurements. The conclusion is that the SC-cut quartz resonator characteristics present a similarly harmonic dependence with those of the Y-cut langasite resonators thus revealing the stress-compensated feature of the Y-cut in langasite crystal.","PeriodicalId":369162,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2004.","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121442465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Frequency-locked loop between a H-maser and a Cs clock 在h脉泽和c钟之间的锁频环
J. Saalaoui, M. Addouche, F. Lardet-Vieudrin, E. Rubiola, V. Giordano, F. Vernotte
{"title":"Frequency-locked loop between a H-maser and a Cs clock","authors":"J. Saalaoui, M. Addouche, F. Lardet-Vieudrin, E. Rubiola, V. Giordano, F. Vernotte","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2004.1418548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2004.1418548","url":null,"abstract":"The time and frequency reference in Besancon is based on caesium clocks for absolute accuracy and long-term stability, on a H-maser for medium and long term stability, and on a liquid-He whispering gallery sapphire oscillator for best spectral purity and short-term stability. These standards are located in three different places. In order to obtain the full accuracy and stability at least in one site, we combine these references using a frequency locked loop. The traditional method consists of locking a VCO to a reference. The short-term stability of the VCO and the long term performance of the reference are therefore combined in the output signal, when the cut-off frequency of the control is properly chosen. Yet, in our case we have to lock the VCO to two references, the H-maser in the medium term and the Cs clock in the long term. The control system consists of two mixers that compare the references to a quartz oscillator (VCO), and of a recursive digital filter. The H-maser and the Cs clock are not controlled. This paper analyzes the method for choosing a suitable control algorithm, and presents the results based on simulated data.","PeriodicalId":369162,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2004.","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115842687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
On influence of an electrode edge potential upon frequencies of LFE piezoelectric resonators employing thickness-shear vibrations 电极边缘电位对厚度-剪切振动LFE压电谐振器频率的影响
S. Nedorezov, O. Shmaliy, Y. Shmaliy
{"title":"On influence of an electrode edge potential upon frequencies of LFE piezoelectric resonators employing thickness-shear vibrations","authors":"S. Nedorezov, O. Shmaliy, Y. Shmaliy","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2004.1418525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2004.1418525","url":null,"abstract":"A mathematical model is discussed of the lateral field excited crystal resonator employing thickness-shear vibrations of an even anharmonic mode. The resonator is combined with a convex piezoelectric plate and two one-sided electrodes. The influence of the electrodes edges upon the frequency spectrum is examined by the perturbation theory.","PeriodicalId":369162,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2004.","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122855810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Piezoelectricity in poled silica films achieved using super-lattice structure with tetravalent metal dopants 采用四价金属掺杂的超晶格结构实现了极化二氧化硅薄膜的压电性
S. Noge, M. Shiroishi, T. Uno
{"title":"Piezoelectricity in poled silica films achieved using super-lattice structure with tetravalent metal dopants","authors":"S. Noge, M. Shiroishi, T. Uno","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2004.1418535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2004.1418535","url":null,"abstract":"We previously reported piezoelectricity in thin films of poled silica glass doped with germanium (Ge:SiO/sub 2/). Similarly, tetravalent-metal-doped SiO/sub 2/ (M/sup 4+/:SiO/sub 2/) films were prepared on Si substrates by RF magnetron sputtering for this experiment. We used germanium, titanium, and tin as the doping materials. We compared the piezoelectricity of the films with the piezoelectricity of quartz. Piezoelectricity with the same order of magnitude as that in quartz was observed in the M/sup 4+/:SiO/sub 2/ films. However, less than a week later, the piezoelectricity disappeared almost completely in all the samples. To prevent this in the poled M/sup 4+/:SiO/sub 2/ films, we have tried to pin the displacement of the doping ions with a poling treatment. We have developed a pinning technique based on the structure of a Ge:SiO/sub 2/-Ti:SiO/sub 2/-Sn:SiO/sub 2/ super-lattice. This super-lattice structure was very effective in preventing the piezoelectricity from disappearing. It is known that an anomalous photovoltaic effect only exists in materials with spontaneous polarization. In the M/sup +4/:SiO/sub 2/ super-lattice film, an anomalous photovoltaic phenomenon could clearly be observed. Therefore, the poled super-lattice silica film was piezoelectric.","PeriodicalId":369162,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2004.","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127462842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The calculation of frequency source requirements for digital communications systems 数字通信系统频率源需求的计算
Victor S. Reinhardt
{"title":"The calculation of frequency source requirements for digital communications systems","authors":"Victor S. Reinhardt","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2004.1418445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2004.1418445","url":null,"abstract":"Frequency sources, such as oscillators and synthesizers, are critical to the proper operation of digital communications systems. Frequency sources are used as local oscillators (LO) in RF systems, data clocks in all systems, and sampling clocks in digitally implemented systems. Frequency sources affect critical communications system parameters such as acquisition, loss of lock, and bit error rate (BER) performance. The issues for the first two items are well known to the time and frequency community - those of synchronization, syntonization, and cycle slipping. This paper focuses on item three, how frequency source parameters affect BER performance. The paper is tutorial in nature, rather than an exhaustive treatment, and is meant for those familiar with time and frequency theory but not digital communications theory. A quadrature phase shift keyed (QPSK) RF communication system is for illustrative examples, but the methods outlined in this paper are generally applicable to all types of digital communications systems.","PeriodicalId":369162,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2004.","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128498586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
A review of sapphire whispering gallery-mode oscillators including technical progress and future potential of the technology 综述了蓝宝石低语走廊模式振荡器的技术进展和未来的发展潜力
C. McNeilage, J. Searls, E. Ivanov, P. Stockwell, D. Green, M. Mossamaparast
{"title":"A review of sapphire whispering gallery-mode oscillators including technical progress and future potential of the technology","authors":"C. McNeilage, J. Searls, E. Ivanov, P. Stockwell, D. Green, M. Mossamaparast","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2004.1418455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2004.1418455","url":null,"abstract":"We present the results of recent progress in the development of low phase noise signal generators based on sapphire \"whispering gallery\"-mode resonators, and look at the future potential of these oscillators to meet the ever-increasing demands for precision signal generation and processing. Beyond improving phase noise performance, future oscillators will be required to work over more demanding temperature ranges, with lower vibration sensitivity and greater reliability. We discuss the performance of sapphire oscillators, particularly those operating near room temperature, and present recent results of vibration sensitivity less than 10/sup -10/ per g, phase noise of -146 dBc/Hz at 1 kHz offset and -170 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz offset from a 10.24 GHz carrier, and extended temperature operation.","PeriodicalId":369162,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2004.","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127452116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 29
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