Journal of Membrane Science最新文献

{"title":"Tailoring multifunctional quaternized polyvinyl alcohol coatings for reverse osmosis membranes with enhanced permeability, fouling resistance and stability","authors":"Xueke Cai ,&nbsp;Xiaoying Long ,&nbsp;Huiqi Zhang ,&nbsp;Yiwen Xu ,&nbsp;Hai Huang ,&nbsp;Sanchuan Yu ,&nbsp;Congjie Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.memsci.2026.125179","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.memsci.2026.125179","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) antifouling coatings are among the most commercially established materials in reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fabrication due to the excellent hydrophilicity. However, excessive hydrogen bonding within the PVA matrix often leads to significant permeability loss. In this study, a straightforward quaternization method to construct quaternized PVA coatings (QPVA) on the RO membranes surface. The introduction of quaternary ammonium groups disrupts the crystalline structure of PVA, thereby reducing transport resistance and mitigating flux decline, in which the water flux was enhanced from 26.4 to 33.8 L·m⁻²·h⁻¹ of the PVA-coated membrane. Moreover, QPVA-coated membranes exhibit near-neutral surfaces and antimicrobial properties, leading to a substantial reduction in both organic and biological fouling with the antibacterial efficiency increasing from 27.5 % for PVA-coated membranes to 97.5 % after quaternization. Furthermore, crosslinking treatment enhances the stability of QPVA coatings by improving coating adhesion and reducing leaching under hydraulic stress. Structural characterizations (FTIR, XPS and SEM) confirm the successful quaternization and the disruption of PVA crystallinity. Long-term filtration and antifouling tests demonstrate the superior performance and durability of QPVA-coated membranes. These findings highlight the potential of the quaternization strategy in developing multifunctional antifouling coatings with improved permeability and stability, which can be easily integrated into existing fabrication processes to extend membrane lifespan in advanced water purification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":368,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Membrane Science","volume":"744 ","pages":"Article 125179"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overcoming cross–scale manufacturing barriers toward scalable nanoporous atomically thin membranes for gas–liquid separation","authors":"Dawei Lu ,&nbsp;Shanshan Wang ,&nbsp;Ying Zhang ,&nbsp;Ye Liu ,&nbsp;Jinze Zheng ,&nbsp;Siyu Hu ,&nbsp;Junhe Tong ,&nbsp;Dongxu Zhang ,&nbsp;Dandan Hou ,&nbsp;Luda Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.memsci.2026.125170","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.memsci.2026.125170","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nanoporous atomically thin membranes (NATMs) have considerable promise for molecular separations. However, their application has been hindered by several cross–scale manufacturing challenges, including non–selective leakage caused by large defects, mechanical damage during operation, and limited long–term operational stability. Graphene, as a representative NATM, offers tunable nanopores and outstanding molecular sieving, but these advantages remain unrealized without overcoming cross-scale barriers. Here, we propose a flow–resistance–matching strategy that integrates multiple structure levels to balance permeance, selectivity, and stability. It combines a porous PVDF support layer fabricated via phase separation for mechanical support, double–layer nanoporous graphene for molecular sieving, and an ultrathin PDMS (∼1.94 μm) coating to prevent non–selective leakage and protect graphene. This approach also enables scalable fabrication with areas up to 300 cm². The as-prepared membranes showed outstanding gas–liquid separation performance in precision total organic carbon (TOC) analyzers, with a coefficient of determination R² = 0.999. They also exhibited stable performance with an RSD of 0.78 % over 7 days and 2.31 % over 576 h (24 days), respectively whereas samples lacking cross-scale engineering typically failed within a few days. These results establish a scalable way for application of NATMs in industrial gas–liquid separation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":368,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Membrane Science","volume":"744 ","pages":"Article 125170"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lamellar ZIF-8 nanosheets empowered thin-film nanocomposite membrane with synergistic sieving and rapid water transport for enhanced desalination","authors":"Hui You ,&nbsp;Xiang Xu ,&nbsp;Wencan Luo ,&nbsp;Lancai Long ,&nbsp;Jun Du ,&nbsp;Shunmin Yi ,&nbsp;Wanyu Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.memsci.2026.125261","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.memsci.2026.125261","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of reverse osmosis membranes that simultaneously achieve high water permeability and excellent salt rejection is an urgent yet challenging goal for sustainable desalination. Two-dimensional (2D) nanofillers offer a promising pathway to break the inherent trade-off by creating fast water-transport channels. Herein, we engineered a high-performance thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membrane by incorporating lamellar zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 nanosheets (ZIF-8 NSs) into the polyamide selective layer. The ZIF-8 NSs, synthesized via a facile surfactant-directed approach, possess an ultrathin thickness of ∼5.5 nm and a large lateral size of ∼0.75 μm. When embedded at an optimal loading, the TFN membrane demonstrates a remarkable water permeability of 9.83 L m⁻² h⁻¹ MPa⁻¹, which is ∼37% higher than the pristine thin-film composite (TFC) membrane, while maintaining a high Na₂SO₄ rejection of 97.9%. This superior performance, significantly surpassing that of membranes filled with conventional ZIF-8 nanoparticles, is attributed to the synergistic effect of the molecular-sieving function of intrinsic ZIF-8 pores and the low-resistance nanochannels formed by the interlayer galleries between the well-dispersed nanosheets, which concurrently facilitate a more cross-linked polyamide network. This work provides a viable and scalable strategy for using 2D MOF nanosheets to design advanced separation membranes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":368,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Membrane Science","volume":"745 ","pages":"Article 125261"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146172388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation of hollow fibre braided polyvinylidene fluoride membranes by dip coating for membrane aerated bioreactor","authors":"Francesca Passaro ,&nbsp;Marcello Pagliero ,&nbsp;Ilaria Rizzardi ,&nbsp;Antonio Comite","doi":"10.1016/j.memsci.2026.125227","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.memsci.2026.125227","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, hollow fibre polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) supported membranes were prepared by dip coating a fibre glass sleeve in a PVDF solution, followed by precipitation via nonsolvent induced phase separation (NIPS) in 96% ethanol. The combination of these was optimized for obtaining membranes with a low-resistance thin polymeric layer and enhanced mechanical stability. The influence of both the withdrawal rate and the viscosity of the dope solution were investigated. The thickness of the PVDF coating layer was evaluated in the frame of the Landau-Levich model, which predicts that the film thickness results from the balance between viscous drag and surface tension forces. Among all the prepared membranes, the membranes prepared from a dope solution at 60 °C and with a withdrawal rate of 0.5 cm/s were selected to be used as support to grow biofilm for an application as Membrane Aerated Biological Reactor (MABR). The performance of the MABR, with the biofilm grown on the outer surface of the PVDF membranes and airflow supplied through the lumen of the fibre glass sleeve, was evaluated in terms of removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), ammoniacal nitrogen and total nitrogen. The MABR set up enabled the simultaneous abatement of the aforementioned parameters, with 78% of removal for COD, 21% for ammonia and 5% for total nitrogen, an interesting starting point for lab-made membranes exploited for this application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":368,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Membrane Science","volume":"745 ","pages":"Article 125227"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146172341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication of defect-free benzimidazole polyimide hollow fiber membranes for high performance gas separation","authors":"Yuting Wang ,&nbsp;Fan Luo ,&nbsp;Xiaoni Du ,&nbsp;Zhenggong Wang ,&nbsp;Jian Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.memsci.2026.125246","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.memsci.2026.125246","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rational design of polymer chain structures is crucial for constructing high-performance hollow fiber membranes (HFMs). In this study, a benzimidazole-based polyimide material was designed and synthesized, and applied to the large-scale fabrication of hollow fiber membranes. The benzimidazole groups can form π–π stacking and hydrogen bonding interactions between molecular chains. This strong interchain interaction effectively locks the polymer chains, significantly enhancing the gas selectivity of the HFMs while simultaneously improving their resistance to plasticization and aging. The adjustment of polymer dope composition coupled with optimization of spinning parameters enabled the fabrication of defect-free HFMs with high gas separation performance. The H₂ permeance of resulting HFMs is 181.5 GPU with a H₂/CH₄ selectivity of 171.5. The membranes also exhibit excellent mechanical properties, with a tensile stress of 66.7 MPa and a tensile strain of 16.5%. The H₂/CH₄ separation selectivity is maintained at 151 following a six-month operational period, demonstrating excellent long-term stability. This study presents benzimidazole-based polyimide HFMs that are notable for their superior gas separation performance, mechanical robustness, and stability, indicating significant application potential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":368,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Membrane Science","volume":"745 ","pages":"Article 125246"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146172380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Active electro-regulation of membrane-foulant interaction for superior separation and antifouling performance in oily wastewater treatment","authors":"Hongyuan Zhu ,&nbsp;Wangyi Zhou ,&nbsp;Yifan Liu ,&nbsp;Hang Jiang ,&nbsp;Fan Feng ,&nbsp;Shasha Yuan ,&nbsp;Liguo Shen ,&nbsp;Sui Zhang ,&nbsp;Die Ling Zhao ,&nbsp;Hongjun Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.memsci.2026.125172","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.memsci.2026.125172","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electro responsive membranes offer an effective approach to actively regulate interfacial interactions and mitigate fouling during oil-water separation, yet their practical application is often limited by scalability-conductivity trade-offs and an incomplete understanding of electro-assisted antifouling mechanisms. Herein, conductive membranes were fabricated via a scalable blending strategy by incorporating Ketjen black (KB) nanoparticles into a PVDF matrix. The optimized membranes (0.5 KM) exhibited high electrical conductivity (7.42 S·m⁻¹), underwater superoleophobicity (UOCAs of 155°), and improved hydrophilicity, while maintaining mechanical integrity. Under a negative bias (−15 V), the membranes exhibited synergistic electroosmotic flow (EOF) and electrostatic repulsion for sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) stabilized oil/water emulsion, enabling high permeances (4863 L·m⁻²·h⁻¹·bar⁻¹) and oil rejection (&gt;99.60 %) for multiple emulsified oils, alongside superior fouling resistance over five filtration-cleaning cycles. Positive bias, conversely, intensified fouling due to electrostatic attraction. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations revealed that the electric field enhanced the water self-diffusion coefficient by ∼5.8-fold and facilitated net transmembrane water transfer, while reducing oil residence near pore entrances. This work demonstrates a simple and scalable route to fabricate conductive polymeric membranes, rendering new insights for electrically enhanced separation processes in oily wastewater treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":368,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Membrane Science","volume":"744 ","pages":"Article 125172"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146185554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asymmetric support-side deposition strategy for high-permeance tubular CePO4/SiC catalytic membranes enabling synergistic PM and NOx removal","authors":"Yiqing Zeng ,&nbsp;Guangyu Zhou ,&nbsp;Jiangxiao Qiao ,&nbsp;Yunqi Shi ,&nbsp;Jicheng Han ,&nbsp;Xiangsen Xu ,&nbsp;Junwei Wu ,&nbsp;Zhaoxiang Zhong ,&nbsp;Weihong Xing","doi":"10.1016/j.memsci.2026.125277","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.memsci.2026.125277","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Catalytic membranes are promising multifunctional materials for integrated pollutant control. However, conventional impregnation-based catalyst loading strategies often allow catalytic particles to infiltrate the separation layer, resulting in severe pore blockage and reduced permeance. Herein, we develop a rapid and low-cost asymmetric support-side deposition approach to fabricate tubular CePO₄/SiC–S catalytic membranes, which effectively prevents catalyst penetration into the separation layer, minimizes pore blockage, and thereby enhances the permeance. The results indicate that CePO₄ catalysts are mainly anchored within the pores of the SiC support, rather than in the separation-layer pores, thereby preserving efficient gas transport pathways and avoiding direct contact between particulate matter (PM) and catalytic sites. Compared with conventional vacuum impregnation, the proposed method achieves comparable ammonia selective catalytic reduction (NH₃-SCR) activity while reducing permeance loss from 35.44% to only 20.09%. The membrane demonstrated exceptional stability during a 240 h continuous operation at 350 °C, maintaining a dust rejection rate of &gt;99.99% and NO conversion &gt;90%. Notably, dust cake formation was found to further enhance catalytic efficiency, particularly under low filtration velocities (0.5 m min⁻¹). Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations revealed that moderate cake deposition promotes uniform flow distribution and extends residence time, thereby improving catalyst utilization. This work provides a scalable fabrication strategy for high-permeance catalytic membranes, offering a practical pathway for synergistic control of multiple pollutants at high temperatures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":368,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Membrane Science","volume":"746 ","pages":"Article 125277"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An integrated module with synergistic heating and turbulence promotion for enhanced vacuum membrane distillation","authors":"Fangli Zhang ,&nbsp;Chenyang Gu ,&nbsp;Yangming Cheng ,&nbsp;Rizhi Chen ,&nbsp;Zhaohui Wang ,&nbsp;Zhaoliang Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.memsci.2026.125204","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.memsci.2026.125204","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional membrane distillation (MD) experiences 50–80 % flux reduction due to temperature polarization (TP), while metallic heat exchangers are susceptible to corrosion when treating high-salinity feeds. To address these limitations, an integrated heat-exchange vacuum membrane distillation (IHEVMD) module was developed by incorporating polymer-based heat-exchange tubes within the MD process, enabling simultaneous in-situ feed heating and distillation. Heat transfer performance and MD flux were thoroughly examined in relation to heat-exchange temperature, heat-exchange area, feed, and heat-exchange fluid flow rates. Results demonstrate that the total heat transfer rate (<em>Q</em>) and overall heat transfer coefficient (<em>K</em>) are governed by the heat-exchange temperature and feed flow rate. The flux in MD was favorably influenced by the temperature and membrane area. The IHEVMD module D achieved an 83 % flux enhancement at 56 °C compared to conventional MD, along with a 90 % improvement in gained output ratio (GOR) and a 50 % reduction in specific thermal energy consumption (STEC). Notably, the module exhibited superior performance with high-salinity feeds (e.g., 3.5 and 5 wt% NaCl), leveraging brine's lower specific heat capacity for higher feed temperatures and fluxes. Long-term stability tests confirmed effective TP mitigation and anti-fouling properties. This work provides an energy-efficient, corrosion-resistant strategy for high-salinity water treatment utilizing low-grade heat sources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":368,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Membrane Science","volume":"744 ","pages":"Article 125204"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Silicon-tailored carbon molecular sieve membranes enable precise and stable hydrogen separation","authors":"Chuning Fang ,&nbsp;Xingyu Chen ,&nbsp;Zhinan Fu ,&nbsp;Zuoxiang Zeng ,&nbsp;Linfeng Lei ,&nbsp;Zhi Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.memsci.2026.125220","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.memsci.2026.125220","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The requirement for efficient CO₂ capture during hydrogen production from fossil fuels promotes the development of advanced, energy-efficient solutions, while the application of temperature/pressure-resistant membranes is a promising candidate. Polymer-derived carbon molecular sieve (CMS) membranes with precise molecular discrimination capability hold attractive promise in H₂/CO₂ separation. Nonetheless, microstructure tuning for the precise discrimination of H₂ and CO₂ has so far remained challenging, and physical aging is also an inevitable problem. Herein, we proposed a precursor-crosslinked strategy via chemical functionalization of cellulose precursor to enhance molecular sieving ability and simultaneously overcome physical aging of the derived CMS membranes. The membrane presents a remarkable H₂/CO₂ selectivity of 91.0 and shows only 14 % H₂ permeance loss in 120 days. Besides, it maintains excellent separation performance over 300 h under high pressure (up to 20 bar) and high temperature of 140 °C with a feeding of 50 mol% H₂/50 mol% CO₂. This study provides an effective way to construct the sub-nano-sized microporous structure of CMS membranes and demonstrates its potential for blue hydrogen purification under harsh conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":368,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Membrane Science","volume":"744 ","pages":"Article 125220"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Covalently bonded nanofiltration membranes with enhanced interlayer stability and back-flush resistance","authors":"Xiyue Cai ,&nbsp;Yonggang Li ,&nbsp;Zejin Yu ,&nbsp;Yingjie Fu ,&nbsp;Jing Guo ,&nbsp;Lei Dai ,&nbsp;Yaohan Chen ,&nbsp;Shenghai Li ,&nbsp;Suobo Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.memsci.2026.125211","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.memsci.2026.125211","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nanofiltration (NF) membrane represents an environmental-friendly and easy-to-operate water purification technology. However, NF membranes inevitably suffer from fouling, resulting in significant deterioration of separation performance and shortened operational lifespan. The polyamide (PA) separating layer of commercial thin film composite nanofiltration (TFC-NF) membranes is typically fabricated via interfacial polymerization (IP) on supporting membrane. The interfacial adhesion between the PA layer and the supporting membrane is primarily governed by weak van der Waals interactions, rendering the PA layer susceptible to be damaged during operation and recycling. In this work, we synthesized and employed a carboxyl-functionalized polymer (PEAK-COOH) as the supporting membrane material. Through a one-step phase inversion-surface amination process conducted in an aqueous piperazine (PIP) solution, coupled with in-situ IP process, we successfully fabricated a TFC NF membrane (PEAK–COOH–NF) in which the separating layer and the supporting membrane were robustly integrated through extensive covalent bonds. The separation layer fabricated with such strong interfacial bonding remained intact even under a maximum normal load of 0.15 mN in nano-scratch test, whereas the commercial NF270 membrane and TFC-NF membrane prepared on polyethersulfone (PES) supporting membrane exhibited structural failure at only 0.065 mN and 0.073 mN, respectively. This excellent interlayer adhesion enables the membrane to withstand back-flushing cleaning treatment at pressures up to 0.9 MPa without exhibiting significant performance deterioration, with its rejection remaining at 98.60 % after back-flushing. Finite element simulations further elucidate how this robust covalent interfacial bonding enhances the overall structural stability of the membrane. Furthermore, PEAK–COOH–NF exhibited a higher Na₂SO₄ rejection than NF270 due to the high cross-linking degree with 94.12 %. This study not only introduces a continuous fabrication strategy that enables TFC-NF membranes with exceptionally strong interfacial bonding, but also provides both methodological insights and a robust material platform to support effective back-flush operations in practical nanofiltration applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":368,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Membrane Science","volume":"744 ","pages":"Article 125211"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}